China has a long history of tea cultivation, it is said that tea was used to treat diseases more than 4,000 years ago, and more than 2,000 years ago, artificial planting of tea trees began. After the Qin and Han dynasties, the wind of tea drinking gradually spread, and in the Tang Dynasty, the cultivation of tea trees and tea drinking expanded to most parts of the country.
The tea industry is closely related to Buddhism, and monasteries and monks occupy an important position in the folk customs of tea cultivation, roasting and tea drinking in China.
Quanzhou has a long history of tea cultivation, and monks have played a role in promoting the development of Quanzhou's tea industry. Tea culture and Zen culture are fused into Zen tea culture. Quanzhou scholars, monks, with tea to say Zen, hold tea ceremonies, with Zen tea poetry speech, "tea Zen one taste" thought and Confucianism infiltration. Zen tea poems also reflect Quanzhou's tea planting, tea picking, tea brewing, tea tasting, tea fighting, tea distribution, tea milling, tea gifts, as well as tea stoves, tea dings, tea flags, etc., providing important reference materials for the study of the history of Quanzhou's tea industry.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" >, monks and the tea industry</h1>
The monk, who had a close relationship with the tea industry, was revered as the ancestor of tea, Lu Yu (733-804), born in a monastery, and was adopted by the Zhiji Zen master of Jingling Xiyuan Temple at the age of 3, who boiled tea for him and practiced the craft of tea making and boiling. He edited the world's first tea monograph, The Tea Classic, which describes the history, cultivation, processing, tea set and tea drinking customs.
In the history of tea cultivation and roasting in China, monasteries and monks occupy an important position. "Since ancient times, most of the famous mountain monks have been occupied," Buddhist monasteries are generally built in the foothills or canyons with fresh air, which is suitable for tea cultivation.
Tea has the effect of refreshing and thinking, expelling drowsiness, quenching thirst, and eliminating fatigue, and is suitable for Buddhist monks to drink during sitting meditation and in the afternoon. Chinese Buddhism has a fine tradition of attaching equal importance to agriculture and Zen, so many monasteries plant tea trees and roast tea leaves.
Tea grown in monasteries is generally for personal use and gifts, and some of them are also put on the market as commodities. The Song Dynasty had specific regulations on the tea gardens of the temples: "The temples and temples picked and selected grass and wax tea every year, such as less than 500 catties, if they listen to it, they cannot be sold, if they violate it, according to the private tea law; if it is more than 500 pounds, and according to the garden household law." ”①
Ancient monasteries had tea halls, where Zen monks discussed Buddhist principles and entertained their benefactors and guests to enjoy tea. Tea drums, drumming to gather the monks to drink tea. Among the monks were tea heads, in charge of boiling water to boil tea and offering tea to guests. Tea monks, in front of the temple, give tea. The tea of the temple has Dian Tea, which is dedicated to Buddha, Bodhisattva and Ancestor Tea. Abstain from tea and drink tea sequentially according to the number of years of ordination. Pu tea, the tea that the monks drink. There is also cha su, a drink made of tea leaves and oranges, cinnamon, ginger, etc. The tea feast is attended by monks, benefactors and pilgrims. Fight tea, taste and evaluate the quality of various teas. Order tea, method of brewing tea leaves, etc. Tang ZhaoZhou from the Zen master "eat tea to go" Zen words:
The teacher asked the new arrival (monk), "Have you ever been here?" "I've been here." The master said, "Eat tea and go." Then he asked the monk, who said, "I have not arrived." The master said, "Eat tea and go." Later, the owner of the courtyard asked, "Why did you go to Yeyun to 'eat tea', but never to Yeyun to 'eat tea'?" The Master summons the Lord, and the Lord promises. Master: "Eat tea and go." ”②
Quanzhou Fuqing Temple Guangfa master Xingqin also has a Zen saying of "eat tea and go". Xingqin first lived in Yuntai Temple, and talked to the monks in the meditation hall, saying, "How is it to conform to the customs and violate the truth?" The master said, "Eat tea and go." Asked: "How is it before the lamp is lit?" Master: "After lighting the lamp." "How is it after the lamp is lit?" Master: "Before the lamp." "How is it a positive lamp?" The master said, "Eat tea and go." ”③
From Zen masters and Zen masters to the Zen masters of Xingqin, they used the Zen tea meaning of "eating tea to go" to enlighten the wisdom of the monks.
Monks also contributed to the spread of tea cultivation techniques. Japanese tea varieties were brought from China by the monkSei during the Southern Song Dynasty (1165-1173) and cultivated in Mount Hizen (present-day Saga Prefecture). Later, it was given to the monk Takaaki of Mt. Tsumiyama in Yamashiro Kingdom (present-day Kyoto) for cultivation. RongXi also authored two volumes of "Eating Tea and Maintaining Health".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" >2. Monks promote the development of Quanzhou's tea industry</h1>
1. History of tea cultivation in Quanzhou
Quanzhou has been recorded as early as the Jin Dynasty as a tea grower. Nan'an Lotus Peak has "Lotus Tea Placket." Taiyuan Bingzi" stone carving. Taiyuan Bingzi (376) was the era name of Sima Yan( 司馬矅), emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This is the earliest stone carving about tea in Fujian. After the Tang Dynasty, tea cultivation in Quanzhou has become quite common, and the Tang poet Han Wei's "Letter Pen" poem said: "The willow is easy to hide smoke, and the pine is long and sees more and more." Stone cliffs for chi sorcery, folk tea picking songs. "Tea picking has become a local custom. Founded in the Tang Dynasty, the gate of anxi LangyuanYan Temple is "white tea specialties are priceless, stalagmites and lonely peaks have a different day," reflecting that Anxi in the Tang Dynasty has grown tea.
Five generations, the first county commander of Anxi, Zhan Dunren, "Long'an Yan Wu Elder HuiCha, Make This Generation Jane" poem: "Splashing milk floating flowers full of pouring, aftertaste around the teeth to attack people Qing." Su woke up and did not solve the alarm window at noon, and the war retreated to the demon without soldiers. "Traveling with the Taoist Jie'an to the Buddha's Ear, Boiling Tea and Waiting for the Moon to Return" poem: "The living fire is newly cooked at the bottom spring, and the Junjing Day is talking about Xuan." The wine must be drunk into drinking, and the tea cannot be cooked but is Zen. Idle sweep on the white cloud sleeping stone, waiting for the bright moon before crossing the mountain. Late at night, I returned to my clothes cold, and I wore a scarf and a feather fan. "It shows that the five generations of Anxi tea drinking are prevalent, and tea is used as a treasure for gifts to friends."
During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the tea industry in Quanzhou was developed, and Cai Xiang's "Tea Record" Yun: "There are all seven counties in Quanzhou, and it is especially good to have a tile in QingyuanDong and Nan'an in Jinjiang." "Quanzhou County Shou Gao Huilian left in Nan'an Lotus Peak" Yanfeng tea fragrance. Da ZhongXiang Fu Xinhai, Quanzhou County Shou Gao Hui Lian inscription "Mo Cliff Inscription." Many officials of the Song Dynasty visited Jiuri Mountain, "Denghuai Ancient Pavilion, Drinking Bodhisattva Spring Tea", "Dengqin Junting, Jiquan Tea", "Cooking Tea in Sigu Hall", "Sipping Tea Stone Buddha Rock". "Pu Shousheng, a descendant of the Arabs of the Yuan Dynasty, ascended the Beishan Zhenwu Temple to try tea, sencha, and boil tea. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, Quanzhou's overseas transportation developed, and tea became an important export commodity, and the Song Hui's Draft contains: "The state places the city of Yuquan and Guangdong, attracts island Yi, Fu currency bribes, and those who are absent from the other place, silk, porcelain, tea, and liquor, all of which are willing to get." ”
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the tea industry in Quanzhou further developed, and tea cultivation became more common. Chen Maoren's "Quannan Magazine" Yun: "Tea, the person who goes out of The Jin is known as Qingyuan, the one who goes out of Nan'an is known as Yingshan, and the one who comes out of Anxi is known as Qingshui and Liushan." In the Qing Dynasty, Anxi appeared a prosperous scene of "a thousand villages learning to plant tea" and "fir tea planted everywhere". Anxi tea is exported to Europe, Ruan Minxi's "Anxi Tea Song" Yun: "The mountains of Anxi are lush and saga, and its yin is long and wet with bush tea." The residents of Qingming collect young leaves, and provide them to thousands of families at a very low price. Wuyi Zhangren system, purple white two millet buds. Western Fan Jia came to Jia at the age of old, and Wang Qian did not care about official teeth. Xi tea imitates rock tea, first fried and then roasted. Truth and falsehood are mixed, and the world is so good. (4) Qingyuan Mountain Hasing Ming Wanli Thirty-sixth Year (1608) He Qiaoyuan wrote a stone carving cloud on the protection of tea planting: Qingyuan Mountain "The monks and monks should not support, or flee or be trapped, the mountain households plant tea, tourists pick, and buds are swept away." "Zhan Yangpi" paid for the purchase of land, asked the government to pay the monks, and strictly prohibited tea picking. "Protect mountain households and monks from growing tea and improve the enthusiasm for growing tea." During the Ming and Qing dynasties, as Quanzhou people went overseas to make a living, many tea merchants opened tea shops in Southeast Asia and other places, such as the Qing XianFeng period (1851-1861) Anxi Tiger Qiu Lin Hongde distributed Jintai tea in Singapore, in 1906 Anxi Yaoyang Wang Bingyan opened a Meiji tea shop in Jakarta, Indonesia, vietnam has More than ten Dongji Tea Shop, Jinfang Tea Shop, Taishan Tea Shop and so on.
Since the reform and opening up, Anxi has implemented the development strategy of "enriching the people in the tea industry", put forward the new concept of tea industry development of "Anxi Tieguanyin • Harmonious and Healthy New Life", and promoted the further development of Anxi tea industry.
2. The role of monks in promoting the development of Quanzhou's tea industry
Monks opened tea gardens and worked hard to grow and pick tea. Zhuge Lu's poem "Climbing the Snow Peak to Visit the Monk" says: "Frequent hoeing and trail only planting bamboo, idle mountain garden to grow tea." The Anping Zhi says: "The Sifangshan Temple competes for the seed, and the Jia people compete for An Haiyi." Wu turin source tea, the taste is slightly better Than Qingyuan. If a piece of tile, flying tile rock taste is particularly thick, slightly with bitter ears, taste the fragrance, the spiritual source is better than the source, thick and heavy, feel the sea, flying tiles over. (5) It can be seen that the monks of Lingyuan Temple, Yiwa Temple, Feiwa Rock, and Juehai Temple all grow tea. Huang Jingfang's "Wing Metamorphosis Rock" has "the sea estimates the wind and the slight flying beans, and the mountain monk picks tea back at night", and Shi Dagui's "Farewell with Shimei Mountain" has "Wild Acacia picking tea by himself." ”
Quanzhou monks cultivate new varieties of tea, roasting tea with characteristics, such as Anxi Qingshuiyan tea, "temple monks plant tea, full of mountain lan qi, mu sun and moon essence, get smoke and mist, eat hunger, cure hundreds of diseases." "Almond tea," before the production of rocks and in the forest, the young leaves are red and blue, the shape is larger than the yellow gardenia, the leaves are larger, if they resemble camellia leaves, their texture is crisp, they are kneaded, the juice is dipped in the palms, absolutely like the smell of almonds, and the ants like to eat it. The rock monk tastes the tea, and when brewing, a cup stops using one leaf, or a leaf of miscellaneous tea can also be brewed, and the taste is too strong. "Sweet tea," according to legend, was hand-planted by the ancestors. The taste is very sweet, and the heat quenches thirst. (6) The Qingyuan Mountain monks had planted tea in the Song Dynasty. Ming Xu Ci shu "Tea Shu" Yun: "In addition to Wuyi, there is the qingyuan of Quanzhou, and if it is well handmade, it is also Wuyi Yapi." Xie Zhaoyin's "Five Miscellaneous Tricks" also said: "The ones above the tea of today, Song Luoye, Huqiu Ye, Luo Jingye, Longjing Ye, Yang Xian Ye, and Tianchi Ye, while Wu Min Wuyi, Qingyuan, and Gushan can be compared with Jiaosheng." Chen Maoren's "Quannan Magazine" said: "Qingyuan camellia, Qingcui Fangxin, chaoyi above the tianchi." "Nan'an Lotus Peak Tea was cultivated by Southern Song Monks such as Jingye and Shengyin. This tea grows in the crevices of lotus peaks, is picked and brewed by ShiJingye and Shengyin, and the taste is aromatic, so it is carefully cultivated and roasted into a famous tea. During the Ming Zhengde period (1506-1521), due to the reconstruction of the Stone Pavilion at Lotus Terrace Temple, the name of the tea was also changed to Stone Pavilion Tea, which was green tea, also known as Stone Pavilion Green. During the Qing Dynasty (1821-1850), the abbot monk replica carried The Stone Pavilion Tea Jinjing and dedicated the Daoguang Emperor. After tasting it, the Daoguang Emperor greatly appreciated it, summoned the replica Zen master, and gave it the imperial book "Shangpin Lotus". Since then, shiting tea has a higher reputation and has been exported to home and abroad. Nan'an Wufeng Mountain has Juehai Rock, created by Zen masters, and there are excellent ancient teas on it. ⑦
The tea produced by Quanzhou Buddhist temples is Tieguanyin, Yongchun Bergamot, Shaolin Zen Tea, Lingyuan Wanying Tea, And Kaiyuan Temple Qiushui Xuan Baicao Shenzheng and so on.
Anxi Tieguanyin is famous at home and abroad, and its origin is related to the Buddhist Guanyin Bodhisattva. 1937 Zhuang Canying's "Investigation of the Anxi Tea Industry" Yun:
Legend has it that fifty years ago (before 1887), there were drinkers with the surname Wei, Songlintou villagers, who believed in Buddhism, and would send a cup of tea to the mountain every morning to serve Guanyin. One day, I suddenly saw a tea tree on the top of the mountain rock, the sunlight shone, the leaves flashed silver light, Qizhi, transplant pot, plus intentional management and harvesting, the fragrance is particularly strong, happy for the Guanyin, because of the iron Guanyin. Iron is known for its heavy and thick leaves, and the color is as deep as iron.
According to Wang Shirang's "Yaoyang Nanyan" small quotation:
Let in the spring of the first year of Qianlong (1736), see a tea tree in the layer stone barren garden, different from other tea trees, so transplanted next to the South Rock, irrigation day and night, lush foliage, round red heart, picked products, its smell is extraordinary. Xin You (1741), let go to the Beijing Division, Jin Gurudwara Fang Wangxi Xiangguo, with this tea to give. Fang Xiangguo turned into the inner court and gave Nanyan Tieguanyin the name. ⑧
Tieguanyin adopts the semi-fermentation production process, and after picking, initial production and refining process, it produces elegant quality with "orchid fragrance" and special "Guanyin rhyme".
The origin of Yongchun bergamot tea, legend has it that there is an abbot in southern Fujian who offers tea to the Buddha every day. After the tea is grafted on the bergamot, it has been carefully cultivated and successful, because the leaves resemble bergamot, and the processed tea leaves emit the aroma of bergamot, so the tea is named bergamot. Later, he taught tea seeds to the monks of Yongchun Shifeng Temple, so nearby tea farmers competed to introduce seeds. According to the "Genealogy of the Seven Cultivators of the Guanlin Li Clan" in Shifeng Village, Dapu Town, Yongchun County, "The monks planted tea buds for the Buddha, and the people of the Si clan followed it, and the crowds planted it, and the Migu was ganged, and everything was seen." ”⑨
Shaolin Zen tea is produced by the Shaolin Temple in Quanzhou. In the autumn of the twenty-eighth year of Qianlong (1763), the Qing soldiers burned the Shaolin Temple in Quanzhou, and the monks scattered. The abbot's disciple of the Zen master Zhishan avoided the mountain forest without dust, because he drank the cold spring of the mountain stream by mistake, his stomach was uncomfortable, he met the forest Langzhong, took tea to warm the stomach, and then transported the internal gong to pass the pulse, and suddenly felt as comfortable as ever, and his spirit was enhanced. WuCheng felt the health of this tea, so he visited the land of Bamin and immersed himself in the study of the tea ceremony. Later, he lived in seclusion in the foothills of Dongyue Mountain in Quanzhou, opened tea gardens, made his own Zen tea, and taught Shaolin martial arts to monasteries around the country, promoting the Zen tea ceremony, using tea to participate in Zen, and zen into tea.
Lingyuan Wanying medicinal tea is produced in Jinjiang Lingyuan Temple. Legend has it that its founder was the Zen master Mu (Zhang Dingbian). Zhang Dingbian (1318-1417), a native of Qiuyang, Hubei, joined chen youyi's peasant rebellion at the end of the Yuan dynasty, and Chen Youyi was killed in battle with Zhu Yuanzhang in the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1360). In the first year of Hongwu (1368), Zhang Dingbian escaped into lingyuan mountain, cut his hair and became a monk, calling himself a Zen master and studying Buddhism. Lead the monks to take the hundred herbs in the mountains, use the water of the Shigu Well, cannon medicine cakes, and bodhi pills, and give benefits to the people. Bodhi Pills are made from green herbs such as ghost needles, artemisia annua, flying grass, jue bed, wild licorice, and ink lotus, and carefully prepared by adding high-quality tea leaves. In 1953, Wang Guangwu, a monk at Lingyuan Temple, transformed Bodhi Pills into Lingyuan Wanying Tea. The tea has the function of wind relief, stomach clearing and spleen promotion, and is a kind of medicinal tea that prevents heat and cools down. ⑩
In the Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple opened four medicine shops, Qiuquan Xuan, Quan Shui Xuan, Dan Shui Xuan and Chrysanthemum Xuan, and secretly made various medicinal tea pills, the most famous of which was qiu shui Xuan BaiCao Shen Gui. Qiushui Xuan Baicao Shenyun is named after its founder Zeng Qiushui. Zeng Qiushui's birthplace and year of birth and death are unknown, he was originally a ming dynasty imperial physician, and later fell to nanjing Tianjie Temple, during the Wanli period (1573-1620) (a Jiajing period) Yun traveled to Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple, stationed in Xi Kaiyuan Temple. Chen Daoji, a county man, advised him to benefit the people by setting up a medicine shop in Qiushuixuan. Qiushui Xuan Baicao Shenyu selected more than 70 flavors of Chinese herbal medicine preparation, aromatic, refreshing spleen, can treat four colds, cool off the heat, sell well at home and abroad, especially in Southeast Asia is more prestigious.
Wuyi camellia is a tribute tea, mostly cultivated by Quanzhou monks. Guo Baicang's "Records of Min Production" says: "The monks of Wuyi Temple are many Jinjiang people, who take tea ping as their profession, and each temple appoints Quanzhou people as tea masters. ”
Quanzhou monks are good at commenting on tea, "Buddha Ran, zi Pu Ren, Zhuang surname, Tanabe people, less monks, abbot Keshan Temple." Sexual enlightenment, good at judging tea. ”⑪
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" >3, Tea Ceremony, Zen Tea and Quanzhou Zen Tea Poems</h1>
1. Tea ceremony and Zen tea
The tea ceremony originated in jin and matured in tang. The advent of Lu Yu's Tea Sutra is a sign of the ripening of the tea ceremony. The term "tea ceremony" was first seen in Tang Feng's "Fengshi Smelling and Seeing Records and Drinking Tea":
Lu Hong, a Chu man, gradually wrote about the "Tea Classic", saying the efficacy of tea, and the method of sencha and burning tea; making tea sets twenty-four things, so that they were all stored in general. Admired from near and far, the good deeds of the family hide a pair... So the tea ceremony went viral.
The tea ceremony is closely related to Buddhism. Tea culture and Zen culture are integrated into tea Zen culture. Tea Zen is the taste of tea Zen, with tea metaphors for Zen, help Zen, enlightenment, zen; zen interpretation, tea application, tea tasting, tea performance, etc. Tea is the resource for cultivation, the art of health, and the opportunity for enlightenment. The purest taste of tea is in line with the Zen family's indifference.
The Buddhist tea drinking style prevailed in the Tang Dynasty, and the Fengshi Smelling Record and Drinking Tea Yun:
In the Kaiyuan, Taishan Lingyan Temple has a demon master Daxing Zen Sect, who learns Zen from sleeplessness and does not eat at night, and is allowed to drink tea. People are self-possessed, boiling and drinking everywhere, and from then on they have imitated them, and it has become a custom.
Buddhism integrates sitting meditation and tea drinking into Buddhist affairs and lists them as sectarian regulations. Tang Baizhang Huaihai's "Hundred Zhangqing Rules" has been abandoned, but in the "Biography of the High Monk of Song" and Yang Yi's "Hundred Zhangqing Rules", the basic information has been preserved, and the sitting meditation tea drinking is listed as a sect rule. The Northern Song Dynasty Zong zhao re-edited the "Zen Garden Qing Rules" and Yuan Dehui's re-edited "Edict Repair Hundred Zhangqing Rules", which recorded that the Zen forest "Kutou" was to buy tea for the jungle Zen congregation, and the "tea head" was responsible for the Zen congregation tea affairs.
Regarding the regulations on the use of tea in the Zen forest, the Five Lantern Society Yuan" "Quanzhou YuYin has a Zen master" Yun: "The monk asked: 'How is the ordinary way?'" The master said: "The monks clasp their hands, and the Taoist priests hold their fists.". Question: 'What is the trend in the twelve hours?' The Teacher: 'Eat with clothes'. He said, 'Nothing else?' 'Master:'Yes'.'How is it?' The master said: "Jai Yu please take a cup of tea.". It can be seen that Zen Lin is tea after fasting.
2. Quanzhou Zen tea poems
Quanzhou monks and scholars used tea to talk about Zen and held tea ceremonies, and the idea of "tea Zen yiwei" penetrated with Confucianism.
The fifth generation of Zhan Dunren's "Yu Arriving County, Returning to the Road to Meet Jie'an, Sipping Tea in the Wild Shop, Already Thin Twilight, Asking the Museum to Stay with the Same House, Doing These Two Absolutes" Yun: "The wild shop met and said Zhao Zhou, and the teacher was speechless and unpaid." The Daoist people have already received two or three tastes, and the bright moon and the head of the river send a ferry. And "with Jie'an tour of the Buddha's ear, boil tea to return to the moon" Yun: "Live fire new cooking stream bottom spring, and Junjing Day to talk about Xuan." The wine must be drunk into drinking, and the tea cannot be cooked but is Zen. Jie'an is shih-hongdao, and has a relationship with Zhan Dunrenduo, who talks about Zen while drinking tea in the "wild shop" and talks about Zhao Zhou. "It is said that Zhao Zhou is a famous Zen case, which is a metaphor for the profound and exquisite Buddhist Zen principles, and uses tea as an opportunity to participate in Zen and enlighten the Buddha. They also taste tea and talk about Xuan. Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, metaphysics has arisen, and Buddhist Prajnaparamita has formed a generation of learning under the influence of metaphysics. Scholars, doctors, and monks flaunted Their high stature by talking about Xuan. Qing Su Linchen's poem "You Xuefeng Encounters Rain", "The Zen monks are talking about the mysterious, and the stone milk is cooked to taste tea together." It can be seen that until the Qing Dynasty, scholars and Zen monks were also tasting tea and talking about the mysteries of the scriptures.
Ming Huang Yangmeng "Nine Days Mountain Library" poem "Pile leaves sweep clouds to find Lao Tzu, cook tea and read Yi Meng Zhou Gong." "Cooking tea in the Nine Days Mountain Study Room talks about Taoism, "looking for LaoZi", reading "Zhou Yi", looking for dreams of Zhou Gong.
Song Huang Tingjian's "Title Nan'an Rock Lord Great Rock Zen Master (Zhi Tian)" "Futon wooden tatami Fu Zen Weng, Tea Ding Lavender Furnace and Juntong." Thousands of households are jagged and the moon is shining, and the family is alone and has a common breeze. "It is also written that he and The Zen monk sat on a futon wooden bed, boiled tea and burned incense in a tea pot, and talked about Zen and the scriptures. Lü Yan's "Sending the Nine-Day Mountain Monk" "Thinking about the Tea Talk Night, Breaking the Jade Pond Ice," is a memory of cooking tea with the Nine-Day Mountain Monk and discussing various issues. Ming Huang Fengxiang's "Night Tour of Fayun Temple" in "The lake and the sea are ignorant of themselves, and there are old monks when they meet." Boil tea to burn the fallen leaves, saying that the lamp is removed. "It was Huang Fengxiang who traveled to Fayun Temple at night and the old monk boiled tea with fallen leaves and talked about Buddhism under the lamp.
In the Zen tea poems, the historical situation of planting tea, picking tea, boiling tea, sencha, tasting tea, fighting tea, dividing tea, milling tea, evaluating tea, sending tea, and tea ding, tea stove, tea flag and so on in Quanzhou is reflected.
Qing Zhuge Lu 'Deng Xue Feng Visiting The Monk' "Frequent hoeing and stepping on the path only to plant bamboo, idle mountain garden to grow tea." "Reflect the situation that the monks of Nan'an Xuefeng Temple in the Qing Dynasty opened up mountain gardens to plant tea and plant bamboo."
Shi Dagui's "Farewell to Shi Meishan", "When you go, you have to go to the road to raise the whip, and the wild acacia picks tea by himself." Ming Huang Jingfang's "Wing Metamorphosis Rock", "The sea breeze is slightly flying beans, and the mountain monks pick tea back in the evening." "It is recorded that the monks picked tea and returned home late. Ming Yan Tingyu "With the Taoist monks in the mountains into qingyuan to pick tea to get a "new" word", "Deep in the clouds of the Spirit Cave, xian tea blooms early in spring." Suddenly, he learned the Tao, and once attracted fang people. And dew buds first picked, smell the fragrance and feel evenly. The poem should be able to be cleaned, and the good sentences should be happy and new. "Describe Yan Tingyu and Taoist monks going to Qingyuan Mountain in the early spring morning to pick immortal tea" and Dew Bud.
Yuan Qiu fishing machine "Title Yang Ziyan", "an old man is like a crane, and he cooks tea and wind bells diligently." It is written that Nan'an Shijing Yang Ziyan is an old man who is "like a crane", when the wind boils tea. DaGui's "Meng Shangren Lan Ruo", "Sitting in love with Qingyou has not been obtained, amorously boiling tea and recommending a plate meal." "Pu Shousheng"Gift to the Old Xifu Shangren" "Boiling tea and guests return early, there are more mountain roads before sunset." Huang Fengxiang's "Night Tour of Fayun Temple", "boiling tea to burn fallen leaves, saying that the lamp is discarded." Qing Zhang Changxun's "Improvisation of Climbing the Lonely Mountain in August", "The old monk knew that I was not impressed, and boiled tea and burned incense to sweep the bed." "It is written that the monk boiled tea, burned incense and swept the bed to greet his friends, and cooked tea with fallen leaves with friends under the residual lamp. Song Wang Shipeng's "Yong Qingyuan Mountain" "Sweep the floor and burn incense with weak wisps of smoke, and fry springs and tea milk flowers float." "It's written about Sencha.
Qing'an Creek Qingshuiyan monk intended to ask "Qingshui Mountain Residence", "The grass stall path is old in autumn, and the waterside tries to incense the tongue root." "Describe the scene of trying tea in autumn at the water's edge of Qingshui Rock.
Fashi Yunlu Mountain poem is engraved "Qingxia Daoist old toothless, Panasonic Sencha hands divide themselves." At night, the mountain and the moon valley returned to the white deer into the deep clouds. "Write the old Taoist in The Pine swase to divide the tea on the Tao." Tea sharing is the Song people's tea cooking technique.
Huang Keqian's "Sending People to See Yi Ci Answer", "Absolute pity Yun Lonely teaches dead wine, and loves to make tea." "Dou Boil Tea" means Dou Cha. Song Dynasty scholars and doctors widely popular tea fighting, Yuan Dynasty tea fighting became a folk custom, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, tea town Anxi Dou tea was popular, and later evolved into the tea king race.
Ming Liyuan's "Mingxin Mountain", "Send a message to the high monks to crush more tea, who immortals will soon ascend." "Milled tea (tea): First wrapped in a net paper and crushed, then cooked. Its big point, the spinning mill is white, or the color of the sutra is faint. The utensils used to grind tea are called tea mills, which are made of silver or iron, and the gold is soft, and copper and stone can rust and are not used. On April 30, 1987, a pair of silver and gold flower mills were unearthed from the underground palace of Famen Temple in Shaanxi Province, which was built by the Xiantong Ten-year Wensi Academy, and the scroll was milled to read "Five Brothers." "Tang Shuzong ranked fifth in the ranks, and his nickname was "Brother Wu," and the tea mill was given by Tang Shuzong as the highest courtesy for Buddhist monks.
The fifth generation of Zhan Dunren's "Long'an Yan Wu Elder Hui Tea, As This Generation Jane", "Splashing milk floating flowers are full of pouring, and the afterscent is clear around the teeth." Su woke up and did not solve the alarm window at noon, and the war retreated to the demon without soldiers. "Here Zhan Dunren received a gift of tea from Elder Wu Zen Master Of Anxi Long'anyan, and wrote a book of thanks. Ming Huang Ke obscure "ChaoyunYan monk sent new tea to the Big Wheel Official Office", "Strange monks follow the march, and no one is aware of sending tea." The monks of Chaoyunyan in Qingyuan Mountain sent new tea to Huang Kehan and chased it to the Tong'an Dalun Official Office.
Some Zen tea poems describe tea sets with tea stoves. Song Chen Zhirou's "Yong Yin Gong", "The long pine is lush and the afternoon breeze is clear, and the tea stove smokes and the spring grass grows." "Wu Yu's "Dengjiang Xiangtai"" The wine cup lake is the same as the Fang Bo, and the tea stove rock side is hidden. Shi Dagui's "Sending the Kingdom to Xiangyou Wu", "Yunlian tea stove goes with it, and the moon sleeps relatively in the reed flower." Ouyang to "The Four Sages Ancestral Hall Chases Zhao Junyun", "The tea stove cloud root is white, and the book lamp is fiery." Ming Huang Shuqing's "Tour of the Nine Days Mountain - Overlooking the Stone waiting for the moon", "The stone stove tea smoke is cold, and the Jinxi fishing fire is back." Huang Keyi's "Nine Days Revisiting the Nine Days Mountain", "The wild apes in the mountains meet the old knowledge, and the lone monk tea stove raises new smoke." Zhu Wu's "Yong Qingyuan Mountain", "Monk Stove Tea Dry Mountain Crane Knowledge, Guest Hall Bell Wet Cave Yun Zhi." "Tea stoves are tea making utensils, and many of the tea stoves in the poem are related to monks.
Cha Ding, Song Huang Tingjian," titled Nan'an Rock Lord Great Rock Zen Master (i.e. Zhi Tian), "Futon Wooden Tatami Fu Zen Weng, Cha Ding Fu Fu Furnace and Jun Tong." Shi Dagui's "Wang Cheng Shiquan", "Quiet night bamboo fasting knows the meaning of rain, qingqiu tea Ding monks idle." "Qing Li Bu Nian Poem" Tea Ding arranged to sell the deep courtyard, and the orchid cylinder was exhausted. "They are all poems about Cha Ding.
Tea flag. Ming Li Tingji's "You Snow Mountain Rock", "The bamboo building is sunny, and you can climb the mountain with your friends." Outside the shadow tea flag, between the tree song and the trail. Chengtan Shen Bi Algae, GuBai Yu Zen Guan. Looking back at the three thousand realms, white cloud heart and leisure. "Snow Mountain Rock, across Yongchun and Dehua, produces famous tea, and there is a tea shop with a tea flag hanging in Snow Mountain Rock.
3. Quanzhou monks Zen tea poems
Shi Dagui has a number of Zen tea poems. "Wang Cheng Shiquan" "Quiet night bamboo zhai know the meaning of rain, qingqiu tea Ding monk closed." Ganquan can be famous for his work, and the prince's green robe is not spotted. Described with Wang Shiquan in the early autumn tea tasting on the Tao, it is believed that "Ganquan can be Mao Gong famous. "Sending the Kingdom to Travel to Wu", "The old people of Nanzhou are pitiful, and they are lightly farewell to Lu Li He Feiyi." Broken hair old Smell Tai Bo Country, Flat Boat first entered the Heavens. Yunlian tea stove goes with it, and the moon sleeps relatively in the reed flower. I am not allowed to go to this old age, in order to spread a clear dream to Wu Yu. Wang Guoxiang sent out the sigh of "Yunlian Tea Stove with Himself" and "To spread the dream to Wu Gui" from Nanzhou to Taibo, Dagui sent out "I can't go to the old man now", "I will go with the tea stove" and "to spread the dream to Wu Gui". "To the North Mountain", "The Taoist draws new tea from the spring, and reads me climbing the clouds to Pychia." "Beishan is Quanzhou Qingyuan Mountain, Dagui to Beishan, Taoists "Jiquan boiled new tea" with them to talk about Zen. "Jian Wei Wenxian", "Lin Juchang closed his house and had no intention of leaning on Qingyun." This guest room is less, cup tea Panasonic points. "Describe the situation of dividing tea in Panasonic." "Show the same robe", "Tiannan is a guest of the yellow flowers, and returns with a smile to spend the same year." The old me did not know whether I was sick or not, and bragged about the pine fire to cook a cup of tea. It is described that Dagui returns from abroad and "blows up the pine fire" to make tea. "Nanshan Hermit" "Holding the five-colored neon in the chest alone, the high place of the South Mountain is happy and quiet." Tile wall protection bamboo cool book, sand well spring run medicine furrow. There are more cups of tea in the daytime, and there is a chicken missing for many years. This body did not have the same Junyin, looking back at the pine pine green leaf Qi. "Write that the hermits of Nanshan live in the high parts of Nanshan, live a hermit life, live in the tile wall and bamboo as a parapet wall, irrigate the medicine garden from the sand well spring, and many people come to taste tea during the day. There are also "Meng Shangren Lan Ruo", "Amorous Boiling Tea Recommended Plate Meal", "Farewell with Shi Meishan", "Picking Tea with Wild Acacia", "Giving Xushan Ren Farewell", "Politics and Must Cook Tea, What Is Divided." "And so on are all poems about writing tea.
Qing'an Xi Qingshuiyan monk intends to ask "Qingshui Mountain Residence" "Grass stall through autumn color old, waterside test tea tongue root incense," describing the autumn at the water's edge to try tea, tongue after tea fragrance. Shi Chaoquan,or Ruan Minxi's Anxi Tea Song, records the history of Anxi's tea cultivation, tea picking, tea prices, and export to Europe in the Qing Dynasty. Qing Yongchun Gongshi Li Shece "Shifeng Tea Poem" "Living water must also be fried alive, and Qingquan Ande Foshan is upside down." Tasting tea did not dare to live in the clouds, and the tongue of the bird did not envy the immortals. "Praise Yongchun Bergamot Tea."
In summary, tea is closely related to Buddhism, and monasteries and monks play an important role in the cultivation, roasting and tea drinking folklore of tea in China. Tea culture and Zen culture are integrated into tea Zen culture. Quanzhou monks have played a promoting role in promoting the development of The tea industry in Quanzhou. Quanzhou monks and scholars use tea to say Zen, hold tea ceremonies, reflect the "tea Zen one taste" ideology and Confucian infiltration in Zen tea poems and related to Quanzhou tea planting, tea boiling, tea fighting, tea milling, tea gifts, tea stoves, tea dings, tea flags, etc., providing important reference value for the study of the history of Quanzhou's tea industry.
(Author: Researcher, Quanzhou Overseas Transportation History Museum)
Notes:
(1) "Song Hui to Compile Drafts"
(2) Song Shi Puji: Five Lantern Society Yuan, vol. 4.
(3) Song Shi Daoyuan: Records of the Jingde Chuan Lantern, vol. 24, Quanzhou Fuqing Guangfa Master Xingqin
(4) Qianlong", Quanzhou Fuzhi, vol. 19, "Property History"
(5) Anping Zhi , Anjing Edition , Vol. 4 , " Materials and Tea " , China Literary Association Publishing House , 2000 , p. 124.
(6) Anxi Qingshui Rock Chronicle Compilation Committee, ed., Qingshui Rock Chronicle, Quanzhou Municipal Cultural Relics Management Committee, p. 60, 1989.
(7) Kangxi's Nan'an County Chronicle, vol. 2.
(8) Reprinted from Chen Guibing: Folk Customs of Quanzhou, China Federation of Literary and Art Publishing House, 2001, p. 124.
(9) He Rongrong: "Yongchun Bergamot Tea and the Holy Wheel Master", "Wen Dao Says Tea - AnThology of Papers on He Rongrong Tea Science", Xiamen University Press, 2015, p. 58.
(10) Quanzhou Municipal Bureau of Culture, Quanzhou Xinhai Road Minnan Cultural Protection Center, ed., Quanzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Atlas, Straits Literature and Art Publishing House, 2007, p. 152.
(11) Daoguang "Hui'an County Continuation Zhi · Character Shang • Fang Wai".