The tomb of Northern Wei Yuanshu in the eastern suburbs of Datong
Cultural Relics, No. 08, 1989, Datong Museum.
Yuan Shu's tomb is located 1.5 kilometers northwest of Dongwangzhuang Village, Xiaonantou Township, Datong City, Shanxi, 1:5 kilometers north of Shijiazhai Village, Shuibosi Township, and 6 kilometers northwest of Datong City, with an altitude of 1,060 meters (Figure 1). Because the tomb has a large sealing soil, the locals call it "Qingpei Pagoda". In mid-March 1984, when farmers in Shijiazhai Village were digging soil, they found the burial chamber, and after the report of the leader of the Celadon Kiln Coal Mine 57 Team that was working here at that time, our museum sent people to conduct a survey, and excavated it from April to May. The briefing is as follows.
One
The tomb sits north facing south, 190 degrees in the direction, and is a brick single-chamber tomb. It is composed of sealing soil, slope tomb passage, Yongdao and burial chamber, with a total length of 34.15 meters (Figure 2).
The bottom plan of the seal soil is rectangular, 79 meters long from north to south and 63 meters wide from east to west. In the early 1970s, a large amount of sealed soil was taken during the capital construction of farmland, and the highest point of existence is in the north-central part of the sealing soil, 3.7 meters above the surrounding ground (Figure 3), and 2.5 meters below it is the top of the burial chamber. The sealing soil was not rammed.
The cemetery is 22.75 meters long and has a slope of 11.5 degrees. The northern end is 6 meters deep at the junction with the Yongdao and 0.3 meters deep at the southern end. The entrance to the cemetery is 1.4 meters above the surface. The upper width of the tomb is narrow, the upper mouth is 2.4 meters wide, and the downward tapering, the bottom is narrow south and wide from the north, between 1.82 meters. The two walls at the north end of the tomb are all made of brick, and the north is connected to the tomb door wall, which is 3.3 meters above the top of the south entrance of the Yongdao Road and 2.1 meters long from north to south. From this point to the south, the upper part of the two walls of the tomb is 1.8 meters raw soil wall, and the lower part is anti-quicksand, which is made of brick. We excavated only one section of the tomb 6.3 meters south of the tomb gate, and the rest of the situation was learned through drilling.
On the filled soil at the north end of the tomb road and the top of the Yongdao pass, there is a layer of residual bricks, the north end is thick with three flat bricks, the south end is reduced to a flat brick, the width is the same as the tomb road, the north and south length is 2.6 meters, and the upper and lower parts are filled. The clan should be designed for anti-theft. On top of this layer of bricks, the northeast and northwest corners of the tomb road, each with a stack of flat bricks, is 1.1 long from north to south, 0.6 meters wide from the west of the air, and 1.9 meters high. The upper width and lower narrowness may be for The Fu support of the brick walls and tomb door walls of the east and west tombs (Fig. 4).
At the north end of the tomb, above the south entrance of the Yongdao, there is a tall tomb door wall, and the two ends are connected to the brick wall of the tomb, which is 3.3 meters above the top of the Yongdao. The lower part is paved with bricks, and the upper part is built with diced bricks and table bricks, and the masonry is regular.
The opening of the Yongdao is located in the east of the south wall of the burial chamber and is 5.7 meters long. The northern section is 4.4 meters long, 1.5 meters wide, 2.3 meters high, and 0.8 meters high. The top of the coupon is three coupons and three volts, that is, one layer of tiles is laid on top of each of the three layers of coupon bricks. The southern section is 1.3 long, 2.1 wide and 2.7 meters high, with a coupon height of 0.97 meters, and the top of the coupon is one coupon and two volts. Yongdao South Exit coupon top of the lower layer of a coupon one volt inside 5 cm. The lower part of the two walls of the Yongdao is flat with two layers of Ding Brick, and the upper part is built with One Layer of Ding Brick, so that five or six groups are stacked on top of each other, and they are sewn with yellow mud and white ash.
There are three sealed doors and walls in the Yongdao. The sealing wall at the north end is three bricks thick, about 1.2 meters, with a flat brick and a standing brick to the top, and all the ding bricks are flat to the top at the beginning of the Yongdao road. The central sealing wall is two bricks thick, about 0.65 meters, and the southern sealing wall is five bricks thick, about 1.65 meters. The lower part of the two sealed gate walls is made of Liding bricks, and the top is flattened with Ding bricks at the starting point. One opening on the west side of the three sealed door walls is undoubtedly a robbery hole.
The plan of the tomb is slightly rectangular, the four walls are curved and convex, the widest point of the east and west is 6.75, the widest part of the north and south is 5.7 meters, and the four walls are made of double-layer bricks, with yellow mud and white ash. The bottom layer is flat and flat brick is two layers, and the upper layer is built with ten levels, so that the ten levels of mutual reinforcement, and then the eleven layers of flat brick are built, and gradually the coupon is raised, and then the top of the brick is built on the first floor, and the arc of the coupon arch is increased. Finally, the adduction is flattened with diced bricks and knotted into a four-cornered spire (Fig. 5). The outside of the top of the burial chamber is covered with yellow sand. The height of the tomb is 7 meters. The floor tiles are single-storey herringbone tiles.
On the west side of the burial chamber, there is a brick gun bed, which is 2.9 meters wide from east to west, 3.4 meters long from north to south, and 0.32 meters high. It is surrounded by flat bricks in a zigzag shape from all sides, and the outer bricks are built for three weeks and five layers of bricks, and only three layers of bricks (including the surface of the coffin bed) are laid inside, and the between them is filled with loess.
The vast majority of this tomb brick is 30 to 33 long, 15.5 to 16.5 wide, and 5.5 to 6.3 cm thick. A few bricks are 40 to 42 long, 18 to 19 wide, and 5.5-6.3 cm thick, and are divided into two kinds, cyan and reddish brown, the former is a plain surface, used for burial chambers and Yongdao paving, and the latter is printed with a chess rope pattern on one side, all of which are used in the seal at the north end of Yongdao
Head south foot north. The coffin is blocked by side plates and head shields, feet, and the bottom plate is on the door wall. There is also a knife-shaped brick, the length and width of the first brick, one end is 5 cm thick, the other end is 6 cm thick, the most rare, together with the first brick used for the tomb roof. In addition, I also happened to see basket-patterned bricks, which are 27 long, 13.3 meters wide and 4.8 cm thick. This practice of laying large brick floors and small brick walls is also found in the tomb of Sima Yue of Northern Wei in Mengxian County, Henan.
The coffin bed is sprinkled with a layer of 1 cm thick white ash, and a coffin is placed on top. Due to the severe damage before excavation, the suspension of the forest, the north and south ends of the bottom plate near the head and foot blocks each mat log, the two pads are 1 meter apart, both have decayed. The upholstery has round birch heads at both ends, inserted into the inner eye of the side plate, and nailed to the outside of the side plate with coffin nails. At the time of cleaning, the north end of the mat was 0.26 and 0.46 meters long, and the south end of the cushion was 0.2 in diameter and 0.66 meters long. The void under the bottom plate of the coffin is filled with charcoal. The northern end of the coffin is 0.56 meters wide, the width of the end should be more than 0.7 meters, the length is 2.1 meters, and the height is unknown (Figure 6).
Only sporadic canthal bones are seen inside the coffin. Two skeletons were found between the northern end of the yongdao and the two sealed gate walls in the middle. However, judging from the death and burial time of the tomb owner and his wife, the two skeletons may be the tomb robbers.
Two
The excavated artifacts include dozens of pottery, stone tools, wood tools, bamboo, bronze, iron, bone tools, etc., and there are a large number of pottery pieces. The selection is briefly described below.
Bring 4 pieces of clay pots. Only 1 piece remains intact, with a slightly mutilated hem. Dish. Square lips, high neck, broad shoulders, oblique abdomen, and the joint with the mouth edge is shaped like a beast's head. Clay pottery, body, polished. Apply white-colored. There are nine vertical dark stripes around the neck, each 1 cm long, with radial dark stripes on the shoulders and a mesh dark stripe on the abdomen. The height of the pot is 30.2, the caliber is 14.8, the maximum diameter (shoulder) of the pot is 24.8, and the bottom diameter is 13.5 cm (Figure 7; 'VIII:1).
There are 3 complete clay pots. Shape, pottery. , the application of color, etc. are the same as the clay pot with a handle. One piece has a convex chord pattern on the shoulders, 24 meters high, 12.4 calibers, and a bottom diameter of 10.6 cm (Fig. 8:4; 9). The other piece has a two-week deep chord along the outer side. In addition to the two-week deep chord pattern applied along the mouth, the abdomen is irregularly dark, with a beard of 25.4, a caliber of 14, and a bottom diameter of 9.0 cm (Fig. 8:5;-O)
3 pieces of pottery lids. The lid is slightly drummed, with a one-week convex edge on it, a fungal-shaped button, and a one-week convex ridge on the bottom of the lid. The lid's exterior is white. The diameter of the lid is 12.9 cm, and the base of the lid is convex and straight, high; 1 cm (pictured).)
1 piece of pottery six-legged stone, slightly broken. The brick surface is rounded and raised above the mouth edge. Horseshoe-shaped feet, white-colored with a stone face, 20.4 in diameter and 7 cm in height (Fig. 8:3; 12)o
1 piece of pottery bowl. Rounded lips, straight abdomen, short circle feet. The mouth edge has a string pattern at the bottom, and a peach-shaped additional pile pattern is decorated on the inside and outside of the edge, with the tip facing down. The bowl is white on the outside and red on the inside. Caliber 24, base diameter 18.3, height 8.4 cm (Fig. 8: 2; One three).
Pottery spoon 3, all mutilated. The shape is the same as that of the Han Dynasty pottery spoon, with red color inside, and it is about 12 cm long (Fig. 14).
1 set of stone cups. The stone is white jade. Consists of cups and trays. The rim of the cup is mutilated, straight, ventral micro-drum, false circle foot, and the inner sole has a convex chord pattern with the same diameter as the circle foot. Caliber 7.6, base diameter 4, height 4.5 cm. The edge of the tray mouth and the circle foot are mutilated, and there is a convex chord pattern at the intersection of the bottom abdomen of the plate. Disc diameter 15.6, residual height 3.4 cm (Figure 15:2; one six). ',
8 broken bamboo strips. There is a small hole at one end. Length 29, width 0.6, thickness 0.25 cm. The original structure and use are unknown.
Wooden comb 1 piece. It was excavated between the east side coffin and the side panels of the chamber. Curved ridge. The wooden teeth are evenly arranged, and the ends of the teeth are all mutilated. The wooden comb is 5.5 cm wide and 3 cm long, and the tooth remnants are 1.2 cm long (fig. 8).
1 piece of wood carved dove bird. The tail is slightly mutilated. Unearthed on the bed of a coffin. Length 7.4, height 3.7 cm. The eyes are round, the mouth is wide open, and the upper jaw is wide. The head, neck, chest and back are engraved with fish scale patterns, with fine lines engraved on the inside, and the edges are decorated with beads, resembling feathers. The tail and the back of the wing are carved into a flowing curve, and the two claws are noisy under the wing, and there is a small round L with a diameter of 1 cm under the abdomen, which leads straight to the club, which should have been inserted on a stick. The wood dove is delicately carved, juxtaposing 7 thin lines every 1 mm in the fish scale pattern, and cleverly using the natural texture of the wood, vivid and realistic, which can be called a beautiful craft: (Fig. 17).
1 piece of wooden frame shaper. The base is a slightly trapezoidal strip of wood with a length of 41 cm. There are 12 small holes in the upper equisistance chisel, the front of the hole is "ten" shaped, and the other side is 10 shaped. Each hole is inserted with a strip of wood with a rectangular section of 1.5 X I cm. There is a birch head at one end, inserted into a small hole in the base, and a mutilated end at the other. The longest surviving 27 centimeters (Fig. 19).
There are dozens of round thin wood strips. It was excavated between the coffin on the east side and the side plate of the chamber. Diameter 0.15 cm, length varies, the longest 20 cm. There are micropores in the center, which are supposed to be branches of some kind of shrub, and the purpose is unknown.
2 pieces of small bone rings. One piece is relatively complete, with a diameter of 2,1, a height of 1.3, and a wall thickness of 0.3 cm. The other is a cherished piece, the same size as the previous one, with one port protruding along the outer and covered with stripes (Figure 2O).
There are 7 copper coins, all of which are "cargo springs". It is 2.3 cm in diameter and weighs 2.85-3.5 g (Figure 21).
Small copper hoops 3 pieces. Diameter 3.2, height 0.6 cm, memory decay wood. Wear straight at one end and bent at the other. There are three holes in each piece, and some of the holes still have iron nails in them, which were originally nailed to the rafters. The hinge is 12 long, 19 cm long and 4 cm wide. Wear a length of 8 cm and a diameter of 0.8 cm (Fig. 1522).
5 pieces of iron coffin rings. It is made of a round iron rod with a diameter of 1.4 cm and a flattened ring foot. Ring diameter 6.6 cm (Figure 23).
1 small iron ring, ring diameter 1.2 cm.
Nearly 20 iron coffin nails. The cross-section is square and 18 cm long.
Epitaph 1 pass. When found, it collapsed near the north entrance of the East Yongdao Road in the southeast corner of the coffin bed, literally facing down. Shaped like a stone stele, it consists of a stele and a stele, and is 92 cm high (Figure 24). The beer body is rounded below, and the lower end is inserted into the stele, which is 79 high (not counting the lower end of the stilt), 43 cm, and 8 cm thick. The stele is 53 long, 27 cm wide and 13 cm high. Monumental minus land
Text 20 lines, full line of 27 words, a total of 511 words, 2.1 cm square between the words. The font Wei Monument contains the meaning of affiliation, and it is upright and beautiful.
Due to the long-term immersion of water, some of the handwriting has been indistinct. The transcript is as follows.
Epitaph of Wei Yuangong
Great Wei's former envoy ZhiJie Pingbei General Zhi Shuo Yan Sanzhou Thorn Shi Du □□□□□□□□ "Erdao Zhu Military Pingcheng Town Will Be Restored To Zhi Jie Zhen Dong General Du Governor Xiang Zhou Military Xiang Zhou" Thorn Shi Jia Yu Jing Yuan Shu Zi Buy Ren Si Zhou Henan Luoyang people also "Zhaocheng Emperor's great-grandson Changshan Kang Wang's 25th favorite son Gong Chengkou Emperor Ji Qiong Emperor Xu Xiaoyou" Zhongshun was born in 6H years zhongshun was born in Wei Benjing and ShuYuan disputed its condensation and Bo Bo competed with its horror to the beginning of J Standing. Huang Ba's Wind and the Nine Merits of the Transformation Of the Trees Do Not Collide with the Nine Merits in Qianqi Xian Liu De In "Wanye Gu Wen Huan in Wei Shi Can Be Obtained and Omitted to the Beginning of the Four Years of Age Ding Hai October Ying Chen Shuo J Twenty-three Days Peng Shi Shi Qiu Qiu Sixty-one His Wife Nai He Hun To Xiang Zhou Shi Xiang Guo Hou Zhao County" Lü Jin'an Sixth Honored Daughter Young Bing Frost Festival Rules Long Leap Bingjie Degree of Light from the Three Palace Winds" Radiance from the Four Descendants of Heng Rail Song Ji The Relics of the Four Races Of Song Ji Often Quasi Starting From The Remains of the Family Yu Fan Former Achievements Under the Hundred Years" Established above the Thousand Years Wu Ke Detailed and Slightly The Symbols Are Also Five Years Old And The First Five Years of Age The Second Peng Zi March" Jia Zhongshuo Fifteenth Day Peng Shu Spring and Autumn Fifty-six Yu Xue In the Old Jing Jincheng Mansion Yue Zi Nian "Yongping First Year Ten January Gengchen Shuo FifteenTh Day A Noon Burial in Bai Deng's Yang RegretFul Death" Yifu Salvation Nai Engraving with a Stone Cut to Show His Words "He Yi YuanJi Manifests Himself from huang ji fen Kun Shen Kou Shi Qiong Ling 'Zhi De by Tai Xia Dao Xin Huan Hui Hui Feng J Ju Zhe Ying Long Period Yun Tan Shuo Soil Wind Liquid Yan District Yi Long Ping Town Wen Sheng Xiang Xiang Xiang□ Xiang
Ren Nong Chuncai Deqi Xia RongChun to continue to micro-pure to receive the Ying Hundred two sides significantly in the Qianling mouth then loose mouth□ then Yang Tanghong mourning bird mourning cloud mouth soul return to Xiaokou Lukou mouth inscription Jinkou According to the epitaph, the tomb owner is the Northern Wei Zhaocheng Emperor Shikou Xuankou Houkou
The inscription of the stele is 37 characters, the Wei stele body, which is not very neat, and is obviously directly engraved without Shu Dan (Figure 25). Recorded below.
Yongping Yuan Year Age Second Peng Zi December Geng Shu Shuo Four Days Decoction Ugly Jian "Tai Chang Dr. Qingzhou Tian Hui Baozao" Bookkeeper Xiang Zhou Master Book Wei Qia
Three
According to the epitaph, the owner of the tomb was the son of King Changshan Kang, the great-grandson of Emperor Zhaocheng of northern Wei; Ming Shu, Zi Mai Ren, Tan Ri Jing. The official zhi envoy Jie, the Pingbei general, the Shuoyan Three Prefectures Assassin History, and the Pingcheng town general. Died four years ago. October (507). His cousin Lü Died in March of the fifth year of the reign (508). In the first year of the couple Ka Yongping (the first five years of the Zheng Dynasty were changed to the first year of Yongping in August, and the sentence "Yue Zi Lai Nian" in the epitaph was wrong) in November, they were buried together in the "Yang of Bai Deng", which is now Mapu Shannan.
Yuan Shu is found in the 4 Dagger History, vol. 15: "Shu, the word mai ren. Bending the bow three hundred pounds, good at riding and shooting. When he was filial to Wen, he was the Taishou of Hedong. In office, he "got off the bus to persuade the class, bowed down to teach, and in two years, the family gave people enough", which contributed to the development of agriculture in the Hedong region. The epitaph's record of Yuan Shu's official rank can be slightly supplemented by shi que.
The wood carved dove bird in the tomb has a perforated abdomen and back, and we speculate that it was originally decorated at the head of the dove staff, that is, the head of the dove staff. Book of the Later Han Dynasty. The "Zhong" records: "In the mid-autumn month, the county roads are all cases of households than the people. At the beginning of the year, those who are seventy years old are given a jade staff and a porridge. Eighty and ninety ceremonies have garging. Jade staff, long [nine] ruler, ornamented with a dove bird. The dove does not choke the bird also, and the old man does not choke." Wang Xianqian's collection of interpretations quoted Hui Dongyue as "Customs and Customs" Yun: 'Between Han Gaozu and Xiang Yuan's battle jingsuo, in the middle of the thicket. From time to time, there are doves singing on it, and the chasers do not doubt it, so they have to get off. And the throne, the bird, pretending to be a dove staff, gives the old man also.
The Book of Wei Gaozu Benji records that Emperor Xiaowen taihe of the twentieth year (496) "In march, Ying Yin, feasting on the courtiers and the elders of the state and the elders of the country in Hualin Garden. The edict reads: 'The old man of the country, Huang Qi, is above the level of the false middle and the county; the elder is more than one year old, and the false is given to the matter and the county order; the old man is directly false to the county. Each gave a staff and clothes. The dove's staff, or the dove-shaped crutch at the head of the staff, was given by the emperor to the elderly subjects. The Han Dynasty gave it to the elderly over the age of seventy, and the Northern Wei Tuoba clan gave it to the elderly over the age of sixty. This difference is probably related to the fact that the Xianbei people are not as long as the Han people. Of course, the one who is entrusted is either an old man or an old man, or an old man who is still in office. Yuan Shu was 61 years old at the time of his death, and he was also given one of them. This dove staff should be sejong's first three years
(506) or four years.
Datong, known as Pingcheng during the Northern Wei Dynasty. From the daowu emperor Tuoba Jue Tianxing's first year (398) "moving the capital to Pingcheng" to the nineteenth year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign (.495) "moving to Luoyang", it has been the political center of the Northern Wei Dynasty for nearly a hundred years. Judging from the existing ground relics and relics, the ground view of part of the palace in the main city of Northern Wei Ping was roughly in the area north of the present-day Royal River. The altitude here is 1060-1115 meters, and the north is high and the south is low. To its west is the Guling Tomb and the Xiaowen Emperor Wannian Hall. 3.5 kilometers to the east is The Baishan Mountain (now known as Mapu Mountain), where Liu Bang, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty, was trapped by the Xiongnu. The eastern and southern sides are open plains, and the Dongyu River flows from north to south. The tomb of Yuan Shu is located in the southeast of Guping City, east of the Royal River, 9.75 kilometers north of Baishan Mountain, and 1.5 kilometers north of the tomb of Northern Wei Tai and Sima Jinlong of the Eighth Year.
The Northern Wei tombs discovered and excavated in Datong over the years include the Tomb of Empress Feng yonggu in the north of the city, the Fenghetu tomb in the west of the city and a small earthen tomb, a large number of small earth tombs in the south of the city (the material has not yet been published), and the tomb of Sima Jinlong in the east of the city and this tomb. During the excavation of this tomb, we surveyed part of the east bank of the Royal River and found a box of "Epitaph of Gao Kun, the Founding Father of Bohai County" in the third year of the Northern Wei Yanchang, which is from the ancient tomb of Xiaonantou Village, which is known as the "Tomb of the Three Emperors" by the locals.
The "Tomb of the Three Emperors" are three tombs juxtaposed from east to west; The enclosure is of the same scale and neatly arranged, and is about the remnant of the same era, which was flattened in the early 70s. Therefore, it can be said that the large tombs of the Northern Wei Dynasty that have been discovered and excavated in Datong, except for the Feng Mausoleum, are all in the east of the city. According to the Book of Wei and the Biography of Wang Rui, Wang Rui "will be buried in the east of the city, and Gao Zu will climb the city tower and look at it." ...... Father and son were buried in the east of the city, and they went to Liyu. Then, the tomb of Wang Rui's father and son should be not far east of the present-day Royal River and south of Mapu Mountain, otherwise Gao Zu might not be able to "climb the city tower and look at it." Therefore, we have reason to believe that the area south of the present Mapu Mountain and east of the Royal River should be the Northern Wei nobles, the area. A burial area for bureaucrats and other upper-class figures. It is close to Pingcheng, with convenient transportation, mountains and rivers, high in the north and low in the south, which is also very in line with the conditions for the ancients to choose a cemetery.