The long river of history is running endlessly, there are calm waves, there are also waves, let Xiaobian take you into history and understand history.
On Tan Qijun's version of the Ming Dynasty in 1433, the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was slid into its territory and marked with institutions such as the Uszangdusi, the Duogandusi, and the Oris Military and Civilian Marshal's Office. In the more detailed Ming Dynasty, the residences of the major kings of the Ming Dynasty are also marked. However, Tan Qihua's map has always had the problem of "map opening up xinjiang", such as the yuan dynasty's map is not capped as an example, so Xiaobian decided to write a special article to discuss whether the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is the territory of the Ming Dynasty.
First, whether the military forces of the Ming Dynasty entered the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
First, establish the concept and standard of territory. Xiaobian believes that the territory must be a place where military garrisons and administrative jurisdiction coexist, and if there is no administrative jurisdiction, only military garrisons are considered spheres of influence. For example, the Western Regions Capital Protectorate of the Han Dynasty, the Anbei Capital Protectorate of the Tang Dynasty, and the Nuer Gandu Division of the Ming Dynasty are military strongholds, and there is no administrative jurisdiction, which should be a sphere of influence. However, this article relaxes the scope of the meaning of the territory, and it is also possible to count the military garrison area as a territory.
Liangzhou Huimeng
In 1370, Deng Yu and Xu Da made an expedition to Gansu and captured Taozhou and Minzhou, and their sphere of influence began to expand to the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. As a result, the Tubo and other places of the Yuan Dynasty declared that the Si had surrendered to the Ming Dynasty, and the history books recorded that "the departments of Duogan and Wusizang west of Hezhou were all annexed." However, the reality was that the Ming army did not enter the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and Duogan (Qinghai) and Wusizang (region) were only a small number of religious leaders who accepted the Ming dynasty's canonization. In the same case, after the Qing Dynasty destroyed the Dzungar Khanate, the Kazakh khanates of Central Asia, Yuzi and Kokand, all accepted the Qing Dynasty's canonization and submitted to the Qing Dynasty, but these were not included in the territory of the Qing Dynasty. In the same way, this situation in the Ming Dynasty was also impossible.
Regarding the territorial records of the early Ming Dynasty, the "History of Ming" records that "the early Ming Dynasty was sealed, from Korea in the east, tufan in the west, Bao'an in the south, and da moraine in the north." The "Tufan" here is considered by many people to be the "Tubo" of the Tang and Song Dynasties, but in fact, the concept is very different. During the Yuan Dynasty, three Xuanwei Divisions were appointed on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, namely the Wusizang Xuanwei Division, the Tubo Xuanwei Division, and the Duogansi Xuanwei Division, of which the Tubo Xuanwei Division was located in the Hehuang region. Therefore, the Tubo in the Ming Dynasty literature refers to the area around Hehuang. In 1370, Tubo Xuanwei made He Suo Nanpu surrender to the Ming Dynasty, so the Ming Dynasty enfeoffed a number of wei places in the area, such as Hezhou Wei (formerly Tubo Xuanwei Division, in present-day Ningxia, Gansu), Xining Wei (Xining, Qinghai), Taozhou Wei (Lintan, Gansu) and so on. In order to further control the region, in 1386, Zhu Yuanzhang sent the Marquis of Changxing to garrison Xiningwei.
Ancient Chinese dynasties wanted to resist the Qiang attacks around Qinghai, and they had to control the Hehuang Valley. Both the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty once fought in the Hehuang region. Later, Tubo became strong and occupied all parts of Hehuang. The Ming Dynasty's occupation of the Hehuang Valley was also the inheritance of the policies of the Han and Tang Dynasties. However, because the arable peoples of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could not adapt to the cold environment inside, they could not enter the interior of the plateau, and only mongolians, Jurchens and other nomadic peoples could drive straight in. In the southwest, although Tibet bordered Sichuan and Yunnan, the armies of the ancient dynasties could not climb the towering Hengduan Mountain, so this was the natural border. To sum up, the military forces of the Ming Dynasty only reached the Hehuang region, not the interior of Qinghai and Tibet, let alone the Ali region.
Second, the Ming Dynasty discussed the nature of the canonization of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
In the ancient Chinese concept of emperors, "under the whole world, not the mo king's land", so the world (the world) is regarded as its own. Therefore, the ancient emperors liked to be canonized, and they often crowned the surrounding ethnic minorities and countries that came to China to exchange with each other as lower titles than the emperor. Therefore, in the ancient Chinese literature, only China has an emperor, and foreign countries do not, even if it is the emperor of the Roman Empire, it is also recorded as a "king". However, this is only a manifestation of China's arrogance and arrogance of the "Heavenly Dynasty and the Kingdom of Heaven", and it is not worthy of praise, let alone count this kind of canonization as a relationship between superiors and subordinates. The Ming Dynasty period was a peak period for foreign canonization, and the Ming Emperor was crowned with titles such as Wang, Xuanweisi, and Dusi.
Many people count the Ming Dynasty's canonized Dusi and Xuanweisi into the territory of the Ming Dynasty, but as everyone knows, this is actually the same nature as the Tang Dynasty's canonization of the Nanzhao State, Tubo Songzan Gampo, and Uighurs. Dusi and Weishou were military institutions set up by the Ming Dynasty in the localities, but the Ming Dynasty would also give these titles to the surrounding ethnic groups, such as Dogandusi, Uszangdusi, orlisi Military and Civilian Marshal's Office, etc. XuanweiSi is the title of the first-class toast of the Ming Dynasty, mainly distributed in the Yunnan-Guizhou region. But yunnan and Guizhou were both controlled by hundreds of thousands of troops and had administrative jurisdiction. The so-called "Three Propaganda and Six Consolations" and the Old Port Propaganda and Consolation Division were nominally canonized by the Ming Dynasty and had no actual control.
In 1373, the religious leader of the Uszang Sakya sect, emperor Regent Nangapa Zangbu, and Nango Si dan ba also waited until the Nanjing pilgrimage to the Ming Dynasty, so Zhu Yuanzhang made Nang Kapa Zangbu the commander of the Uszang Dusi, and the 60 people he elected were also appointed as marshals, solicitations, ten thousand households, prisons, and command tongzhi, and there were subordinate ministers, propaganda envoys, and deputy envoys. This is actually a rather absurd thing, for example, the Ming Dynasty's canonization of the Orlith Military and Civilian Marshal's Office reads:
In the world of the emperor, all those who come and return from all directions will be treated with courtesy and given to officials. Erzhu Sigong was imprisoned, lived in the western land for a long time, heard my voice and taught, could be entrusted with obedience, secured the territory, and used Jiazhi. Now set up the Oris Military and Civilian Marshal's Office, order Er to take the position of marshal, Er Shangsi to do his best, abide by discipline, care for his people, make the territory peaceful, and appoint the vice-chancellor. However, the Huaiyuan general Orlith Military and Civilian Marshal's Office marshal Yi ordered The Duke of Weisi to be imprisoned. Quasi-this.
Tan Qijun version of the map of Tibetan areas during the Ming Dynasty
The meaning is obvious, as long as the foreign envoys who came to the Ming Dynasty, they were "treated with courtesy and given officials." On Tan Qijun's map, the office of marshal oriolist is marked in the Ali area. Let's take a look at the situation in Tibet at that time. At that time, Tibet was mainly divided into three parts: former Tibet, later Tibet and Ali, the former Tibet was Lhasa and Shannan, the later Tibet was the Shigatse region, and Ali was on the northern Tibetan plateau. In the former Tibet region, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, there were four small dynasties alternating between Sakya, Pazhu, Rinpochepa and Zangba Khan. In the Ali region, there were two kingdoms, Ladakh and Gug, and in 1633, the Kingdom of Ladakh annexed the Gug Kingdom.
Ruins of the Gug Dynasty
In fact, however, the Ming Dynasty did not know anything about the Wusi tibetan area, not only did it not know the state of government here, but also did not have basic geographical knowledge. In the late Ming Dynasty, Matteo Ricci drew a map of the world, so the Ming Dynasty marked Chinese names on the map and added place names known to the Ming Dynasty, but the map did not have any name for the Uszang region, and even the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was almost non-existent. On the map, India is directly connected to Anding, Aduan, Quxian, Khandong, Shazhou and so on in the Hexi Corridor. It is conceivable that the Ming Dynasty may think that the Wusizang and others are just small Qiang tribes around the Hehuang Valley.
The Ming Dynasty also ordained a high-ranking monk on a large scale in the Wusi tibetan area. In 1372, Zhu Yuanzhang sent emissaries to appoint Shakya Gyaltsen, the leader of the Pazhu regime, as the "Empowerment Master" and the Sakya religious leader Regent Nangaba Tsangpo as the "Blazing Buddha Treasure National Teacher". Since then, the Ming Dynasty has successively sealed some religious leaders in the former collection, such as the Dabao Dharma King, the Mahayana Dharma King, the Daci Dharma King, the Interpretation King, the Auxiliary Sect King, the Zanshan King, the Apologetic King, and the Interpretation King. It should be noted that these canonized kings are only religious meanings, similar to Tang Xuanzang's canonization as "Three Tibetan Masters", not in the administrative sense.
Third, the economic relations between the Ming Dynasty and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other places
An important piece of common sense, which was within the jurisdiction of the same dynasty, was that there were no tariffs and there was not much trade. For example, Shandong people can go to Henan to do business, or they can come to Yunnan to do business, both in ancient times and now. But if you go beyond the national borders, it's trade, then there are tariffs, there are trade restrictions. The Ming Dynasty adopted a "sea ban" in foreign trade, and it took 200 years to open a port in Yuegang to allow private trade.
The Ming Dynasty's "sea ban" was actually not only aimed at maritime states, but also at countries within Eurasia. Trade between the ming dynasty and the Ming Dynasty was also prohibited. The Ming Dynasty only allowed trade through "tribute". However, the Ming Dynasty could not completely prohibit trade on land, and there was an important reason that the Ming Dynasty needed horses, and if it was completely banned, then the Ming cavalry would have no advantage. Therefore, the Ming Dynasty implemented the policy of "tea and horse mutual market", stipulating that the "tea horse trade" should be carried out at a specific time and at a specific place. Tibet, Qinghai and other places, like Mongolia, belong to the Scope of the Ming Dynasty's "Tea horse mutual market". Judging from this economic policy, the Ming Dynasty itself did not regard Wusizang and Mongolia as territorial boundaries.
The Ming Dynasty adopted a policy of "thick to thin" in the tributary trade, that is, as long as the tribute came, it must be returned with a high amount of gold and silver jewelry, so the surrounding countries have "paid tribute" to the Ming Dynasty, and the Financial Pressure of the Ming Dynasty is very large. For example, after the Great War, Japan's economy was depressed, so it decided to "pay tribute" to the Ming Dynasty and received a large amount of funds. After the mages of Wusizang were canonized, they often came to the Ming Dynasty to pay tribute, starting once a few years, and later becoming several times a year, and even appeared local tribal chiefs posing as Ming Dynasty canonized mages to pay tribute. Later, the financial pressure of the Ming Dynasty was very great, so in 1465 it was stipulated that only once in three years was allowed, and it was stipulated that the level below the national division was not allowed to pay tribute.
In order to open up traffic to the Western Regions, Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the Tubo region to build post stations, many people mistakenly believe that the post stations are leading to Tibet, in fact, these post stations are in the Hehuang area, and their main function is also to "connect to the Western Regions", and the three guards of Taozhou, Hezhou, and Xining are responsible for the supply of horses. This also shows that the forces of the Ming Dynasty could not reach the interior of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
In summary, the Ming Dynasty did not have a power on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but only some nominal canonizations. Moreover, the Ming Dynasty was not very clear about the situation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and was unaware of the existence of some local governments. Therefore, these were not the territory of the Ming Dynasty. Later, the Qing Dynasty sent troops into Qinghai and Tibet, and set up a minister stationed in Tibet and a minister in Xining, etc., so as to truly include Tibet and Qinghai in the territory.
Well, today's sharing ends here, and we'll see you next time