Readers and friends, when you see this topic, everyone may have some questions, such as:
1. Who are the Six Dynasties and Four Dynasties?
2. What does "Liu Dynasty" mean?
3. Why are they called "Six Dynasties and Four Greats"?
4. What are the achievements of these painters?
5. What works of these ancient masters have been handed down?
6. How are their works? What are some special achievements?
Next, I will answer the above questions one by one.
In the history of Chinese painting, "Six Dynasties and Four Greats" generally refers to the four painters of the Six Dynasties period.
The Six Dynasties generally refer to the six dynasties in Chinese history from the Three Kingdoms to the southern part of the Sui Dynasty. That is, the six dynasties of the Three Kingdoms of Wu (or Eastern Wu and Sun Wu), the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern Dynasty Song (or Liu Song), the Southern Dynasty Qi (or Xiao Qi), the Southern Dynasty Liang, and the Southern Dynasty Chen. The Six Dynasties all used Jiankang (present-day Nanjing) as their capital.
The Six Dynasties inherited the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, creating an extremely brilliant and splendid "Civilization of the Six Dynasties". The common denominator of these six dynasties is that they were all built in Nanjing, and the city of Nanjing during the Six Dynasties period was the first city in the world with a population of more than one million, and the ancient Roman city was called "the two major centers of classical civilization in the world".
The Six Dynasties and Four Greats are these four famous painters:
1. The Wu painter Cao Buxing of the Three Kingdoms;
2. Southern Dynasty Liang painter Zhang Shengxuan (yáo);
3. Southern Dynasty Song Wu people Lu Tanwei;
4. Gu Kai (kǎi) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
I. The Wu painter Cao Buxing of the Three Kingdoms: the ancestor of Buddhist painting
Cao Buxing was a famous painter of the Three Kingdoms period, a native of Sun Wuxing (present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang), known as the "Ancestor of Buddhist Painting". Together with Gu Kai (kǎi) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Lu Tanwei of the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty, and Liang Zhang Monk (yáo) of the Southern Dynasty, he was also known as the "Six Dynasties and Four Greats". It is also known as the "Eight Absolutes of Wuzhong" with Zhao Da's arithmetic, Yan Wu's chess game, and the cursive writing of the imperial elephant.
Cao Buxing
Cao Buxing was good at painting dragons, tigers, horses and characters, and there are legendary stories such as "falling ink as flies", and his Buddhist painting achievements had a great influence on future generations, and it is said that the dragon heads he painted impressed Sheikh.
Cao Buxing is best at figure painting, he once connected fifty feet of silk together, painted a portrait, and his heart was clear and fast, and he made it with a pen. The head, face, hands, feet, chest, abdomen, shoulders and back of the characters have not made any mistakes. Cao Buxing is the earliest well-known Buddhist painter in the literature.
According to legend, his works mainly include "Qingxi Dragon", "Chipan Dragon", "Nanhai Supervisor Herding Into Ten Kinds of Horse Diagram", "Yishi Yi Beast", "Taoyuan Map" and so on.
2. Southern Dynasty Liang painter Zhang Sangxuan (yáo): Good at body thinning
Zhang Mongxuan (yáo) was a liang dynasty minister during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, a famous painter, and a native of Wuzhong (present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu). He is good at painting Buddha statues, dragons, and eagles. The idiom "the finishing touch" comes from the legend about him.
Zhang Sangxuan (Yáo) is good at painting character stories and religious paintings. Emperor Wu of Liangwu was a good Buddha, who decorated the Buddhist temple, and ordered him to paint the wall. The painted Buddha statues, in their own style, are called "Zhangjia-like" and are models for the sculptors. Together with Gu Kai (kǎi), Lu Tanwei, and Wu Daozi, he was known as the Four Ancestors of painters, and the Tang Dynasty painters Yan Liben and Wu Daozi all studied under him.
Zhang Shengxuan (yáo)
Zhang Sangxuan's painting method (yáo) is called "loose body". He introduced calligraphy into the painting with methods such as "dot, drag, axe, and whisk" in the pen, which not only enriched the techniques of Chinese painting, but also brought new forms to the picture.
"Five Stars and Twenty-Eight Gods"
His works mainly include 7 kinds: "Five Stars and Twenty-Eight Zodiac Gods", "Liangwu Emperor Statue", "Hanwu Shooting JiaoTu", "Wu wang Gewu tu", "Xingdao Tianwang tu", "Qingxi Palace water monster diagram", "Mana Immortal Figure" and so on.
3. Southern Dynasty Song Lu Tanwei: The most outstanding painter of the Southern Dynasty
Lu Tanwei was the most outstanding painter of the Southern Dynasty during the Liu Song Dynasty, a native of Wu County (present-day Suzhou). He is good at painting portraits and Buddhist images, and also works on cicadas, horses, wooden houses, and also writes about landscapes, plants and trees. At that time, the authorities gave him the evaluation: "The magic of Danqing, the most pusher."
Lu Tanwei's paintings are unique: the lines of Gu Kai (kǎi) of Shifa Are densely written, and the ancient gossamer of Gu Zhi is changed into a line drawing with strong and sharp handwriting; and inspired by the Eastern Han Dynasty calligrapher Zhang Zhi's strokes, he creates a "one stroke" with continuous strokes, such as seals, and seven or eight strokes in one sleeve; in addition, he creates a modeling style of "Xiu Bone Qing Statue", that is, to create a character image to show vividness, natural freedom and kindness in the Mei Qingmu show.
Lu Tanwei
Representative works mainly include: "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest", "Song Xiaowu Statue", "Song Ming Emperor Statue", "Xiao wu gong chen" and so on.
The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest
In the subject matter of painting, Lu Tanwei mainly focuses on figure painting. It can also be seen from the more than seventy paintings of Lu Tanwei recorded in the "Records of Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties" that the portraits of emperors, heroes and celebrities at that time are mostly portraits, as well as ancient sages, historical figures, Buddhist images and birds.
IV. Gu Kai (kǎi) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: known as the "Three Absolutes"
Gu Kai (kǎi) was a native of Wuxi, Jinling (present-day Wuxi, Jiangsu Province), an outstanding painter, painting theorist, and poet of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Because he had high achievements in literature and painting, people called him one of the four masters of the Six Dynasties, one of the originators of ink painting, and one of the three absolutes of "talent, painting, and obsession".
Gu Kai(kǎi)'s paintings are intended to convey the gods, and his arguments such as "moving the imagination of the wonderful" and "writing gods in shapes" have laid the foundation for the development of traditional Chinese painting.
Roselle Futu
Gu Kai's (kǎi) works mainly have four categories: portraits of political celebrities, Buddhist images, birds and beasts, and images of gods and immortals. In the writings of Gu Kai (kǎi), the depiction of human expression and mental state is repeatedly emphasized. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Huaihuan (guàn) spoke highly of his paintings, saying: "Zhang Shengxuan (yáo) got his flesh, Lu Tanwei got his bones, and Gu Kai (kǎi) got his god." ”
Gu Kai (kǎi) was knowledgeable and talented, and became famous in the history of ancient Chinese painting. He is good at poetry, calligraphy, and especially painting. Workers' statues, Buddha statues, animals, landscapes, etc. The paintings "Nu Shi Zhen (zhēn) Figure", "Roselle FuTu", "Lienu Renzhi Tu", "Zhuó ) Qin Tu" and so on are treasures.
"Female Shi Zhen (zhēn) Figure"
In terms of painting theory, Gu Kai (kǎi) also put forward the views of "conveying the divine portrayal", "writing the gods in form", "thinking of wonderful things", attaching importance to experiential observation, and advocating the expression of the inner mental state of the characters through painting.
Gu Kai (kǎi) indulged in art and literature, faded to fame and fortune, and achieved the highest achievements in his art with the philosophy of "confusion and diversity" and "Mingzhe self-preservation".
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