Seedless viticulture technology in early summer in Chongqing
Fund projects: Chongqing Municipal Agricultural and Rural Committee 2019 special fund project "Fruit Tree Industry Technology Support - Mountain Efficient Characteristic Fruit Industry Green Production Technology Support"; 2020 Municipal Agricultural Development Fund Project (NKY - 2020AB004); Chongqing Municipal Research Institute Performance Incentive Guidance Special Project (cstc2018jxjl80040) funded.
Chen Yuanping
The "Early Summer Seedless" grape is a xiaheit early maturing budding variety that was recognized by the Shanghai Seed Management Station in September 2012. This variety shows the quality of early maturity, excellent quality, strong resistance, abundant and stable yield, 10 days earlier than the ripening period of summer black grapes, and after full maturity, the soluble solids can reach more than 20%, so the promotion of early maturing varieties has good market prospects. In recent years, the area and output of viticulture in Chongqing have gradually increased, and by the end of 2016, the city's viticulture area reached 9 800hm2, with an output of 11. 10,000 t, grape production has become the first choice for the development of leisure tourism picking industry in urban suburban areas, and the grape industry has played an important role in promoting the increase of farmers' income and agricultural efficiency in the city. At present, among the viticulture varieties in the city, the main ones are early and medium-ripening varieties, resulting in a relatively concentrated fruit marketing and a low price of fruit, affecting the economic benefits of fruit farmers. In order to meet the market's requirements for the grape industry to ripen earlier, ensure quality, safety and pollution-free, it is urgent to develop new varieties suitable for Chongqing's climatic characteristics and cultivation mode. "Early summer seedless" belongs to the very early ripening varieties, which is of great significance for the adjustment of the structure and ripening period of grape varieties in Chongqing. To this end, in 2016, the author introduced "early summer seedless" in Chongqing Jiulongpo District for rain shelter greenhouse planting, after 4 years of continuous test observation, summarized the main points of supporting cultivation technology, in order to provide suitable varieties and supporting cultivation technology for the Grape Industry in Chongqing. The performance of this variety and the key points of cultivation techniques are summarized below.
1 Introduction overview
１． 1 Test site The test site is located in the grape test base of Chongqing Modern Agricultural High-tech Park in Jiulongpo District, Chongqing, with an altitude of 295m, a humid subtropical monsoon climate, and an average annual temperature of 17. 8 °C, extreme high temperature 42. 2 °C, extreme low temperature -1. 8°C, annual average relative humidity 79%, annual sunshine hours 1 140. 5h, the average annual rainfall is 1 151. ５ ｍｍ 。 The test garden has flat terrain, deep soil layer, purple loam soil, uniform soil quality, medium fertility, and neutral soil.
１． 2 Test method In March 2016, the "early summer seedless" planting was introduced, the plant row spacing was 2m×6m, and the "T" shape horizontal trellis cultivation mode was adopted.
Ends August 2019. The experiment was combined with indoor assay and field survey. The field survey method used random sampling to select three vines (the growth of the selected vines was normal in all aspects) as the test subjects. Since March 2017, the germination period, flowering period, color transition period, ripening period and other phenological periods of each grape have been recorded; the number of buds and fruit branches have been recorded; after the fruit is ripe, the fruit related indicators are determined indoors, the vertical and horizontal diameter is measured by vernier caliper, the soluble solids content of the fruit is determined by digital display PAL-1, and the single grain quality and single panicle mass are weighed by electronic balance. They are calculated separately in conjunction with the following formulas:
Germination rate ( % ) = number of buds / total number of buds×100
Fruit branch rate ( % ) = number of fruit branches / number of branches× 100
Result coefficient = total number of fruit panicles / number of fruit branches
2 Introduction
２． 1 Botanical characteristics "early summer seedless" young shoots yellow-green, with a small amount of fur, young leaves yellow-green to light green, with a lilac halo, the upper surface with luster, the lower surface has a layer of fur; adult leaves are larger, the back of the leaf has a thin layer of filamentous fur, the middle depression, the edge is raised, nearly round, the leaves are mostly 5 lobes, the cracks are irregular, and some of the cracks are medium-deep. The new shoots grow upright and the branches are reddish-brown.
２． 2 Fruit economic characteristics The fruit ears are mostly conical, some are bis-shouldered conical, the size of the fruit ears is neat, the fruit grains are tight, nearly round, purple-black to blue-black, easy to color, consistent coloring. In 2017, without growth regulator treatment, the fruit grains were small, with an average single grain mass 3. 39g, average single spike mass 266. 76g; 2018-2019 After being treated with growth regulators, the average single grain quality can reach 6. 54g, average spike mass 550. ６５ｇ 。 The peel is purple-red, non-astringent, the fruit powder is thick, the flesh is hard and crisp, has a strong strawberry flavor, seedless, soluble solids content 17. ７０％～２０． ４０％ 。 See Table 1 for details.
Table 1 Fruit traits of "early summer seedless" in Different Years in Chongqing
２． 3 Growth result habits This variety has a strong growth potential, and it needs to be pruned multiple times during the growing season, and the germination rate is 88. ２６％～９０． 91%, the resulting twig rate was 88. ６０％～９０． 67%, the result coefficient is 1. ６３～１． ８１ 。 See Table 2 for details.
Table 2 Growth result habits of "early summer seedless" in Different Years in Chongqing
２． 4 Phenological period Under the rain shelter cultivation conditions in Chongqing, after several years of experimental observation, the variety sprouted in early to mid-March, flowered in mid-to-late April, the flowering period lasted for about a week, the fruit began to change color from late May to early June, the fruit matured in late June, and it took about 105 days from germination to berry ripening, which belonged to a very early maturing variety. See Table 3 for details.
Table 3 Phenological period of "early summer seedless" in Different Years in Chongqing
２． 5 Disease resistance "early summer no seed" disease resistance is strong, the resistance to black pox disease, white rot disease is similar to summer black, gray mold occasionally occurs, mainly in the flowering period and color change period, after the fruit is ripe, pay attention to the prevention and control of anthrax, under rain shelter conditions, downy mildew does not occur, young fruit stage if you encounter high temperature and high humidity weather to pay attention to the prevention and control of powdery mildew. The pest is mainly leafhoppers. Attention should be paid to the prevention and control of the above diseases and insect pests at each critical stage of growth.
3 Key points of cultivation technology
３． 1 Cultivation mode Under the special climatic conditions of Chongqing,
"Early summer seedless" should be cultivated in a steel frame rain shelter greenhouse, the width of the shed is 8m, the length is 30~50m, and the shoulder height is 2. 5m, the top can be used high and low dislocation or "open skylight" to form a curved roof with unequal height to facilitate ventilation and heat dissipation. The two greenhouses are connected by a sink in the middle, preferably two or three consecutive buildings, in order to facilitate ventilation and heat dissipation. In column 1. The 8m high wire is pulled to form a mesh, which is conducive to the climbing of grape branches. Adopts a "T" shape horizontal trellis with a trunk height of 1. 8m, 2m spacing× (4~6) m. It is advisable to plant 60 to 80 plants per 667 m2, and the frame is in a north-south direction.
３． 2 Trimming
Young trees. After colonization, select 1 strong shoot, vertical traction of the vertical bracket, and the height of the new shoot exceeds 1. 5m time to top, from 1. 5m The secondary shoots drawn from the heartlet select 2 sub-shoots to pull horizontally, cultivate into the main vine, and erase the rest. The main vine remains unjointed until it is joined with the adjacent main vine. The secondary secondary shoots growing on the main vine are all left with 3 to 4 leaves to pluck the hearts, and after the 3rd grade secondary shoots grow out, the 2 to 3 tertiary secondary shoots at the base are erased, leaving only the tertiary secondary shoots from the first bud to grow, and the timely binding pulls them to grow vertically with the main vine to form the fruiting mother branch. Leave 0 when the length of the fruiting mother branch reaches about 1m. ８～１． At 0m, the heart is removed, and the four grades of secondary tips issued after the heart are erased.
Result tree. Winter pruning is completed from the end of December to January of the following year, leaving 2 to 3 buds for the fruiting mother branches. After germination, according to the spacing of the main vine every 20cm or so, select 1 new shoot (fruit branch), and pull and bind vertically with the main vine, after the new shoots see the flower spikes, generally 7 leaves above the flower spikes are picked, the secondary shoots are erased before flowering, and 1 leaf is left behind the secondary branches to repeatedly pluck the hearts.
３． 3 Flower and fruit management According to the principle of an average of 1 fruit panicle per fruit branch, strong branches hanging 2 ears, and weak branches without fruit, the excess flower ears are removed, and the upper branches of the flower ears are cut off. "Early summer seedless" grape panicles can be treated twice using growth regulators, the first time in the flower full bloom 1 to 3d with 25mg / L gibberellotic acid spray or soaking fruit spikes, intervals of 7 to 10d after the second treatment, the use of 50mg / L gibberellosis spray or impregnated fruit spikes, the liquid can be appropriately added to the fungicide anti-gray mold. When the fruit grain grows to the size of the soybean, the fruit can be properly thinned and the fruit panicle can be sorted, according to about 80 grains per panicle, and the final single panicle quality is 500~ 600g.
３． 4 Fertilizer water management Under the conditions of rain shelter cultivation in Chongqing, drip irrigation facilities should be used to ensure the supply of fertilizer water in the shed. After the seedlings are planted, they are watered once, and in the later stage, it is advisable to keep the soil moist and water in time as appropriate. After the tendrils grow out, start topdressing, and apply once every 667m2 urea 5 kg at intervals of half a month. Compound fertilizer was applied after August, according to 10 kg of compound fertilizer per 667m2, and applied once every half a month to promote the aging of branches, which can last until late September. For fruit trees, it is generally trenched in winter to apply sufficient base fertilizer, every 667m2 to apply 1 000 kg of decomposed farmhouse fertilizer, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate, with boron, zinc and other micro-fertilizers, watered. "Early summer seedless" growth is vigorous, budding fertilizer can not be applied. 15 to 20 days after flowering, 25 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per 667 m2 as a strong fruit fertilizer, from late May to early June, 15 kg to 20 kg of potassium sulfate can be applied every 667 m2 as a coloring fertilizer.
３． 5 Pest control After the use of rain shelter cultivation, the occurrence of "early summer seedless" diseases and insect pests is less, but it is also necessary to control and control during critical periods. Before flowering, the focus is on the prevention and control of gray mold, you can spray Daisen manganese zinc and isobacterium urea at the inflorescence separation stage, spray the fruit spikes with acrylambitamine plus insecticide before bagging, spray pyrazolozole pyrimidine on the foliage of grapes in July and August under high temperature and high humidity conditions, remove dead branches and leaves in time after winter pruning, and spray once in the whole garden with 3 to 5 Baumedo stone sulfur compound garden.
4 Conclusions and discussion
Through 4 years of investigation and testing, the overall performance of "early summer seedless" grapes in Chongqing is better, with early ripening, strong disease resistance, easy coloring of flowers, excellent quality, strawberry flavor, combined with sightseeing and leisure picking. The variety itself has small fruit grains and fruit spikes, but after treatment, the fruit grains are enlarged, and the fruit spikes can reach more than 500g, with uniform coloring and favored by consumers. "Early summer seedless" growth momentum is strong, good disease resistance, easy to manage, less occurrence of diseases and insect pests in the growing season, greatly reducing the use of chemical agents, ensuring the safety and pollution of grapes and fruits, suitable for promoting planting in Chongqing area, and will play an important role in the adjustment of the structure of Chongqing grape varieties and the adjustment of fruit ripening period.