Xiaobian today continues to introduce the Hani and other five ethnic groups:
Hani ethnic group: mainly concentrated in Honghe, Yuanyang, Luchun and Jinping counties of Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, Mojiang Hani Autonomous County, Pu'er Hani Yi Autonomous County, Zhenyuan Yi Hani Autonomous County, Jingdong County, Luxun and other counties and cities in Simao District. It lives with Han, Bai, Yi, Dai, Lahu, Miao, Yao, Hui, Zhuang, Brown and other ethnic groups.
Clothing: Like to use navy blue soil cloth to make clothes, soil cloth bleaching is to put the indigo dye into a container, add water and wine to dissolve, seven or eight days later to open the dyeing. After dyeing, soak the cloth in glue made of cowhide and rinse and dry it with water. Hani men wear black or white heads, while old men wear melon fur hats and cardigans and trousers. Wear cloth shoes or wooden shoes made of planks and brown rope.
Hani men in Xishuangbanna wear a right cardigan with two rows of large silver bubbles along the placket. Every New Year's Day or on a date with a girl, the lads put beautiful feathers or flowers on their heads. Men in the Lancang area wrapped in black cloth wrapped in black cloth, wearing cardigans, plackets with two rows of silver coins, and embroidered with geometric figures on both sides. Women's clothing is unique in various places. The Red River area wears a collarless top with a right cardigan, buttoned with silver coins, trousers underneath, plus a shawl when dressed, and some also tie flower waists and flower leggings. Wear high-barrel pointed-toe embroidered shoes. Women in Xishuangbanna and Lancang wear knee-length folding skirts and leg guards. Usually barefoot, I love to wear embroidered shoes during festive festivals. Women have hair braided, and girls have more braids. Older women wear braids over their heads, wrap their heads in black or blue cloth, or wear homemade hats. The hat is inlaid with small silver bubbles, beads, or tassels woven with many silk threads hanging down. Some people also like to use silver chains and strings of silver coins and silver bubbles as chest ornaments, and wear earrings and earrings. Women in Lancang like to wear large silver earrings.
Food culture: The Hani people are China's ancient mountain people, mainly concentrated in the southwest of Yunnan, mainly agriculture, good at setting up terraces to grow rice, digging slopes to plant tea forests, they cultivated the famous "purple rice" (elder rice) and "Pu'er tea", creating one of the seven kinds of field system in the history of Chinese farmland "terrace culture". The broth or vegetable soup cooked in a bamboo tube has a clear and mellow taste, fresh flavor, and has a unique flavor. To cook the soup, choose a smooth pebble the size of a wine glass (preferably a pebble in the river), wash it, put it into the fire pit to warm it, and burn the pebbles red. Pork trotters or pork ribs are pre-cooked, served in a vessel, and served on the table with fresh side dishes such as pea tips and green onions. When you want to feast, put the red-hot pebbles into the vessel serving the soup, make the soup boil, and cook the fresh side dishes. The soup, which has been boiled with pebbles, is particularly fragrant, and in addition, the Hani people only eat two meals a day, mainly rice and corn. The Hani people love to eat glutinous rice dumplings, wrapped in banana leaves and eaten with cured meat.
They also use purple glutinous rice to make purple rice, purple rice rice, purple rice porridge, purple rice flour, purple rice as treasure rice, purple rice steam pot chicken, purple rice sweet wine boiled eggs, purple rice medicine sugar porridge, etc., forming a complete series of medicinal food. These medicinal diets have the effect of tonifying blood and qi, warming the spleen and stopping deficiency, strengthening the brain and tonifying the kidneys, and strengthening the body.
Kazakhs: The Chinese Kazakhs are mainly distributed in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and the Kazakh language used is the Arabic alphabet Kazakh, and Kazakhstan uses the Slavic alphabet (Cyrillic script) Kazakh. It is the dominant ethnic group of Kazakhstan, and "Kazakh" means "asylum seeker" or "disengaged person". It is also an ethnic minority in China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Mongolia and other countries. The Kazakh nation was formed during the Kazakh Khanate in the 15th century. Historically, the Kazakhs were mainly engaged in animal husbandry, and now most of the Kazakhs settle in the cities. Good embroidery, embroidery products have been exported to Japan and other dozens of countries and regions.
Costumes: The Kazakh people are ethnic groups characterized by steppe nomadic culture, clothing is easy to ride, and their national costumes are mostly made of sheepskin, fox skin, deer skin, wolf skin, etc., reflecting the characteristics of the life of the mountain steppe people.
Kazakh men's clothing is mostly wide and sturdy, mainly using the fur of livestock as clothing, which is convenient for riding and grazing. In the winter, there is a leather coat called "Thorn", which does not have a cloth face, the whiteboard faces outwards, the hair faces inward, mostly used by herders, with a leather collar and a wide belt around the waist. In winter, graze pairs, and wear "tumac" (leather hats) to protect against severe cold and wind and thunder. Men's hats have more varieties and styles, but they vary due to regional and tribal differences. The Kazakhs of the Kazayi tribe in the Ili region like to wear a round white felt hat in the summer, with a rolled brim and black edges, and a square top.
Kazakh women's decorations are also gorgeous and colorful, and they generally like to wear floral dresses and shoulders. Women's clothing has obvious differences in age and before marriage and after marriage, girls dress up more gorgeously before marriage, like to wear purple dresses, suits on the upper body, black and purple shoulders, shoulders are also embellished with colorful buttons, silver jewelry, silver dollars and other ornaments. The young girl also wears a round flower hat, which is decorated with beads and gold and silver pieces, and a handful of owl feathers are inserted at the top of the hat, which is very beautiful as a sign of auspiciousness.
After marriage, women's decorations are simpler than those of girls, but they still wear floral dresses and shoulders, but they do not wear any ornaments on their chests, and after middle age, they wear headscarves, which are mostly made of white cloth, except for the face exposed, the neck, front chest and back are tightly covered. Therefore, from the attire of Kazakh women, it is also possible to distinguish whether they are married and their age.
Food culture: The Kazakh people have always regarded herding livestock and developing animal husbandry as the main mode of production, thus making it the pillar of life, so the food culture of the Kazakh people is also closely related to it.
The Kazakhs know that drinking pure river water on the steppe, nibbling on lush green grass, and the nomadic four animals must also absorb many forages with medicinal value. When they have a cold, they are treated with fresh broth from sheep. It is also made of camel milk to treat pneumonia, asthma and other diseases. It is probably for this reason that the Kazakhs refer to the milk of livestock as "white" and cherish it, strictly prohibiting trampling, spilling and wasting white milk. The so-called "white" has such a meaning as the pillar of the sacred and the life.
The Kazakh people have produced a wide range of drinks and foods by summarizing the practical experience of enjoying milk and fresh meat. They use livestock meat to make roast meat, meat enemas, fried meat slices, boiled meat and other diets, and use milk to make various drinks and foods. Throughout its long history, he has not only engaged in animal husbandry, but also served the land, planted crops, and gardens. At the same time, we also make various delicious dishes from grain and various fruits. For example: lamb fried potatoes, horse meat fried onions, meat buns and so on.
Dai: The language is divided into three dialects, namely Dai in Xishuangbanna, Dai in Dehong, and Dai in Menglian. The Dai also have their own script, which can be divided into four types: Dai script, Dai na script, Dai taband script and Dai duan script according to the region of use. For a long time, the Dai people have recorded the long history of the Dai people with these texts, so that a large number of cultural classics and folk manuscripts have been passed down to this day. The folk art of the Dai people is also rich and colorful, especially music and dance.
The costume characteristics of the Dai people are different for men and women:
Men's clothing: Dai men generally do not wear ornaments, and occasionally they will find a shiny silver bracelet on their wrist. Gold teeth and silver teeth are their preferences. The clothing of Dai men around the country is not much different, generally more simple and generous, the upper body is a collarless placket or a large placket with small sleeves, under the wide waist and no pocket trousers, mostly with white and blue cloth wrapped around the head, some wear woolen top hats, like to wear blankets when it is cold, and often barefoot in all seasons.
Women's clothing: Dai women pay attention to clothing, pursue light, beautiful, elegant clothing, coordinated clothing colors, excellent.
Young women with long hair coiled over their heads is a distinctive feature of Dai costumes. Dai women wear various colors of tight underwear on the top, light-colored placket or narrow sleeved shirt on the outer coat, and floral tube skirt on the lower body, which is woven with various patterns, Dai women like to tie their long hair in a bun, and insert a comb obliquely on the bun, and decorate it with hairpins or flowers. Dai women like to wear jewelry, jewelry is usually made of gold and silver, mostly hollow, engraved with exquisite patterns and patterns Dai women are generally slender, pure and delicate, looking elegant, generous, so known as the "golden peacock" reputation.
The lining is mostly made of thin and soft georgette, really good or brocade silk sewing. On the basis of absorbing the "essence" of traditional clothing, the dress style develops in the direction of beauty, gentleness, brightness and elegance. It further shows the colorful characteristics of peacock feathers in the peacock country.
Food culture: Most of the Dai people have the habit of eating two meals a day, feeding on rice and glutinous rice. 1. Dehong's Dai staple food japonica rice, Xishuangbanna's Dai ethnic group staple glutinous rice workers often eat in the wild, with banana leaves or rice together to serve a ball of sticky rice, accompanied by salt, spicy, sour meat, roast chicken, rice (Dai language, meaning sauce), moss pine can be eaten. Bitter melon is the most productive and eaten daily vegetable. In addition to bitter melon, Xishuangbanna also has a kind of bitter shoots, so there is also a bitter flavor in the Dai flavor, and the more representative bitter dish is a platter of beef skin cold vegetables cooked with beef bile and other ingredients. 2, religious food customs Dai people generally believe in the southern transmission of Theravada Buddhism, and many festivals are related to Buddhist activities. During the Bath Buddha Festival (Songkran Festival), in addition to wine and vegetables, there are also many dai-style snacks. There are also sticky rice purees fried to make crispy hemp.
3, festival food customs In Xishuangbanna Dai people, a family to build a house, the whole village to help, the new house is completed to celebrate the new house, the first to go upstairs is a young man, carrying the bull's head, singing a blessing song, the prime-aged man carries the box, the married woman holds the futon, the girls carry the food up in turn, and then set up a tripod on the fire pond, put on the table, put wine and vegetables, sing the new house song, and the villagers also send some gifts symbolizing auspiciousness to the master. 4. Sour meat The traditional Dai cuisine is made by marinating beef and then stir-frying. It is characterized by a strong sour flavor that helps with digestion. The preparation method is to wash the fresh yellow beef with tao rice water, cut into large pieces and put it into the basin, add flowers and pepper leaves, salt, rice and mix well, put it into a crock pot, pour in white wine to compact, cover it, seal the mouth of the jar with grass and wood ash and mud, and marinate for one month. Cut the marinated yellow beef into strips and sauté with the garlic seedlings.
6, fire-fired fish Dai traditional home-cooked cuisine, characterized by soft tender and sweet, original taste. 7, pickled ox head Dai traditional home-cooked dishes. ,8, acid horn Winter and spring, the sky is high and cloudy, the wind is refreshing, walking into the Dai family village in Xishuangbanna, it is easy to see a fruit tree that is particularly loved by local people - acid horn, which is tall, rough trunk, sparse branches, and the branches are hung with a bunch of bunches of brown curved hook-shaped pods. 9, insect food Dai area humid and hot, a wide variety of insects, the use of insects as raw materials to make a variety of flavor dishes and snacks, is an important part of the Dai food composition. Insects that are often eaten include cicadas, bamboo insects, large spiders, field turtles, ant eggs and so on.
The Main Dai People's Population is xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai Wa Autonomous County, Menglian Dai Lahu Wa Autonomous County and Lincang District in Yunnan Province, and a few are scattered in other nearby prefectures and counties. The Dai usually prefer to live in large river basins, dam areas and the tropics.
Li: The culture is influenced by Lingnan culture, and the Li ethnic group is also a kind of native culture, it has its own Li language, officially defined as the Li branch of the Zhuang Dong language family of the Sino-Tibetan language family, of course, different regions still have certain differences, as if they all have language talent and can speak Chinese! The cultural history and current situation of the Li people, the Li people mainly live in Qiongzhong County, Baisha County, seven counties and two cities in the south-central part of Hainan Province, and the rest are scattered in Wanning, Tunchang and other cities and counties in Hainan Province. "Li" belongs to him, and the internal branches have self-designations such as "Ha", "Sai", "Qi", "Mei Fu", "Run" and so on in order to distinguish themselves from each other. The Li language belongs to the east Asian language family, with different dialects in different regions.
Li costumes: unique style, no seasons. Li men generally wear collarless to chest buttonless linen robes on the upper body, a long strip of linen cloth hanging from the front and back of the waist, and red or black cloth wrapped around the head, with horns and discs. Women's decorations generally wear plackets or partial plackets, straight or round neck tops, top edges embroidered, and embellished with shells, copper coins, beads and other jewelry, Li women are accustomed to wearing flower scarves on their heads, wearing tube skirts on the lower body, plus hair tied into a ball, Li women used to have the traditional habit of tattooing, which is now rare. Plus a silver or bone hairpin. Every year on the third of March, the Li people will wear their unique costumes to show their unique charms.
The Li people have long known how to use kapok as a raw material for weaving. In the fifth century AD, the textile technology of the Li people had reached a very high level. Li Jin color scheme with black, brown as the basic color, blue, red, white, blue, yellow and other colors, patterns include people, animals, plants, landscapes and mascots and more than 120 kinds. In addition to the tube skirt, handicrafts such as flower banners, wall hangings, flower belts, and hanging bags made of Li Jin are quite popular with the people.
Food culture: The diet of the Li people is divided into three meals a day, morning, lunch and evening, each meal is accompanied by staple foods, vegetables, meat and drinks. The main local food crop is shanlan rice or other rice, so rice is a staple food, and the multigrains are corn, sweet potatoes and so on. Due to its tropical location, people prefer cold rice to reduce body temperature and replenish water. The method is: take the rice needed for three meals a day, put it in the pot to cook, then withdraw the fire, and then pour in cold water to make it, called "ta nao", that is, "porridge", cool and delicious, thirst quenching and filling the stomach.
Vegetables include pumpkin, melon, beans and other home-grown vegetables. In addition, there are wild vegetables picked from forests and mountains. Meat, poultry and aquatic foods are not uncommon. Li people like to touch fish, catch shrimp, pick up snails, river mussels, catch frogs, crabs, go up the mountain to hunt, etc., these foods are delicious on the table. Drinks include wine and tea. Li people are addicted to alcohol, and wine is not only a holiday drink and a good wine for guests in the life of the Li people, but also an indispensable thing in daily life. Because of this, Li artificial wine is highly skilled, and there are many varieties of wine, including mountain barn glutinous rice wine, corn wine, sweet potato wine, plantain wine, wild fruit wine, etc., with very different tastes. The unique natural geographical environment of the Li area provides conditions for the growth of Li tea.
The tea trees here are leafy and diverse, including Wuzhi Camellia, Baisha Green Tea, Shuiman Tea, etc., which are the favorite drinks of the Li people. Melon and fruit foods can be regarded as a supplement to the Li diet. The weather conditions here in all seasons are very suitable for the growth of melons and fruits, which continue to grow throughout the year and have become an indispensable part of the Diet of the Li people. The Li people often use the fire method to remove the hair from the animals, and then use the fire to roast and eat. A common method of hair removal is to blanch it with boiling water. Raw pickled sauerkraut is also a common food for the Li people.
Lisu: An ancient member of the big family of nations in China. It is mainly concentrated in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, and the rest are distributed in Lijiang and Diqing, Dali, Lincang and other prefectures. Three scripts have been used successively, one is the pinyin script created by Western missionaries, the other is the syllable script created by Wang Ninbo, a peasant of the Lisu ethnic group in Weixi County, and the third is a new script in the form of the Latin alphabet created after the founding of New China, which has been implemented in the Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture. The name of the Lisu people, first seen in Tang writings, fan qi's "Book of Barbarians" called it "Chestnut Millet", which is considered to be an integral part of the "Wu Man" at that time.
Clothing; Women's clothing is very beautiful and generous. There are two main styles: one is wearing a short shirt and a skirt underneath, with a skirt piece and ankle, and a lot of skirt pleats; the other is wearing a short shirt on top, with pants underneath, and a small apron tied back and forth outside the pants. Women's short shirt Lisu is called "pidu", the short shirt is long and waist, placket, full of round flat collar, no buttons, flat placket open, cold is covered by hand, or pressed with beads, shells, mussels, etc. Some cuffs are trimmed with black cloth, and the clothes are white, black and white matching, and the contrast is strong.
Young girls liked to braid with red threads embellished with small white shells; some women also liked to wear a string of agate, sea shells or silver coins on their chests, which Lisu called "La Bai Lidi" in Lisu language. Some have simple horizontal and vertical stripes carved into sea shells or drilled with small round holes. Some of the valuable corsets can be worth one or two cattle. Some women wear trousers instead of long skirts, a small apron tied around the waist, a green cloth bun head, and ornaments such as small corals on the ears.
The Lisu women in the Lancang River wear a string of eyebrow beads in front of their foreheads, which is unique. Some tops wear shorts with black stripes on a white background, big red or dark black shoulders, pleated skirts underneath, and some tie a unique embroidered waistband on the outside of the skirt. There are two kinds of pleated skirts, the long skirt is dragged to the foot, the short skirt is knee-length, and the short skirt is wrapped with leggings.
Food culture: Extremely rich, there are wide play ore, bitter buckwheat rice dipped in honey, pipa meat, indica rice dumplings, boiled suckling pig and other delicious dishes. Most of the people living in alpine areas eat grain and buckwheat as the main food. Vegetables include cabbage, small greens and taro, especially taro is deeply loved by the Lisu people, in addition to killing animals and sacrificing ghosts or New Year's Day, rarely eat meat, and occasionally hunt wild animals, but also must be divided equally in the village or family. Baogu is a staple food of the Lisu people.
The cooking method of the Lisu people is mainly to cook the meals together, when cooking, first put the grain into the pot and boil, replace the water twice, and put in the green vegetables, cabbage, etc. when it is almost ripe, and cook until the dish is rotten. At the time of meal, the housewife is given an average of one large wooden bowl per person according to the size of the family population. The Lisu side food includes a variety of meat, eggs, fish, pork, beef, birds and other favorite roasts, which is the traditional method of eating meat by the Lisu people. Whenever there is a New Year or a wedding celebration, the pigs are slaughtered.
Lisu people like to drink water and wine, every year in September and October after the harvest of grain, people take grain, sorghum and barnyard as raw materials, mashed and steamed, put in wine and medicine, canned and sealed, after dozens of days can be unsealed and brewed. After unsealing, the lees are stirred in warm water, and the host can taste it first and then filter it into the wine glass to toast the guests. The lees can be mixed two to three times. The highest etiquette of the Lisu people to treat guests with wine is to drink wine for two, commonly known as drinking "concentric wine". When drinking, the host and the guest of honor each hold up the wooden bowl in one hand, and drink it at the same time, indicating that the host and guest are intimate and affectionate. Enjoy drinking a kind of hemp seed tea. When making hemp tea, first put the hemp seeds into the pot and roast them on low heat, then mash them into boiling water and boil for 6-7 minutes, remove the drainage residue, and the soup is still boiled in the pot with salt or sugar to drink.
The living utensils of the Lisu people are relatively simple, most of them cook rice with three stones and earthen pots, a few rich people use iron pots and iron tripods, and the average family does not have ceramic bowls, most of them use wooden spoons and wooden bowls, and wooden barrels or bamboo tubes for backwater.