Wen 丨 Dai Wei
Teaching is in the field, and the tree is in practice. Field teaching is the core link of Peking University's archaeology education system. Since the beginning of the field archaeology internship in Handan, Hebei Province in 1957, Peking University's "Field Archaeology Internship" course has gone through more than 60 years of history, and the "Peking University Model" established has a far-reaching impact. The course "Field Archaeology Internship" has been selected as a national first-class undergraduate course, the Ministry of Education curriculum ideological and political demonstration course, and the lecturers have been selected as famous teachers and teaching teams for the course of ideological and political teaching. The teaching team uses important sites that solve archaeological academic problems as an internship base, and trains students to closely combine the mobile brain with the cutting-edge work of the discipline, and combine the learning content with major scientific research.
Since 1990, when the "Top Ten New Archaeological Discoveries in China" was selected, the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University has participated in or presided over 34 projects. On October 18, 2021, at the opening ceremony of the "Third Chinese Archaeology Conference" held in Sanmenxia City, Henan Province, the "Top 100 Archaeological Discoveries in a Hundred Years" was announced, of which 15 projects were participated in or hosted by the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University.
Seek true knowledge in the field, keep the integrity and innovation, and be pragmatic and far-reaching. At present, the School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University actively promotes school-site cooperation, and is focusing on the construction of three standardized practice bases in Linzi, Shandong, Zhouyuan, Shaanxi, and Yanchi, Ningxia. According to the development of archaeology in the new era, we will vigorously promote the standardization, digitization, informatization, intelligence and internationalization of archaeological practice bases, that is, the development mode of "base +", and further improve the teaching system of field archaeology internship courses, actively explore and promote the new application of 5G+ and VR technology in field teaching practice in colleges and universities, and continue to contribute to the construction of archaeology with Chinese characteristics, Chinese style and Chinese style in the new era.
(Dean of the School of Archaeology, Peking University.)
Shen Ruiwen)
In the early 1970s, the ancient mining and metallurgical site of Daye Copper Green Mountain in Hubei Province was discovered in mining production. From 1974 to 1985, the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Hubei Provincial Museum, the Henan Provincial Museum, the Inner Mongolia Zhaowuda League Cultural Station, the Huangshi City Museum and other units jointly formed an archaeological team to rescue and excavate the No. 1, 2, 4, 7 and 11 ore bodies and 2 Eastern Zhou smelting sites in the Copper Green Mountain Mining Area, and built the Copper Green Mountain Site Museum on the ancient mining site of the No. 7 ore body for external display, creating a new field of Chinese mining and metallurgical archaeology and bronze research.
From 1974 to 1985, the archaeological work at the copper green mountain ancient copper mine site, with a total excavation area of about 4923 square meters, revealed a total of 302 ancient mining vertical (blind) wells, 120 flat (oblique) lanes, 12 furnaces, and also unearthed a large number of copper axes, copper hammers, iron axes, iron hammers, as well as wood, bamboo, stone mining, smelting tools and more than 1,000 pieces of mining specimens. Studies have shown that the deep well mining technology of the copper green mountain copper mine began in the late Shang Dynasty, through the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn Warring States, and continued to the Western Han Dynasty; at the latest in the early Spring and Autumn Period, the use of blast furnace copper smelting, the practicality and scientificity of this technology have reached a very high level; there are two kinds of pyrotechnic copper smelting processes at the copper green mountain site, one is the "oxide ore - copper" process for smelting oxide ore, and the other is the "sulfide ore - copper ice copper" process. Therefore, the excavation of the copper mine site in Patina Mountain has been called "the most important achievement in the new field of metallurgical archaeology" by relevant experts, and "can be called a sample of the use of new archaeological data to study the history of Chinese science and technology".
Since 2011, in order to cooperate with the construction of the Copper Green Mountain National Archaeological Site Park and the site selection project of the new exhibition hall, further reveal the technological innovation factors of the copper green mountain mining and smelting technology, and clearly determine the origin and production process of the copper green mountain mining and smelting activities, the national ownership, ethnicity, production division of labor, cultural characteristics and other issues of the copper green mountain mining activities, the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, together with the Daye City Copper Mine Site Protection and Management Committee, the School of Archaeology and Literature of Peking University, the Institute of Science and Technology History and Cultural Heritage of the University of Science and Technology Beijing and other units, A new round of archaeological work was carried out with the goal of exploring the remains of the mining and metallurgical production process and the craftsmen. Under the leadership of Chen Shuxiang, a researcher at the Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, the archaeological team has successively carried out archaeological excavations on the newly discovered ruins at the foot of Yanyin Mountain and the site of Sifangtang in the northern foothills of the No. 7 ore body (Dayan Yin Mountain), and achieved a series of new archaeological results, the most important of which was the discovery of the tomb area of mining and smelting producers and managers in Sifangtang, and 246 tombs in the pre-Qin period have been excavated, of which 3 tombs in the Xia and Shang dynasties, 13 tombs in the Western Zhou Dynasty, 230 tombs in the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, and pottery, copper, jade, There are 298 pieces (sets) of ore-like cultural relics and multidisciplinary research is organized. This is another major new discovery in the Copper Green Mountain Mine and even the archaeology of mining and metallurgy in China for more than 40 years, and its significance is very important. The School of Archaeology and Archaeology of Peking University has participated in the excavation and research of the Sifangtang site, and the relevant research has made significant progress.
First of all, Sifangtang Cemetery is a cemetery closely related to the managers and producers of the copper green mountain VII. The large scale of the cemetery, the integrity of the preservation, the richness of burial customs and cultural connotations, and the obvious characteristics of excavated mining and metallurgical cultural relics are the first time in china's pre-Qin metallurgical archaeology.
▲Figure 1 Aerial view of Sifangtang Cemetery
Secondly, the differences in the layout of the cemetery, the specifications of the tomb, the burial tools and the burial goods show the different status and division of labor of the tomb owners, which provides valuable physical data for the study of the manpower and technical configuration of the copper green mountain and even the ancient Chinese copper mining industry in the Spring and Autumn Period. The tombs reflect the status and occupation of copper producers. The owner of the tomb can be roughly divided into three levels: the first level of medium-sized tombs, excavated bronzes and jade, etc., should be the middle manager of mining and metallurgical production. The second level of tombs should be for middle and low-level technicians and non-commissioned officers, and it is common to excavate a combination of pottery, some with a certain number of bronze tools and weapons buried. The third level of tombs only buried iron copper ore, stone blocks, some do not have burial goods, should be low-level skilled workers. These provide valuable information for the study of the organization and management of the copper mining and metallurgical production process, the division of technical labor, etc.
Third, the Sifangtang site cemetery, the site at the foot of Yanyin Mountain and the mining and smelting relics of the Spring and Autumn period of the Ore Body OF THE COPPER MOUNTAIN VII jointly form a relatively complete industrial chain, which broadens the new horizon for the study of the spatial layout, technical process and production scale of the copper green mountain mining, washing and dressing, and smelting site. At the same time, the Sifangtang site also found a number of roasting furnaces in the Song and Ming dynasties, which also enriched the research content of China's metallurgical history.
▲Figure 2 Distribution map of the industrial chain of Daye Copper Green Mountain Site
Figure 3 Smelting field in the Spring and Autumn Period
Figure 4 Ming Dynasty roasting furnace on the sifangtang cemetery (L8)
Fourth, the discovery of pottery for the integration and development of Chu and Yangyue cultures in the cemetery provides new information for studying the chronological context of the expansion of the Chu state on the copper green mountain, establishing the archaeological and cultural chronicle of the spring and autumn period in southeast Hubei, and providing a new perspective for interpreting a series of academic frontier issues such as the era of the chu state's expansion and control of the copper green mountain in the early and middle spring and autumn period, the smelter nation, the relationship between Chu and Baiyue, and the material basis of the bronze civilization in the Yangtze River Basin.
Finally, the data obtained from the detection of bronze ware and copper smelting slag excavated from the tomb area provide valuable materials for studying copper smelting technology and resource circulation in the Yangtze River Basin during the Spring and Autumn Period. The bronze ware of sifangtang cemetery has two styles of Chu and Baiyue, and the applied lead resources are not significantly different, and they are consistent with the Jianghan Plain area in the same period, and are more likely to come from Hunan region. The extraterritorial metal resources and bronzes entered southeast Hubei in the early Spring and Autumn Period, reflecting the changes in the local political pattern, and the two-way flow of copper resources and metal ware also reflected the control and distribution of resources in the south by the Chu State, laying the material foundation for the Chu State to flourish in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period.
The archaeological achievements of daye copper green mountain mining and metallurgy in the past half century are well-known at home and abroad, and have been highly valued by the government, academic circles and the public. In 1982, the copper mine site of Copper Green Mountain was listed as a "national key cultural relics protection unit"; in 1994 and 2012, the copper mine site of Copper Green Mountain was twice included in the Preliminary List of China's World Cultural Heritage, and in 2001, it was rated as one of the 100 major archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century; in 2013, it was included in the second batch of national archaeological site park projects; in 2015, the excavation project of the tomb area of Sifangtang Site was rated as one of the top ten new archaeological discoveries in China; in 2018, It was included in the second batch of national industrial heritage list; on October 18, 2021, it was once again listed on The Golden List of China's "Top 100 Archaeological Discoveries in a Hundred Years".