China has a history of 5,000 years, seals originally appeared in life in the form of relics, playing a role in confirming, as a calligraphy art, the earliest originated in the Shang Zhou, dating back to more than 2,000 years of history. In the Tang Dynasty, the famous works of Calligraphy in the Inner House were printed with "Zhenguan", "Kaiyuan", "Seal of Yuanhe", "Secret Cabinet" and so on. Slightly similar to the current idle chapter. After the Song and Yuan dynasties, calligraphers gradually realized the artistic role of seals, and many calligraphers began to use seals in calligraphy works.
Since the Ming and Qing dynasties, seals, as an important part of calligraphy, have become a formality. If we look at a complete work. Generally speaking, there will be a seal.
Stamped in the right position of the calligraphy work, the book print contrasts with each other, just like the finishing touch, making the calligraphy work bright and spiritual, and also highlighting the artistic effect of calligraphy, playing the effect of "icing on the cake". It can also pin the ambitions and interests of the writers.
Another function of signing and stamping calligraphy works is to show solemnity and prevent forgery.
A seal, through the years, through the vicissitudes, thick and composed, brings us more artistic enjoyment, but also left us many interesting stories and historical records.
When we are observing and reading ancient calligraphy works, we must not only appreciate the charm and learn the techniques, but also appreciate the beauty of the bright and dazzling seals, black and white
1. The type of seal
1. Idle Chapter.
The Xianzhang is a seal that evolved from the Jiyin seal after the Qin and Han seals. Also known as layout chapters, these include the first chapter, the border chapter, the corner chapter, and the waist chapter.
The name is idle, in fact, idle and not "idle", if the stamp is properly printed, it can make the pen and ink shine, the color change of the picture echoes, breaks the flat, and plays a stable and balanced role. Become an integral part of the entire work. The chapter has an extremely colorful expressive power and wonderful artistic function.
The emergence of the idle chapter has made the simple and practical name print in the past develop into an independent art of appreciation with literary significance. The period of rapid development of The Idle Chapter was in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties. Yuan Dynasty painter Wang Mian and other calligraphers themselves sealed and used to soothe their emotions and life aspirations. The medallion became increasingly colorful due to the favor of the literati, and it also became a sought after collection for collectors
The word count of "idle chapters" is as small as two words, and as many as a few crosses. It does not have a credit function.
The content of the idle chapters is extensive and complex, such as auspicious language, aphorisms, aphorisms, poems, or memories, or speeches, or lyrics, or yongjing, or chants, some are excerpted from historical allusions, poems, and famous sayings, and some are excerpted from book theories, painting theories, printing theories, and riot languages; or reflect the spiritual realm and life attitude pursued by the writers; or express their own artistic propositions and personal feelings; or use them to encourage themselves; or express their embrace. It is full of philosophical, aesthetic, literary colors, and is intriguing. From different angles, it vividly reflects the author's joys, sorrows and moral sentiments, as well as cultivation, taste, knowledge and experience. The words are only words, and the funny is full of life, such as "all day long to the door only white clouds", "Lin Quan allows me to be quiet, fame and fortune make him busy", "the court is free of dust, there is spare time", "the rivers and lakes are full of fishermen", all of which are good structures in the idle chapter. Thought-provoking.
(1) Introduction to the first chapter. Generally, the plutonium is in the upper right quarter of the work, such as: the right side between the first and second words of the main text, if the main text is small and numerous, it is on the right side between the second and third words of the main text.
Whether the first chapter of the calligraphy work is stamped depends on the needs. If the head of the section is too neat, it needs to be "broken"; the weight of the stamp at the end of the section is too heavy, and it needs to be "promoted"; The layout of the seal on the calligraphy work is monotonous and needs to be "adjusted", at which time consideration should be given to stamping the first seal.
The first chapter is mostly rectangular, gourd-shaped, oval, and circular. It is not advisable to use a square stamp
Most of the indian texts are the author's favorite quotes, aphorisms, places of origin, year or zaiguan number. The content is seamlessly integrated with the content of the work and the article.
(1) Year number chapters: such as Gengzi, Yi ugly, Pentagram, etc. (2) Month chapter: such as Meng Chun, Midsummer, Guiyue, etc. (3) Zai No. Chapter: The content of such chapters is very extensive, such as: art without end, not teaching a day of idleness, ink edge, etc.
(2) Waist stamp.
The work is waisted from beginning to end. The waist seal is more commonly used in large-scale works, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the content is amorphous, which can form a three-point line with the introduction and the angle chapter, echoing each other. When the long works swing slightly, the middle appears space, and they can be stamped with a waist stamp. The waist seal is smaller than the introductory chapter and the famous chapter. Otherwise it looks eye-catching
The content of the seal is mostly the author's place of origin or the portrait seal of the author's zodiac sign.
(3) Angle stamp. It is named after the corner of the main text. Its shape is mostly round or square, and its position is generally in the lower right corner of the body, but do not cover the same horizontal line as the name stamp, so as not to be dull.
The introductory chapter can be used at the same time as the emboldened chapter. For example, some of Wang Duo's calligraphy works are stamped with both the first chapter and the angle stamp.
The contents of the angle stamp are mostly age, number of the hall and place of origin.
2. Famous seals
It is a stamp used to sign the title of the inscription. Name stamps are linked together or separated. The shape of the name stamp is best in square shape.
The so-called "name" is the name and word of the writer. Such as Qi Baishi, surname Qi, name Yao, the word Pingsheng. The so-called "number", that is, the title other than the name of the writer. For example, Miti has xiangyang manshi, Haiyue waishi, Lumen jushi and other elegant names.
The size of the medallion should be about the same as the size of the paragraph, too large to be unsightly, too small to be commensurate. Its position is after the last word of the next paragraph, and there is a gap of one or two words as well.
The number of stamps should depend on the blank space after the paragraph, if there are many blanks, it can have both a name seal and a number seal, and if there is less blank, it can also be only a name seal. Its yin and yang are also exquisite, if you stamp the name seal, you must have a yin and a yang. Zhu Wen is Yang and Bai is Yin. The famous seal of a calligraphy work is generally not stamped with two yang or yin characters, if the seal of the two parties is preferably a yang and a yin, the two chapters are separated by the vacancy of one chapter, and the size of the two chapters should not be disparity.
The seal of the hall and the hall number is generally covered around the four sides of the paragraph or below the paragraph, and is also used as a lead and covered in the upper right corner.
Collection and appreciation seals are generally covered in the left and right lower corners of the calligraphy and painting, or the blank space of the calligraphy and painting works themselves, and can also be covered on mounting other than calligraphy and painting.
Gu Yun: "Name Yin Number Yang", that is, the name yin carving, the character number seal or the Zhaiguan yin yang carving.
The style of the seal and the main text should be basically the same. The style of the main text has rough, heavy, gentle, bold, bright, quiet, round, clumsy differences, the style of printing should also change accordingly,
2. Printing clay
Printing mud is China's unique stationery supplies, printing mud predecessor is the Spring and Autumn Qin and Han Period sealing mud, later developed into water-adjusted cinnabar, oil-adjusted cinnabar, the current printing mud are oil-adjusted, oil plus moxa, cinnabar mixed in a certain proportion, made into printing mud.
At present, the more famous printing clays are Shanghai's Qianquan Printing Clay and Yunping Printing Clay, Zhangzhou's Babao Printing Clay, Suzhou's Jiang Sixutang Printing Clay, Beijing's Rongbao ZhaiYin Clay, etc., and the Xiling Printing Clay produced in Hangzhou is the most famous.
The price of printing clay, ranging from a few dollars to a few thousand dollars, of which raw materials are the biggest difference, the price of hundreds of more than possible to get natural raw materials, natural raw materials are cinnabar, wormwood and oil, the most important of which is the pigment, that is, cinnabar, cinnabar also has a difference in the grade. Natural cinnabar color is fresh and calm, strong three-dimensional sense, chemical raw materials are difficult to achieve this effect; the second is life, natural cinnabar printing mud print can be maintained for a long time, even decades do not fade, chemical raw materials for a long time is easy to fade, oil leakage, deformation.
The use of printing mud is the basis, and the effect of insufficient mixing of printing mud cannot be reflected.
Printing mud is not as wet as possible, nor is it drier as possible. Such as Zhu Wenyin, fine Zhu Wenyin, with a little dry printing clay, the line is not extravagant, more accurate, a little wet printing clay can show the rough effect.
Golden printing clay, the use of the method is very special, not the traditional stamping, but in two steps, the first step is covered with yellow printing clay, the second part is sprinkled with gold powder, to get golden brilliance. Can be used on big red paper and on spring joints
The printing clay stamped with the official seal cannot be used, because it is sponge-soaked red ink, which is not uniform, but also seeps oil, covered on paper, and the oil permeability phenomenon will occur around the imprint, and the printing text will be blurred and the brilliance will be lost.
The color of the printing clay is generally vermilion and vermilion, the texture should be delicate, and the color should be distinct. The color is preferably slightly yellowish in red.
Third, how to use the seal,
The use of printing is the last link in the calligraphy work, and it is very exquisite. It needs to be taken seriously, carefully considered, adapted to local conditions, flexible application, and appropriate use, which will produce the fun of "a little red in the evergreen bush". In a work, it is not advisable to stamp too much, and strive to "cherish red as gold", and strive to be suitable for harmony, rather less than more, rather than single and double. Factors such as the content, shape, style, size and color of the stamp should be considered
If the seal is not properly sealed, instead of icing on the cake, it will be self-defeating and destroy the artistic effect of the entire calligraphy work.
Through the use of seals, the author can not only express artistic views, display nostalgia, and remember the time, but also directly related to the chapter of the work, playing a role in adjusting the composition and enhancing the sense of rhythm.
Successive generations of writers have attached great importance to the use of prints. The use of prints in works can be said to be regular and irregular, and cannot be generalized. In general, the following methods can be mastered:
I. The size should be appropriate and the number should be small. Indo is prone to clutter, and even hustle and bustle, and the content should be best associated with the content of the work. The number of stamps, in ancient times people preferred the singular.
The stamp position should be appropriate, the secret place is not compact enough, you can make up for it with the seal, the sparse place is empty, you can use the seal to enrich, the seal is magically used like moving a small "scale", so that the picture sense is balanced.
2, the occupied space can not be the same as the main text or the title, the position can generally not be flush with the body, usually to find a gap between the two words. When creating, the position of the plutonium can be selected according to the blank space of the work, and the innovation is pursued in the general law. The name and size are stamped under the paragraph, and sometimes on the left side of the paragraph due to the needs of the chapter;
3. Pay attention to etiquette; all those who write to the elders should use the name seal; the word seal should be used between the generations; for the juniors, use a different number seal. The seal can only be used in black or blue.
4, the number of plutonium prints should be moderate, the ancients cloud: "printing is not more than three." If multiple prints are used in a work, it is necessary to take into account the overall aesthetics, as far as possible, vermilion and white, staggered, and avoid equal printing distance and parallel position.
5. The size of the print should be commensurate with the work, which can play a role in correcting the center of gravity of the layout throughout the article. The ancients said: "With a stamp, it is better to be small than large, and large is indecent." "Don't make sure the seal is the same size as the falling font. Otherwise, it will not only give people a heavy feeling of falling. The upper end of the upper paragraph should not be stamped, pressed on the head of the person, mostly taboo. One is disrespectful, the other is to ruin the picture.
6. Printing for all kinds of works
(1) Couplets. The upper link usually quotes the first chapter, and the plutonium is on the right side between the first and second words; the name chapter is under the name of the bookkeeper, and usually has two seals, one Zhu and one white. (2) Horizontal drape. Depending on the needs of the main body of cloth white, the upper part of the main body of the work should not be printed. (3) Plaque: the style, seal and the text are unreliable too close, should be sparse, have a sense of integrity. (4) Fan surface. The edges of the seal should be oriented to the slope and polyline of the main body. (5) Album: When the content is independent, each page can be added to the chapter, or it can be added to the last page, depending on the change of the form of writing. (6) Four screens: the first upper right can be stamped with a small long seal with the lead, the rest cannot be covered, if all are covered, the line qi will be destroyed.
.