The Warring States Period was a period of great change in Chinese history following the Spring and Autumn Period. Although the princely states were nominally vassals of the Zhou Dynasty, since the division of the Wu Dynasty, the Zhou royal family gradually lost its rule over the princely states, and more than a hundred princely states in the country began to merge wars against other princely states in order to seize resources and increase their strength, and the weak princely states gradually disappeared and became part of the powerful princely states. The following interesting history Xiaobian will bring you a detailed introduction, let's take a look at it!
After the protracted war for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period, the number of princely states in the Territory of the Zhou Dynasty was greatly reduced, and in 453 BC, Han, Zhao, and Wei overthrew the Zhi clan, and the three families were divided into Jin, laying the pattern of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States. In 221 BC, the State of Qin destroyed the State of Qi and unified the Six Kingdoms, marking the end of the Warring States Era.
Throughout the Warring States period, the main historical context of this period is the unification of the Six Kingdoms by the Qin Dynasty and the tenacious resistance of the Six Kingdoms. In order to resist the tiger-wolf Qin army, in addition to frontal wars, countries have also made many efforts, such as sending spies to steal the intelligence of the Qin army, infiltrating the other side's court through marriage, and organizing assassins to carry out assassination activities.
Although these means have not changed the trend of history, but they have indeed produced certain results, especially the assassination activities organized by Prince Dan of Yan are the most famous, the assassins have fully reached the side of Yingzheng, but unfortunately, the plot is in the sky, although there is great hope, but God blesses the ancestral dragon, and finally lost success. According to the Chronicle of the Seventy Columns and the Biography of the Assassins:
"Ke both took the picture and played it, and the King of Qin sent the picture, and the picture was poor and the dagger was seen." Because the left hand holds the sleeve of the King of Qin, and the right hand holds the dagger. Before he reached his body, the King of Qin was shocked, and he rose from the lead, and his sleeve was broken. Draw the sword, the sword long, its room. When the time is anxious, the sword is strong, so it cannot be lifted. Jing Ke chased after the King of Qin, and the King of Qin walked around the pillar. All the courtiers were stunned, unconscious, and lost their degrees. "
From Tai Shigong's pen, we can see that Jing Ke did not deceive Prince Dan's trust and shoot an arrow from Yandi to Xianyang from Yandi thousands of miles away, even if he completed the assassination mission; Instead, he went through layers of obstacles to the top of the hall and used his life to fulfill his promise. So why could he not be suspected by the King of Qin? This brings us to one key figure: Fan Yu. Hearing that the envoys were going to sacrifice his human head, the King of Qin lost his mind and let the Assassin get closer. So what kind of deep hatred did Fan Yuqi and the King of Qin have that could make him lose his mind? Next, let's go into the historical record, cut through the fog, and explore the truth of the matter.
It is said that although he is the prince of the country with the lowest strength in the seven heroes of the Warring States, Prince Dan of Yan is still very ambitious and cool-headed, and if he is born in a powerful country, the author is very optimistic about his achievements. He organized the Assassins to assassinate Yingzheng not as a matter of momentary intent, but with full consideration.
There is an old saying that can be attacked and retreated, which is often applied when marching, which is intended to remind people and people who decide to have two sides to things, and to be prepared for success and failure in order to advance and retreat in an orderly manner and achieve success.
Prince Dan's plan can be called relatively thorough, both learning from his predecessors and thinking about the reality of the present. According to the Chronicle of the Seventy Columns and the Biography of the Assassins:
"Dan's selfish schemes are foolish, thinking that the warriors of the world who are sincere in their hearts will make them to Qin, and they will reap heavy profits; The King of Qin is greedy, and he is bound to be forgiven. If Cao Mozhi and the Duke of Qi Huan were to invade the land, it would be a great good; Then it is not possible, so assassinate it. If the general of Pi Qin is good at fighting outside and there is internal turmoil, then the monarchs and subjects are suspicious, so that the princes can be united in the meantime, and their destruction of Qin will be complete. This Dan was on the plains, and he did not know what he was entrusted, but Jing Qing paid attention to it. "
After fully considering various possible situations, Prince Dan handed the matter over to Jing Ke. In order to fully complete the mission, the Assassin made many requests to him, and Prince Dan met them all, but he hesitated for one thing.
This incident was at this moment that it was proposed that Qin Must have Fan Yuqi's hand skills to ensure that he successfully approached Yingzheng. However, at that time, as a general of the Qin army, General Fan had just surrendered from Qin, and had a huge hatred with Yingzheng, in the autumn of this chaotic world, the ancient saying that the thousand armies of Yun were easy to obtain, and it was difficult to find a general, and Prince Dan also hoped that he who was familiar with the internal situation of the Qin army could lead the Yan army to resist Qin, but he had not yet established an inch of merit, and there was no fault, but he had to sacrifice his own life, which was difficult to accept.
So the Assassin himself went to talk with Fan Yuqi, and he elaborated on his plan, that is, to use the King of Qin's fierce hatred for General Fan to carry out the assassination operation. The specific measure was that he presented General Fan's head to him, and the King of Qin would naturally be very happy, personally receiving himself and commending his heroic actions, and the assassins took the opportunity to stab him in the heart, not only revenge for General Fan's revenge, but also realize the political demands of Prince Dan.
General Fan, whose entire clan was killed by Yingzheng, was very excited when he heard about it, and immediately sacrificed his own head. Later, we also know that the assassin who sacrificed his head was deeply trusted by the King of Qin, and he took the opportunity to present the map of Yandi, and in the near future, tu poor dagger, but the yin and yang error only pierced the sleeve, and lost the hand with changing history.
The author believes that the situation under the heavens at that time was already clear, and the qin army's unification of the world was mighty and unstoppable; However, the King of Qin was so excited because of a first rank that he almost lost his mind and let the great cause of reunification be destroyed, which was really incomprehensible. Thinking again of General Fan's entire clan, men, women and children, all being slaughtered by Yingzheng, the deep hatred between the two is obvious, and the non-ordinary hatred cannot have such a huge reaction.
So how will this king and one person make a vendetta? In fact, they were both people who were concerned about Great Qin, but because of the deviation of their personal views, there was a huge gap. All this must start from the life of Yingzheng.
After the young First Emperor ascended the throne, the major affairs of the country were controlled by Xiangguo Lü Buwei, and the reason why he trusted Lü Xiang so much was because his father was Lü Xiang's political investment. According to the Chronicle of the Seventy Columns and the Biography of Lü Buweilie:
"Zi Chu, the evil grandson of the Qin Dynasty, is hostage to the princes, and the car rides in and uses it without sparing, and the dwelling place is sleepy, and it is not happy." Lü Buweijia Handan, seeing and pitying, said that "this strange goods can be lived." Nai went to see Zi Chu and said, "I can be the gate of the eldest son." Zi Chu smiled and said, "And from the gate of the Great Lord, but from the Great Gate!" Lü Buwei said: "The son does not know it, but my door is big." "What Zi Chu's heart does is to lead and sit, and speak deeply."
Zi Chu was also the father of the later Yingzheng, King Zhuangxiang, although he was not favored, but it did not mean that he was a political idiot. Because he was able to ascend the throne with the help of Lü Xiang, he naturally repaid Lü Xiang with extremely high power.
There is also an episode in which the young Zi Chu fell in love with Lü Buwei's concubine Zhao Ji, although Zhao Ji fell in love with the country and was deeply loved by Lü Xiang, but Lü Xiang poured all his efforts into Zi Chu's body, and a concubine was still willing to give up, so he was given to Zi Chu, which was later Empress Zhao, the birth mother of Yingzheng.
It is estimated that in Lü Xiang's view, offering Zhao Ji is just a business, and his nature as a businessman is naturally to pursue profits, but this Zhao Ji is indeed beautiful and amazing, which can be described as a laughing city and then laughing at the country. How beautiful is she? This is difficult to verify in the history books, but according to generations of oral legends among the common people, Lü Xiang was difficult to give up after jin sacrificed her, and secretly met with her.
As the saying goes, people have two skins, what they say is reasonable, and the common people have a characteristic, you talk to them about the military and French strategy, he hates these things boring, unwilling to get along; But you have to tell them that zhang sanjia lost a chicken today, and li si and his daughter-in-law will do it tomorrow, so congratulations, you are about to meet a language master who can compete with the Zongheng family. Soon, the rumor that Yingzheng had three fathers spread throughout the land of Guanzhong, except for Lü Xiang and King Zhuang Xiang, even the great eunuchs could be selected, according to the "Chronicle of the Seventy Columns and the Biography of Lü Buwei Lie":
"The emperor is strong, and the empress dowager is not obscene." Lü Buwei was afraid that he would harm himself, but he privately begged the Great Yin man Concubine Yi to think that he was giving up his people, and when he advocated pleasure, he made Yi walk with his Yin Guan Tong Chakra, so that the Empress Dowager could hear it and sniff the Empress Dowager. The queen smells it, and desires to get it privately. Lü Buwei entered the concubine and deceived people to be accused of corruption. Wei Wei also said of the empress dowager: "If you can make a fraud, you must give it to the matter." "The empress dowager is a corrupt official who has been given a lot of yin, and if she deceives her, she will pluck her eyebrows as a eunuch, and she will serve the empress." The empress dowager is private and communicative, and loves it absolutely. "
For a time, the people no longer talked about farming or state affairs, and they were trying to distinguish who the biological father of King Yingzheng of Qin was, and finally, Lü Buwei, the second father, became the first candidate because of his majestic appearance and extraordinary temperament.
In fact, this is all folk history, which could have been laughed off, and as a result, our General Fan actually took it seriously, and when he thought that his motherland would be usurped by a Zhao state, he could not help but be worried, so he personally drafted a text and spread it around, denouncing Yingzheng as not a Qin, and this time it almost drove the young First Emperor crazy.
The First Emperor had no light on his face, so how could Lü Xiang be left alone? There is no shortage of adulterous words in the text. As soon as this article came out, the government and the public were shocked, and the younger son of King Zhuang Xiang, that is, Chang'an Juncheng, himself led his own forces to surrender to the Zhao state. This angered Long Yan even more, and someone had to pay for it, but this person was Chang'an Juncheng instead of Fan Yuqi, why was this? There are two reasons for this:
Fan Yu issued a letter of resignation, and after publishing the article, he still led the Qin army conscientiously, without deviant behavior, which can be understood as his actions were only for Great Qin, without the slightest selfish feeling, preferring to anger Long Yan and threaten his own life to return to the court for innocence, and his loyalty touched the heavens.
If there is no suitable reason to kill him, Lü Xiang will not stop it, which will only make the whole country believe that the rumors are true.
However, you Chang'an Juncheng, as a national relative with the blood of the clan, do not work hard to maintain the stability of the Qin state, and actually dare to lead the rebellion, then you will inevitably shoot the head bird. According to the "History of the Twelve Benji and the Benji of the First Emperor of Qin":
"The comet reappears in the West for sixteen days. Empress Xia died. In the eighth year, Wang's brother Chang'an Jun said that the general Ofad attacked Zhao, rebelled, died in Tunliu, and all the military officials were beheaded, and his people were relocated to Lintao. The general wall died, and the pawns were left behind and Pu Shu rebelled, killing his corpse. The river fish are big, and the light car is heavy and the horse is eaten. "
It seems that this matter should have come to an end with the death of the rebels, but in fact, in the heart of the first emperor who remembered the revenge, it was far from over.
In the following years, General Fan received orders to attack Zhao Di repeatedly. In 237 BC, he and Wang Qi and Yang Duanhe led an army to attack Zhao, take the city of Ye, and then capture Pingyang, winning a great victory and killing the main general of the Zhao army. However, in 233 BC, he once again led an army to attack Zhao Di, facing the famous General Wu Anjun Li Mu of the State of Zhao, who was defeated and suffered heavy losses for the Qin army, fan Yu did not dare to return to the State of Qin in fear of his sins, and then defected to the State of Yan and paid homage to the Great General of the State of Yan.
The King of Qin was furious and killed all his parents' clans. There is a very interesting message here, that is, after the defeat, General Fan resolutely defected regardless of the events behind him.
The author believes that this is because General Fan is worried about the retaliation of Yingzheng. Who is Li Mu? He was a person who was called the four generals of the Warring States with Bai Qi and Wang Qi, and during his defense, the Qin army did not succeed once, which was enough to show that his military quality was so high, if he would have to rule the lord and be capitalized because of losing to such a strong person, then who would be willing to take on the role of attacking Zhao Vanguard in the future? Last time General Fan was able to win because the commander of the Zhao Army was a soldier, but in the face of Li Mu was a defeat, this time he was lucky not to die on the battlefield, next time he may have such luck, next time? Next time? And why did he have to fight with Li Mu? Obviously, this is Yingzheng's plan to kill people with a knife to repay the hatred of Yuwen at that time.
Stretching out the head is also a knife, shrinking the head is also a knife, but to tell the truth, human life is precious, in the past and now can calmly face the dead is not nothing, but there are very few, so General Fan in the lack of calm in the case of resolute ben Yan, you can see his fear of the First Emperor, but he may not have thought of the First Emperor's resentment towards himself, and even killed a family to vent his anger. This shows the depth of the hatred between the two, which is also an important reason why he did not hesitate when Jing Ke asked him to take the head later.
The reason why the First Emperor hated him was that there were other reasons besides the reason why he sent a letter denouncing his life. What would be the consequences if the world were to believe in the text? First of all, nature is disgraceful, the spring and autumn Warring States period of the crowd can be said to be divided into two kinds, nobles and commoners, then the young first emperor is naturally an aristocratic class, this class attaches great importance to fame and origin, pay attention to the purity of blood, deep roots, the Qin family is also one of the famous and prestigious families regardless of whether it can unify the world, even if there are scandals in the past few hundred years, they can also be dealt with secretly, but this time an unknown descendant occupies the position of the monarch, if he loses the support of public opinion, the old nobles and the heavy subjects who hold military power will naturally not agree with him. Then all the glory and wealth in the future, Qingshi's name has nothing to do with him.
And the emperor is really worried that General Fan took away the intelligence of the Qin army, he can be said to be an important general of the Qin state when Wang Qi and the young Meng Tian were not yet born, both in the military status and the ability to lead the army are very outstanding, if he is really the enemy of the Qin army, then this opponent will definitely bring major harm, this is beyond doubt, although the Qin army is strong, but a big rout will really hurt the foundation of Qin, especially in the situation of one when six must follow the trend, step by step is the best policy.
Therefore, the First Emperor's hatred for Fan Yuqi can be described as layer by layer, and he wants to obtain his head at all costs, in addition to registering for his own revenge, it is more important to maintain the current situation from being reversed. In this way, when he heard that the head of General Fan who fled to Yan was presented by the envoys of the Yan State, of course, he would be ecstatic in his heart, and he was afraid that what he had hoped for was disappointed, so he personally looked closely and lost his sense of defense, which almost made the assassin change the course of history.