Winter pruning techniques for vines
Zhang Qiang
First, the purpose and role of winter shears
(a) The purpose of winter shears
1. Adjust the relationship between plant growth and fruit by pruning so that it is in a good state of balance. Cut off some of the excess branches and corresponding flower buds so that the remaining shoots on the plant can receive an adequate supply of nutrients and produce more fruit.
2. By pruning and cultivating and maintaining a good plant shape, the plant has a reasonable skeleton and fruiting mother branches, providing a good foundation for the formation of a reasonable leaf curtain, so as to effectively use space and light energy, which is convenient for vineyard management.
(2) The role of winter shears
First, the branches are evenly distributed and make full use of light and heat resources. The second is to increase the number of branches and increase early yields. The third is the balance of growth and results, which is conducive to continuous and abundant production. Fourth, the ventilation is good and transparent, and the quality of the fruit spike is improved. The fifth is to reduce pests and diseases and enhance the resistance of trees.
Second, the principle of winter shearing
The first is to prune according to the purpose of pruning (different plants have different pruning methods). The second is to adopt different pruning methods according to the different characteristics of grape varieties. The third is to adopt different pruning methods according to the strength of the tree. Fourth, according to the quality of the branches, the pruning method is decided. Fifth, the pruning method is decided according to the posture.
Third, the appropriate time for winter shears
The appropriate time for winter shearing should be 14 to 21 days after the natural defoliation of the vine.
Fourth, the winter shearing method
There are three methods of winter shearing: short cut, thin shear, and shrink shear. Truncated is stumping, that is, cutting off a part of an annual branch, there are three ways to cut off light, medium and heavy. Short-stem pruning can be divided into ultra-short tip pruning (leaving 1 to 2 buds), short-stem pruning (leaving 3 to 4 buds), mid-stem pruning (leaving 5 to 7 buds), long-cap pruning (leaving 8 to 12 buds), and ultra-long pruning (leaving more than 13 buds).
(1) Short-cut
Results The mother branch should be selected to retain 1 year old robust branches, and the thickness under the shear is required to be more than 0.8 cm, the thin short stay, the thick long stay, and the shear should be higher than the bud eye under the shear mouth by more than 3 cm.
(2) Thinning
Branch thinning is removed from the base, including 1-year and perennial branches, mainly over-dense branches and diseased branches. Thinning requirements: when removing branches, they should be completely cut off from the base, leaving no stumps to avoid causing large wounds and affecting the growth of remaining branches. In different years, the wound should be left on the same side of the main vine as much as possible to avoid causing counterpart injuries.
(3) Shrinking
Shrinking is the cutting of more than 1 year old branches to the branch or 1 year old branch. First, when pruning perennial weak branches, strong branches should be left under the shear; second, when retracting perennial strong branches, moderate branches can be left under the shear, and the part of the super strong branches left behind should be appropriately removed.
Fifth, pruning methods for different tree ages
(1) Pruning methods for young trees
Young trees, from grape colonization to the early fruiting stage (3 to 4 years), the plant forms a posture, accumulates nutrients, enlarges the canopy and begins to bear fruit. During this period, plant shaping should be completed through pruning, vine binding and other measures. The requirement for the shape of the vine is to form a backbone, two arms and a complete group of fruiting branches, on the basis of which part of the yield is obtained. In the plastic surgery process, it is necessary to try to use 1-year-old and mature branches to form a strong skeleton by shorting, and the newly formed resulting branches should be cut shorter. When leaving fruiting branches, the spacing between fruit branches and branches is 15 to 20 cm. The load of the sheared bud eye should be increased year by year to maintain the balance between tree body development and load.
(2) Pruning methods for adult trees
Adult trees, grapes full fruiting period of 20 to 30 years. The main purpose of pruning is to maintain a good plant shape, reasonably adjust the relationship between growth and fruit, and maximize the potential of plant growth and fruit. Through annual pruning, it is necessary to retain the number of branches and buds needed for fertility, and to control the upward and outward migration of the result site. The resulting branches should be pruned, and the sparse branches that are weak, have diseases and insects, frost damage, and mechanical damage should be sparse, and the update should be renewed.
(3) Pruning methods of aging trees
Aging trees, through local or overall renewal, and with the corresponding fertilizer water management, to restore the growth potential and fruiting ability of the plant, to carefully adjust the plant fruit age.
Sixth, double-arm double hedge shaping and pruning process
There are many shapes and postures of vines, but the advantages of using two-arm double hedge in Shichi County are obvious. Practice shows that the tree has good lighting, few diseases, stable yield, excellent fruit quality, and adapts to mechanized cultivation, weeding, fertilizer, summer management, winter shearing and other field operations are convenient, and save labor and effort, greatly reducing production costs. The tree shape shaping pruning process: the double arm can also be called T-shaped, the main pole height of 80 cm, at 80 cm along the row horizontal division of 2 long main vines (the length of the main vine depends on the plant spacing, generally in the 1.5 m above the plant spacing set two arms, 1.5 m below the single arm double hedge) The entire plant is in the shape of a T shape, on the two arms of the fruit branch group, to the short shoot pruning based on the shaping process.
In the first year, after the grapes have sprouted, each plant leaves 1 strong new shoot to tie it to the vertical wire to form the main branch, and the winter pruning is cut according to the maturity of the branches, and the sub-shoots below 80 cm are removed.
In the second year, after the spring foliage, the main vine of more than 80 cm is tied parallel to the column wire (falling along the side of the line), which forms an arm in both arms. When the first arm is tied parallel to the column wire, a second main vine sprouts in the opposite direction, and 2 main vines can be left at the 2nd vine branch during the growth stage and tied upwards to facilitate rapid growth. The sub-branches below the column wire are completely removed. The second arm is stooped during winter shearing. The resulting branches on the first arm are all cut into 1 to 2 fruit branches.
In the 3rd year, after the leaf spread, the second arm is tied to the column wire, and the buds on it begin to bear fruit, and the winter pruning is the same as the resulting branch group on the first arm, and the double hedge of the arms is formed, and the temporary wire set at 80 cm on the column can be removed.
7. Double-arm (single-arm) double hedge frame material is set up
The production standard of cement column is generally 10 cm× 10 cm, the total height is 2.3 m, and the actual distance from the ground is 1.7 m when it is immediately in the soil (0.5 to 0.6 m). Usually the spacing between columns and columns is 6 to 7 m. One crossbar (length 80 cm or 60 cm) at a height of 1.2 m above the ground on the column and a second crossbar (length 80 m) at a distance of 1.7 m above the ground. Then hang 2 wires on each side of the crossbar. In this way, a narrow lighting belt is formed, which is convenient for ventilation and light transmission.