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When the news came out that Zhu Yi had died of poison and that Lu Bo and Ke Qiao had been imprisoned and died, the coastal residents of Fujian and Zhejiang must have rejoiced and celebrated. Because of Zhu Yi's death, the policy of sea prohibition will exist in name only, and illegal trade should be restored. However, the situation along the coast of Fujian and Zhejiang, after Zhu Feng's active actions, the original orderly accomplice structure has been dismantled. The more than 1,290 Hemu vessels in the former Shuangyu Port that lingered in the Zhejiang Sea can be said to have no port to berth, and trade can no longer be carried out normally. The supply of living supplies is entirely sustained by plunder, and they are waiting for the opportunity to plunder to achieve economic benefits.
1. Why did the Portuguese choose Macau?
Zhu Yi was dead, and the authority of the Jiajing Emperor was never allowed to be challenged. Fierce confrontation along the coast will not be able to avoid rabbits, and in July of that year, Wang Shu, the former governor of Shandong, was appointed as the military governor of Zhejiang and also managed the fu, xing, zhang, and quan regions. However, Wang Zhi's armed fleet "marched into Kou in a big way, with more than a hundred ships, sheltering the sea, south from Tai, Ning, Jia, Hu, as well as Su and Song as far as Huaibei, thousands of miles along the coast, and at the same time warning." Basically, Wang Shu did not have the means to eliminate the turmoil along the coast. In May of the thirty-third year of Jiajing (1554), Emperor Mingshizong decided to appoint Shangshu Zhang Jing of the Nanjing Military Department and deputy capital Yushi, the governor of Nanzhili, Zhejiang, Shandong, Liangguang, Fujian, and other military affairs, and ordered that "all soldiers should be fed, and they should be punished cheaply." "This is the highest authorization, which shows that Ming Shizong is very concerned about the situation along the coast."
When Zhang Jing was appointed governor of Nanzhi, Zhejiang, and Fu in May of the thirty-third year of Jiajing (1554), coastal unrest also spread to Guangdong. In July of this year, "Guangdong Fan thieves pestered more than a thousand plagiarists to plunder the sea." "At the same time, Guangdong is brewing a major shift in maritime policy, and Macau has opened the prelude to history during this period.
Just as Wang Zhi was attacking Zhejiang and Fujian in an all-round way, Ming Shizong was dealing with the Portuguese arrested by Zhu Yi in Zoumaxi, and chinese historical sources did not explain how to resettle the captured Portuguese. However, in Crushi's "Chronicle of China", more detailed information is left.
The Emperor's Holy Decree mentions: After examination by all the people, it is clear that the Portuguese have been trading in the coastal area of Quanzhou for many years, and that the methods adopted by them are not appropriate, but should be traded in our market. This is a consistent custom in our ports, and I still don't know who these people are, but I know that the people of Quanzhou are going to buy and sell ships on their seas. From this, it is known that they are merchants and not Haikou, and instead of condemning the merchants for assisting the Portuguese, as stated above, they are aware of the negligence of the Quanzhou government, because there are ships arriving in our port. The government shall know whether they are merchants, whether they are willing to pay taxes, and if they are willing to pay taxes, they shall report it immediately. If they have paid taxes, there is no need to do harm, or if they are captured, they should be reported to the deceased. He decreed that they be released, although ships arriving at our ports according to law shall be subject to taxation, which shall come from afar, and which shall not be allowed to trade and to their neighbours...
Afonso de Pava and Boro de Cea (these two are Portuguese), Antonio and Francisco (these are slaves) who have committed the crime of killing the soldiers of our fleet shall be imprisoned with Lubot and Haidao, and shall be suspended to death in accordance with the laws of the land, and the remaining Portuguese and their slaves, for a total of fifty-one. He was ordered to escort the city of Guangxi, and ordered the city to be kind to it, because it was accustomed to treating people fairly, so it was also kind to them.
From the above judgment, it can be seen that Ming Shizong was not disgusted with merchants, and the emperor decided that the Portuguese were merchants and not Haikou, but it was "inappropriate" for them to trade in Quanzhou, and they "should trade in our market, which is a common custom in our ports." Although the emperor did not say where the market was "due", people knew that Guangzhou was a port where trade could be legal.
From this point of view, Ming Shizong had a good feeling for the Portuguese, and was willing to allow the Portuguese to trade in Chinese ports with preferential treatment, and was escorted to the fifty-one foreign merchants in Guangxi City (which should be the seat of the Governor of Liangguang, Wuzhou), what was their fate? According to the Portuguese, "Those who were released, from time to time, from time to time, through some Chinese activities, to the Portuguese ships, which were the Portuguese merchants who were trading in the city of Canton, paid heavy bribes to buy Chinese and smuggled them onto the ship." ”
It can be seen that the Portuguese were allowed to trade in Guangzhou. In fact, since the Shuangyu Incident, the Portuguese have not dared to trade along the coasts of Fujian and Zhejiang.
Zheng Shungong mentioned in "A Survey of Poor Rivers and Seas in Japan":
Jia Yin (Jiajing Thirty-three Years, 1554) Flang Ji Guoyi ship came to dock on the Guangdong Sea, but with Fan Yi took the name of other countries, reported that the sea channel was drawn as usual, and the deputy envoy Wang Bai was xutong City, and Zhou Luan lured Fan Yi with a small boat to lure Fan Yi to the city of Guangdong, and also tasted the trade in the city... Year Yi Di (Jiajing Thirty-four Years, 1555) Flang Jiguo Yi people lured Wuyi to the city of Guangdong Sea, Zhou Luan and others made Wu dressed as Flang Jiyi in the same city of Guangdong to sell hemp street. ”
Wang Bai allowed the Portuguese to trade in Guangzhou, of course, in response to the attitude of Emperor Mingseizong in dealing with the Portuguese, and the consensus of the imperial court on the relaxation of the sea ban.
Originally from zhu Yi's conviction, the instability set off along the coast had forced the imperial court to actively face the problem of maritime commerce. In February of the twenty-ninth year of Jiajing (1550), Zhejiang Yushi Dongwei first proposed the "please relax the sea ban", and Ming Shizong handed this issue over to the Military Department for discussion, and in May of the same year, Ming Shizong also ordered the Metropolitan Inspection Bureau to investigate and give the title of "Open the three provinces of Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang as much as possible, and draw taxes as usual for the use of the state." If it is beneficial or harmless in the middle, it is also necessary to discuss and deal with it in detail, and the matter should be stopped so that there is no after-risk. ”
It can be seen that the change in the situation has made Guangdong officials more flexible in dealing with foreigners who come to Trade in China, especially the Portuguese who have returned to Guangdong from Zhejiang and Fujian. The entry of "Wuyi disguised as flang jiyi" into the city to buy and sell can prove that Guangdong officials have regarded the Portuguese as trustworthy businessmen, and also indirectly explain why the detained Portuguese were able to leave prison through bribery.
At this time, Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of the sea route, was facing strong internal and external pressures, how to maintain Guangdong's foreign trade while preventing the invasion of the Wokou, especially the security problems of Guangzhou, and so on. In such a situation, in order to ensure the safety of Guangzhou, the Portuguese ships could no longer be allowed to come to Guangzhou, and new trade arrangements were bound to appear, so a new trade center in Guangdong, Macau, was silently being constructed.
2. The Portuguese occupied Macau with bribes?
Regarding the rise of Macau (Haojing) on the stage of history, it usually begins with Wang Bai taking bribes.
The Guangdong Tongzhi records that "in the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), the mirror seeker of The Yi Dynasty said: The boat touched the wind and the waves cracked, and the water was wet, and it was willing to temporarily borrow the land to dry." Haidao deputy envoy Wang Baijian bribed Xu Zhi. ”
The condemnation of Wang Bai's bribery was a myth concocted by the bureaucrats of the Wanli Calendar in order to put the responsibility for the Portuguese taking root in Macau on him.
Originally, the Portuguese were in the Langbai Ao trade, Pang Shangpeng said in the article "Fu Chu Hao Jing Ao Yi Shu":
"In previous years, the waves were white and other Macao, limited to the waves, the water and soil were very evil, and it was difficult to stay for a long time. The shou'ao officials ordered them to build a canopy and perch, and when they left the ocean, they were withdrawn, and in recent years, they have begun to build a room in Haojing'ao for trading. Within a few years, as many as hundreds of districts, and now more than a thousand districts. ”
Before 1553, the Portuguese traded on Kamikawa Island in addition to langbai'ao.
It is worth mentioning here that The first St. Francis Father Xavier, who came to China, arrived on Kamikawa Island from Japan in August 1552 on the St. Croce, according to Ferrei's research:
At that time, China banned trade with the Portuguese, and the Portuguese could only trade privately with the Chinese, and the Guangdong officials were profitable and turned a blind eye. Chinese ships carrying earthen goods to Shangchuan, in order to facilitate the cargo carried by European ships... (October) The Portuguese ship trade has been completed, and the second time they left Shangchuan, only the St. Croce was left for November to start, and the covenant period was completely expired, and the Promised Chinese merchants did not arrive, and the hope of entering the Coast of Guangdong was completely cut off. In the end, Xavier fell ill and died on Kamikawa Island in December.
Apparently, Xavier attempted to smuggle into China through the local Chinese merchants, but later fell ill and died on Shangchuan Island because of the agreed Chinese merchants. At that time (1552) Portuguese merchants could still go to Guangzhou to buy and sell, but the missionaries were rejected.
From the above analysis, it can be seen that the trade carried out by the Portuguese in langbai'ao or Kamikawa Island in the outer ocean is a temporary trade in Hai'ao. It should be said that since the Shuangyu Incident, the Portuguese have returned to Guangzhou to trade one after another, and the trade pattern at that time was similar to that of the Haikou trade system in the Zhengde period; that is, the ship arrived at the port and waited for the Guangzhou municipal officials to inspect and draw points before they could trade with Chinese merchants.
3. The truth of the Portuguese occupation of Macau is ambergris
There is another turn here, so that the Guangdong bureaucracy, especially Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of the Sea Route, can find an excuse without having to shoulder political responsibility. That is, in the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), the Portuguese entrusted that "the water is wet and the tribute is willing to be temporarily borrowed to dry" and "willing to lose the old age, and ask for a boat to berth nearby." ”
He also asked Wang Qi, who was guarding the town at Xiangshan'ao, to transfer on their behalf, and finally Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of the Sea Route, allowed them to board Haojing'ao to trade. Since then, the Portuguese have settled here, and if Wang Bai did not have sufficient authorization, he would not have been able to let the Portuguese land in Haojing'ao.
Because it is too close to the military and political center of Guangzhou. It is worth noting that what does the Portuguese mean by "tribute"? There was no relationship between Flangji and the Ming Dynasty, that is, there was no official diplomatic relationship, so there was no problem of "tribute". However, what the Portuguese said was the true "tribute", that is, ambergris. This substance "burns with incense, and the green smoke remains empty." ”
At that time, Ming Shizong was addicted to the Taoist ritual of fasting, and it was extremely necessary to burn ambergris incense and smoke lightly.
In March of the 30th year of Jiajing (1551), Emperor Mingshizong accused Shang Shu Liangcai of being "deceitful, not anxious for the use of the imperial court, and has no high heart. That is, to buy from multiple parties. ”
It turned out that the emperor had been ordering the purchase of ambergris for several years, but he had not been able to make progress.
Hubu Shangshu Sun Yingkui said:
"Recently, officials have been dispatched to guard the city, and the fun caresses are carried out according to the various official cities, and if they are still sluggish, the ministers and so on will be named and investigated." In June of the same year, Emperor Mingshizong again asked about the ambergris in Hubu City, and if Sun Yingkui said: "We have strictly carried out the practice of each official visit, dispatched fifteen officials, and urged the ear to be removed." ”
It can be seen that the purchase of ambergris has become a major event in the imperial court, but according to the coastal situation at that time, the responsibility for purchasing ambergris must fall on the Guangdong bureaucracy.
In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), the Guangdong authorities collectively negotiated a price of 1,200 taels of silver per catty, but only visited and bought eleven or two upwards, and the Portuguese prisoners in the Guangzhou prison "Manabi had one, two or three coins, and the upper one was black and brown; the Mididu and The Midishan Yi people followed by the six or two white brown... Looking for a secret mountain merchant to go up, a total of seventeen two dollars and five cents were obtained before passing. ”
It can be seen that the supply of ambergris is basically in the hands of Portuguese merchants, and this situation should be clear to the Guangdong bureaucracy. The "ambergris" that the emperor urgently needed became the medium for writing Sino-Portuguese reconciliation.
According to the Portuguese, there was a negotiation between China and Portugal in 1552, but no written agreement was signed. The news was revealed by the negotiator Susa in a letter to prince Louise in 1556, in which he said:
In 1552, they negotiated trade with the Guangdong Sea Route, and they finally settled with us and suggested that we pay the goods tax as we were customary... This can be said to be the first time that the Portuguese obtained the emperor's tacit approval for entering China for trade. ”
There is no record on the Chinese side. At the end of the year, however, a imprisoned Portuguese escaped to Kamikawa Island: in early 1553, another Portuguese escaped to Kamikawa Island. If it were not for the deliberate release of the Guangdong bureaucracy, how could they possibly escape?
The next step was in 1553 when the Portuguese landed in Macau with the "wet tribute" and settled there ever since. In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556), Emperor Mingshizong again sent an edict to his subordinates to buy ambergris incense, saying:
"Ambergris has not advanced for more than ten years, and his subordinates have been deceitful. And for the sake of checking the place, use it. The Ministry of Households asked officials to rush to Fujian and Guangdong to join the former commissioners in the coastal areas where the ships could be passed, visited and bought in many ways, punished the crimes in time, and sent emissaries out of the four, and the lawsuit was supervised, anxious to spark. "
It is clear that at that time, Fujian was being fiercely invaded by the Wokou, and there was no Fanfa to trade at all, and the Portuguese had returned to the Guangdong region since the Maxi incident, so the search for the continued supply of ambergris only fell on the Guangdong bureaucracy.
This is consistent with a series of events such as the Portuguese landing on Macau, where someone manipulated it behind their backs for the sake of buying and selling ambergris. It is also the best excuse and opportunity for Guangdong officials to creatively construct new mechanisms to control foreign trade and coastal defense.
Wang Bai was of course the soul of the new design, and he was able to let the Portuguese move from Langbai Macao and Shangchuan Island to Macau for trade due to his snobbery, on the one hand, he could cope with the harsh demand for ambergris from the imperial court, and on the other hand, he could control foreign trade on the spot and fully control the right to share profits.
In the thirty-fifth year of Jiajing (1556), Wang Bai, the deputy envoy of the Sea Route, set up the "Ke gang and ke ji, with the Guangren and Hui, Quan and other merchants" in order to manage trade with the Portuguese, and indirectly eliminated the illegal yuzhou maritime merchants, but it was really a count, solving the problem of Flang machine people coming to China for more than thirty years.
Therefore, it can be said that the Portuguese ascended to Macau in 1553 and were allowed to trade in Guangzhou in 1554 and draw points as usual, etc., which were not at all Wang Bai's personal bribery, but the consensus of the Guangzhou authorities. However, at that time, the Guangdong authorities only regarded Macau as one of the Macao of Haikou trade.
During the Zhengde Period, Macau was the trading Macao of Fanfang Bay, as stated in the Book of National Interests of Tianxia County:
"Or Wan Po Xinhui, Qi Tan, Xiang Shan, Lang Bai, Hao Jing, Cross Gate, or Dongguan, Jiqi, Tuen Mun, Hu Tau Gate, etc. Originally, Haojing'ao was the place of trade for Zhuyi, and when it came, it was liao, and when it went, it was unloaded, and there was no worry. However, during the Jiajing period, because "HaiDaoli was paid, he moved in from the Langbai Foreign Ocean, and over the years gradually became a xiong cave, a list of dust vendors, no less than ten countries." ”
From 1553 to 1559, the Portuguese "borrowed the land to dry" to "come to Liao, go to unload" and "dust market sellers" is the process of Opening the Port of Macau.
4. When did the Portuguese officially settle in Macau?
Portuguese historical sources say that it was 1557 (the thirty-sixth year of Jiajing), and general scholars believe that 1557 was the year when the Portuguese moved from Langbai to Macau. However, it was thought that the Portuguese had moved to Macau from Langbai in 1557 as a wish of the Portuguese to trade closer to Guangzhou, and were not officially allowed at the time.
The key year when the Portuguese were able to legally settle in Macau was in the thirty-eighth year of Jiajing (1559), which was in turn related to the turmoil in the coastal Wokou. As the Wokou invaded Zhejiang and Fujian and spread to Guangdong, the coastal areas were in the midst of a storm, especially South Australia at the junction of Fujian and Guangdong became a den of thieves, indirectly putting great pressure on Guangzhou. In this year, because of the "tide of Haikou, it was forbidden to enter Guangzhou because of the tide of haikou, and it was forbidden to enter Guangzhou." This decision was made by Guangdong Inspector Yushi Pan Jitao, but in fact it was "forbidden for Flang Jiyi to land in the province, but ronghai city." ”
He did not target the Portuguese, but to prevent the Wokou from infiltrating Canton, otherwise the "sea market" would not have been allowed. In fact, at that time, the Japanese "rarely engaged in businessmen, and most of them came to the Guangdong Sea from the ship of Flang machine." It can be seen that the Portuguese have begun to replace the coastal Chinese merchants and establish an intermediary position in Sino-Japanese trade.
In fact, the Portuguese had established trade relations with Japan during their activities in Shuangyu Port. Now the coastal smuggling merchants are defined as Wokou, and only the Portuguese are merchants, so if they can find a trade base with China, they can play the shipping function that was originally in an advantageous position and become the intermediary of Sino-Japanese trade.
The Portuguese could not trade in Guangzhou, but naturally returned to temporary Macau to trade, which indirectly provided a time and space background for the Portuguese to have an excuse to settle in Macau.
Zheng Shungong clearly pointed out in the "First Book of Japan":
This year (1559) Flang Ji was known as the Sea King, the official city of Guangdong LongyaMen, it was heard that there was a private market for ships in Sanzhou, which was said to reduce self-interest and was led into the Dragon Cliff, and went with the city. He who is called the king of the sea, who builds a house and lives at the Gate of the Dragon Cliff, the people are disgusted with his misfortunes, the officials are worried, the officials are expelled, and they are not afraid, and this plague has accumulated for ten years. "
The Dragon Cliff Gate is on the shores of Xiangshan, "that is, the place of Macau." At that time, Portugal was here to "official market", the so-called "official market", that is, pan Jitao's "sea market", which was a legal trading behavior after being selected by Chinese officials, and the Portuguese invited merchants from the private market to trade in Macao at preferential prices. Since Macau had business to do and the bureaucrats were co-opting the Portuguese with tenderness and expediency, they began to build houses in Macau.
Originally, it was "a tent with dozens of tents, and those who profited from industry and commerce gradually transported bricks, tiles, wood and stones as houses, if they were settled." Since the Ao are all abolished, the Hao Mirror is the only one. "
With the strengthening of Macao's trade, "all Macao and Macao are abolished" has become a fact. That is to say, the trade in Guangzhou and Haikou, which has been in the bay since the reign of Chenghua Hongzhi, has completed its historical task, and a new trade model is taking shape, that is, the emergence of a macao-Macao trade port.
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