Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty
Regarding the Yuan Dynasty, there are many wrong understandings on the Internet, and today there is time, and Lantai will sort out the cold knowledge about the Yuan Dynasty for everyone.
I. The Relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongol Khanate: The Yuan Dynasty "conquered" the Mongol Khanate
The most popular saying on the Internet is that the Yuan Dynasty was only a continuation of the Mongol Khanate, so the Yuan Dynasty should be regarded as the "colonization" of the Central Plains by the Mongol Khanate, and the history of the Yuan Dynasty is the history of the "colonization" of the Mongolian Khanate.
Although this view has confused many ordinary people, in fact, this view is very wrong in the eyes of the academic community.
Because this view completely misled the relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongol Khanate.
The Mongolian transliteration of the Mongol Khanate is: Yeke Mongγol Ulus (Great Mongolia);
The Mongolian transliteration of the Yuan Dynasty is: Dai ?n (大元);
In particular, it should be noted that there was originally no word "Dai ?n" in Mongolian, and in the 1960s, the Japanese scholar Okada Hidehiro examined that "Dai ?n" is a Chinese-Mongolian transliteration, and "Dai ?n" is not in line with the vowel harmony in Mongolian grammar; it was not until the fifteenth century (1600) or even later that "Dai ?n" was transformed into Dayan, which became a real Mongolian word.
This is similar to Coca Cola, which was originally translated as "tadpole chewing wax" (pure transliteration) and finally became "Coca-Cola" today.
Why should I emphasize the difference between the Dayuan and the Mongol Khanate?
This is because although Kublai Khan became the Great Khan of Mongolia after Kublai Khan defeated Ali Buge in 1264, he was still relatively weak at that time, so he only built the era name, not the founding number, or followed the name of Yeke Mongγol Ulus (Great Mongolia).
Ruins of Yuan Shangdu
By 1271, Kublai Khan felt that the time had come, so he officially established Dai ?n (DaYuan) in Dadu, and Kublai Khan placed Dai ?n above Yeke Mongγol Ulus, and the Mongolian title of the Yuan Dynasty became:
Dai ?n Yeke Mongγol Ulus (Great Mongolia of the Great Yuan/Mongolia of the Great Yuan)
"Dayuan" is not only higher than "Great Mongolia", but even "Great Mongolia" is in a sense the spoils of "Dayuan".
Although Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, was a Mongol, the Yuan Dynasty he established was completely in line with the characteristics of the ancient Chinese dynasty, which has been clearly stated in the "Founding Commandment":
Ke Jianguo's name is Dayuan, which is taken from the meaning of "Qianyuan" in the "I Ching".
In other words, Kublai Khan was well aware that the Great Mongol State was the Great Mongolian State and the Great Yuan was the Great Yuan.
If we think of "Yeke Mongγol Ulus" as a noodle shop in Guangzhou, then Kublai Khan adding "Dai ?n" to the front of Yeke Mongγol Ulus is like adding a sign to make it clear who owns the noodle shop.
Dai ?n Yeke Mongγol Ulus (Great Yuan Great Mongolia / Great Yuan Mongolia) is essentially the same as "Yuan Ji Mongolian Ramen", "Mongolian Ramen" is not important, what is important is "Yuan Ji".
Territory of the Yuan Dynasty
Therefore, we can say that before 1271, the Great Mongol State did invade the Central Plains, but from the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271, it was the Yuan Dynasty that ruled the Great Mongolia.
If mistakes that do not conform to Confucian etiquette cannot be singled out from Kublai Khan's announcement of the establishment of the Great Yuan Dynasty in 1271, then the Yuan Dynasty is the orthodox Dynasty of China, but the founder of this dynasty was a Mongol.
2. Until the last Great Mongol Khan, Lin Dan Khan, retained the title of "Great Yuan"
First of all, there are currently five theories in the academic circles about the end time of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty official Revision of the History of the Yuan Dynasty regards the escape of Yuan Huizong in 1368 as the end of the Yuan Dynasty;
The death of Emperor Huizong of Yuan or the suicide of King Yuan liang of Yunnan is also regarded as the end of the Yuan Dynasty, while the New Yuan History compiled after 1911 regards the killing of Emperor Tianyuan in 1388 as a sign of the demise of the Yuan Dynasty.
The last one holds that the death of the last Mongol Great Khan, Lin Dan Khan, is regarded as the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and this view is mainly held by Mr. Hu Zhongda, the Head of the Yuan Dynasty.
Why do I tend to Mr. Hu Jongda?
Of course, it was not because Mr. Hu Zhongda greatly delayed the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, but at that time, many Mongolian nobles regarded themselves as part of the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang and the Ming Dynasty were the "pseudo-dynasties" who stole the Central Plains of the Yuan Dynasty.
Images of former emperors
That is to say, the Mongolian nobles on the steppe at that time did not believe that the Yuan Dynasty ended when Emperor Huizong fled dadu and when King Yuan Liang committed suicide in Kunming, on the contrary, Lin Dan Khan, as the last Great Khan of Mongolia, did not give up his identity as the "Great Yuan Monarch". Mongolian historical records are full of records of "Dayan ulus" and "Dayun yeke ulus" as the title of the Mongol state.
Even Chinese historical records record that the Mongol khans did not understand why the Ming emperor called himself "Khan".
For example, in the "Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong", it is recorded that he did not understand why Emperor Ming Yingzong called him Khan? The perception of not spending on oneself is the Emperor of the Great Yuan.
There are clouds in the book: "In the book of last year, I was written as Dada Khan, so I don't know how?" "The Khan himself was well versed in the imperial court, and his name was also fixed. Since he was on the throne, he remembered the Khan and his sincerity, and used his rule over the people of the north, especially known as Dada Khan, which is also known as the most beautiful name. And the reconciliation with the Khan, in good faith, there is no need to discuss this fiction also. - "Records of Emperor Ming Yingzong"
It can be seen that Ming Yingzong was embarrassed to insist that he was not a "khan", because as the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, it was impossible to admit that he was the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
The Grassland Palace of the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
After Ming Yingzong was captured at the Battle of Tumubao, according to Ming Yingzong's Mongolian translation of Ha Ming's "Orthodox Linrong Record", it was also clearly seen that at that time, the Mongol Xungui regarded The Escape as the "Emperor of the Great Yuan", while Ming Yingzong was the "Emperor of Daming", believing that Mongolia and the Ming Dynasty were a special relationship between the North and the South Dynasties:
He also gathered the big and small leaders first and said, "Every time I ask heaven to ask emperor Dayuan to unify the heavens, and now that emperor Daming has come into my hands, what do you think of each leader?" One of the sons of the number was called Naigong, and said, "Emperor Daming is my emperor of every Great Yuan, and now the heavens are pitiful, and the gift of that face has been given to me." ”
This is not an isolated phenomenon, in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the Mongol Great Khan still considered himself the emperor of the Great Yuan State, and the Central Plains was the territory of the Great Yuan State. For example, after Emperor Mingmuzong Longqing, the son of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty, negotiated peace with the Mongol khan at that time, the Mongolian historical record "Biography of Altan Khan (Alta Khan)" records the situation at that time:
After that, the overall situation of peace in Hanmeng was stable, and the general state of Pudong was truncated and the people were happy to live in peace, so that the Great Yuan Kingdom could enjoy its own pleasures, and the overall situation of peace was stable.
Not only that, according to the "Biography of Alatan Khan", The Khan also wrote a letter to Ming Muzong, asking Ming Muzong to return the Mongols and Mongolian escapees who had been captured by the Ming army, and said that if the Ming Dynasty did not return, he would lead 400,000 Mongol troops to "seize the Ru dynasty and restore our unification."
Mongol cavalry of the Yuan Dynasty
The "great unification" in the letter of the Khan of Uttar Khan refers to all the territories of the Yuan Dynasty, including the grasslands and the Central Plains.
Although the Mongol khans no longer had the same strong orthodoxy of the Yuan Dynasty as the Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, they still insisted on retaining the title of "Dayun Yeke ulus" until the death of Lin Dan Khan, when his son Erzhe Kongguor handed over the imperial jade seal to Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty as a sign of the demise of the Yuan Dynasty.
Scholars who hold this view include Japanese scholars Shunichi Yoshida, Akira Yanagisawa, and Yumiko Ishihama
Lantai personally also tended to think that at least from the self-perception of the Mongol nobles, the demise of dayun yeke ulus (Dayun yeke ulus) should be the son of Lin Dan Khan, Erzhe Konggol, handing over the imperial jade seal to the emperor Taiji.
Therefore, from this point of view, the Yuan Dynasty actually existed for 363 years, and the actual lifespan of the dynasty exceeded that of the Ming Dynasty.
END
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