For this matter, in fact, there was a controversy in the Tang Dynasty. When Emperor Xuanzong of Tang ordered Confucianism to revise the Book of Filial Piety, it caused a great controversy over the merits and inferiorities of the present and ancient texts, as well as the Zheng Zhuan and the Confucius Chuan, and at that time, Liu Zhiji, the son of Zuo Shu, in the "Commentary on the Commentary on the Book of Filial Piety" to Xuanzong, proposed to use the "Ancient Filial Piety Sutra Confucius Biography": "As in the Ancient Literature Filial Piety Sutra Kong Biography, the original is out of the Kong's wall, and the language is detailed and correct, and there is no discussion. And the protracted era is gone, and it is no longer popular. In the fourteenth year of the Sui Kai Emperor, the secretary Wang Xiaoyi, at the disposal of Chen Ren in Jingshi, gave a copy to the book Lang Wang Shao to show Liu Xuan in Hejian and still ordered the school. And this book has no part-time copy, it is difficult to rely on. Xuan Yuan took what he saw and wrote a change of opinion, because he wrote an article "Ancient Filial Piety Sutra Doubts". He thought that the scriptures of this book were all there, and justice was very beautiful, and the generations had not been placed in the scholarly officials, which was a pity. However, kong and Zheng Erjia, cloud mud caused by separation, now Lun Yin asked questions, proofread its short and long, foolishly said that the line hole abolished Zheng, Yu Yi was allowed. (Tang Huijiao, vol. 77)
Liu Zhiji also mentioned liu xuan's editing of the book here, but he did not say that Liu Xuan forged the book, he only said that Liu Xuan arbitrarily deleted the book, and Liu Xuan also wrote a "Ancient Text Filial Piety Scripture Doubts".
In this way, Liu Xuan was a strict scholar, and he got such an ancient copy without random deletion, but wrote another proofreading note to express his opinion on the original. But even so, some people still believe that Liu Xuan forged the "Ancient Wen Xiaojing Kong Biography", and Sima Zhen, the guozi supervisor at the time, said: "In the twenty-two chapters of its ancient text, Yuan out of Kongbi, first an Guo zuochuan, the fate of the witches, the world has not traveled." At the time of Xun Chang's collection of notes, there was still a "Biography of Kong", and the Chinese Dynasty died. The near Confucians wanted to revere ancient learning, and vainly made this transmission, pretending to be Kong Shi. He changed his mind and forged a chapter of "Boudoir". Liu Xuan followed in a vain way and pretended to be good. And the meaning of "Boudoir", the near-vulgar language, is not the righteousness of Xuanni. ”
Sima Zhen first determined that the Ancient Literature of Filial Piety was a fake, and that the book was not the work of Kong Anguo at all, but Liu Xuan called it valuable, so Sima Zhen thought that Liu Xuan was a delusional person.
Since the opinions of the two factions are so tit-for-tat, should the revision of the "Filial Piety" be based on the "Zheng Zhuan" or the "Kong Zhuan"? This matter could only be decided by Tang Xuanzong himself, and of course he could not determine whether the two books were superior or inferior, so Tang Xuanzong took a compromise approach, that is, to use the Zheng Zhuan and the Kong Zhuan together.
However, in later generations, some people still believe that Liu Xuan forged the book, and Zhang Xinli recorded some of the previous accounts in the "Manuscript of the Forgery Book", such as Ming Zhengyi: "On the "Book" and the "Filial Piety Classic", both have the ancient text of Kong Bi and the biography of Kong Anguo. And the "Guwen Shangshu" to the Eastern Jin Dynasty Mei Zhao Shi xian, the "Ancient Wen Xiao Jing" to the Sui Liu Xuan Shi Xian, all sunk for six or seven hundred years and then came out, not necessarily the old treasure hidden by the real Kong Wall. ”
Because the "Ancient Book of Filial Piety" was only greatly revealed to Liu Xuan in the Sui Dynasty, Zheng Yu concluded on this point that the "Ancient Wen Filial Piety Classic" was not from Kong Bi, and Cui Shu of the Qing Dynasty also thought so: "The "Filial Piety and Justice" Yun 'Sui Kai Emperor Fourteen years, secretary student Wang Yi bought a copy from the Jingshi Chen Ren and gave it to the book Lang Wang Shao to show That Liu Xuan in hejian ', is the so-called "Ancient Wen Filial Piety Classic" in later generations, out of the Sui Dynasty, not the "Ancient Literature Filial Piety Classic" of Kong Bi transmitted by Han Confucianism. ”
Zheng Yu and Cui Shu's statements only say that the Ancient Filial Piety Classic did not appear until Liu Xuan, but it did not say that Liu Xuan was a forger. Kang Youwei, on the other hand, directly said that this book was forged by Liu Xuan: "An Guozhi's "Biography" died in the Liang Dynasty, and Liu Xuan's pseudo-"Xiaojing Kong Biography" was produced, which is also the same as Wang Su's pseudo-"Ancient Documents", which is not known to Xin. ”
But how did he know this, in the way Kang Youwei discussed it, he certainly did not think it was necessary to explain. However, some people also say that the pseudo-"Ancient Literature of Filial Piety" was not forged by Liu Xuan, and its real forger was Wang Su, for example, Chen Xijin said in the "Examination of the Bibliography of Liu Clan in Hejian": "Kong Yan's "Afterword to the Family Language": 'Kong Anguo is the twenty-one articles of the Ancient Literature Analects of Language, and the three articles of the "Tale of Filial Piety". 'Case: Xu Chong wrote one, and Ender has three biographies? If the "Family Language" and the preface are both done by Wang Su, then the "Kong Chuan" should also be done by Su, and must not be called a forgery of Guangbo. And Shan Dashi also held this view: "Wang Su's "Interpretation of the Filial Piety Classic" contained in the Sui Zhi is now found in Xing Fu's "Shu" and is mostly the same as Kong Chuan. It is the king of Bi who pretends to be Kong shi and supports each other with his own conjecture. Sima Zhen of Tang rebuked Kong for his contempt, Liu Xuan's subterfuge, falsely claiming his goodness, or suspecting that it was a show of work, but he did not know that Liu Xuan had gained from Wang Shao, and both Liu Xuan and Xuan were deceived by Wang Su. ”
So what's the situation? Jiao Guimei believes that it is difficult to give a clear conclusion on this matter, but she still feels that Liu Xuan is unlikely to forge such a book: "It is the later pseudo-Kong Biography "Ancient Wen Xiaojing" that finds out whose hand is the focus of the thousand-year-old gathering litigation, and the previous people's statements are about the above two ends. Although it is difficult to determine whether it is right or wrong, the author believes that although the latecomers may not be forged by Liu Xuan, Ran Xuan has seen it and transformed it or made it a fact. (History of The Classics of the Southern and Northern Dynasties)
After the Tang Dynasty, these two commentaries on the Book of Filial Piety were lost, and later the Zheng Notes were transmitted from abroad, but the Kong Zhuan did not find a Japanese copy until the Qing Dynasty, which was called the "Dazai ChunBun". In the early 1940s, a fragment of Liu Xuan's "Commentary on the Book of Filial Piety" was found in Japan, which recorded some of Liu Xuan's conclusions from the proofreading of the "Book of Filial Piety", such as: "'Those who can obey the law are subjects', that is, those who are good to the people can obey the law." If the above sentence states that the king is loyal to the subject, then this should mean goodness, and the word 'subject' seems to be wrong, but I don't know why. ”
For this passage, Chen Qizhi said in his monograph: "The error of the "Biography of Kong" is only questioned, and it has not been changed without authorization, but only after its mistake, plus his own comments, such as 'transmission is not the meaning of the scriptures', 'his words are not the purpose of the scriptures', and so on, as many as more than twenty cases. Even the reasons for the writing of the Book of Filial Piety have listed ten reasons against the statement of the "Biography of Kong". If It was Liu Xuan who forged the "Biography of Kong", why should he be so self-inflicted and refute himself. Therefore, Chen Qizhi concluded: "All these things are enough to prove that the so-called Liu Xuan forged the Ancient Wen Xiaojing Confucius Biography, which is purely untrue and should be overthrown." ”
In fact, from the perspective of historical records, the possibility of Liu Xuan forging ancient books is very small. First, this is because he is extremely intelligent, and he is also very conceited about it, as stated in the Sui Shu Ru Lin Liu Xuan Biography: "Xuan's eyes are shrewd, the sun is not dazzling, the strong memory is silent, and mo is not with the two." Draw the square on the left, draw the circle on the right, recite, count the eyes, listen to the ears, and hold the five things at the same time, without loss. ”
It seems that Liu Xuan's eyesight is very good, his memory is also very strong, and he also has distraction techniques, he can draw squares with his left hand, draw circles with his right hand, read articles in his mouth, and count his eyes at the same time, while others talk to him, he can still answer normally. Such a wise man also believes that his life is "great luck to have four" and "deep hatred has one", and here is only his "one hate":
The prosperity of Yang Xiuming, the tomb of Taoism, the escape track of the first Confucianism, the slander of the people, the tomb canon, the correction of the absurd, the completion of the revision, the achievement of the plan, the heavens against people's wishes, the way is not with me. The road of the world has not been destroyed, the school is ruined, the tao is not prepared at that time, and the karma is not passed on behind. Hate the spring soil, it is really a pity! It deeply hates Ichiya.
It seems that he hated that many texts had been lost. With such a mentality, how could he possibly forge a large number of ancient books himself? Therefore, Chen Qizhi said: "Liu Xuan summed up his life's academic interests in his later years and said: 'The tomb of Taoism is late, the escape track of the first Confucianism, the slander of the people, the chi qi tomb code, and the correction of the absurdity'. The errors in the classics and the commentaries of predecessors must be "corrected", and can we forge another forgery book that is even worse than "absurd"? ”
Although Liu Xuan has such and such a statement, his works have received great attention from later generations, such as Huang Zhuo's statement in the "Preface to the Discussion of Poetry Shuping": "In Tang Zhenguan, Kong Yingda and others wrote forty volumes of Mao Shi Zhengyi. His book is based on Liu Zhuo's "Mao Shi Yi Shu" and Liu Xuan's "Mao Shi Shu Yi" as manuscripts, the second Liu Shu Yi, and the previous life, Kong Shi is based on it, so it can integrate the group dialect, including ancient righteousness, Yuanming Ji Han, the next Song Qing, after the new sparse, cover no gain and more than enough. ”
When Tang Kong Yingda wrote "Mao Shi Zhengyi", he used the original texts of Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan. In fact, the situation is more than this, Kong Yingda edited the "Five Classics of Justice" in which the "Three Classics" adopt the concept of Er Liu, in addition to the "Mao Poems" and the other two classics are "Shang Shu Justice" and "Spring and Autumn Justice", for this point, Kong Yingda in the preface are all points out, for example, he said in the "Shang Shu Justice Sequence": "It is the righteous Cai Dabao, Chao Yi, Fei Yong, Gu Biao, Liu Zhuo, Liu Xuan, etc. Its various public purposes are interesting or follow the interpretation of the commentary, the meaning is shallow, but Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan are the most detailed. In the "Spring and Autumn Justice Sequence", it is also said: "Those who are righteous are Shen Wenhe, Su Kuan, and Liu Xuan." However, Shen Shi's example of righteousness is rough, and it is extremely sparse in the scriptures. Su Shi did not read this article at all, but attacked Jia and Fu from the side, so that the scholars of the future could not succeed. Liu Xuan is within the number of jun, is actually a leader, but Conghui debates Bo, Gu Yi is rare, and the probe hook is deep, and he has not been able to go far. Therefore, Qing Chen Xijin summed up in the "Examination of Liu's Bibliography in Hejian": "According to Liu's early Tang Dynasty, the Five Classics of Justice are based on Liu's belief that they are only one of the three and six dynasties. ”
Judging from the actual situation, the "Five Classics of Justice" compiled by Kong Yingda has many places copied from the original texts of Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan, and Qing Qian Daxin pointed out:
In the early Tang Dynasty's "Justice", the words of the Qu Mao family, the "Shu Shu" mostly used Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan's two families, such as the "Yao Dian" "whipping as an official punishment" Shuyun This has whipping, then use the whip for a long time. It is also applied every day. The Great Sui Dynasty made the law, and the party began to abolish it." "Lü Punishment" "Palace Dispel Doubts and Pardon" Shuyun: "Han abolished corporal punishment, and palace punishment is still there." In modern times, the anti-reverse edge sits, and the man is under fifteen years old, and the deceased should not be in the palace. At the beginning of the opening of the Sui Dynasty, the men's palace punishment was removed. "The Tang people repaired the book, improperly still called The Great Sui, covered along the Er Liu Zhiwen and did not have time to correct it.
The article mentions "Great Sui", so Qian Daxin believes that this is the editor who did not modify it and directly copied down Er Liu's original words, and Wang Mingsheng also found this problem in the "Shangshu Hou Case": "This is the same as the Shundian 'Whipping Official Punishment' and the "Wucheng" 'Reckless enemy of our teacher', which is called 'Great Sui', which is Also Sui Confucianism. Although the name of this sutra is Kong Yingda, in fact, they are all taken from Gu Biao, Liu Zhuo, and Liu Xuan, all three of whom are Sui people, so they have not been deleted, and yuanwen still exists. ”
Since Liu Zhuo and Liu Xuan had such an important position in the history of scripture, why did they have to pour so much sewage on their heads? This can only be said that future generations of scholars are intolerant on many issues, ignoring Erliu's major contributions in the history of classics, but only paying attention to some suspicious points that catch the wind and catch the shadow.
Regarding Liu Xuan's tomb, volume 65 of the Taiping Huanyu Chronicle says: "Liu Xuan's monument, the Later Zhou people, lived here to pass on the history of the scriptures, and the people who studied later erected a monument, see the existence." "It seems that during the Song Dynasty, Liu Xuan's tomb and stele existed. Cao Jingnian wrote in his article "Examination Commentary": "The Third Volume of the Golden Stone Record: 'Sui Wenru Mr. Liu XuanBei, the first year of Daye. But Liu Xuan was still alive in the first year of the great cause, so this monument is extremely suspicious. Volume 48 of the Qifu Tongzhi records that "Liu Xuan's tomb is in the south of Jingcheng, eighty miles east of Xianxian County. Now the stele and the tomb are gone. "However, when I was searching in the Cangzhou area, Mr. Sun Jian told me that Liu Xuan's tomb still exists. That certainly makes me happy to hear.
Liu Xuan's hometown and tomb are located in Jingcheng Village, Cuierzhuang Town, 20 kilometers west of Cangzhou City, Hebei Province. For this specific location, Mr. Sun Jian told me that this was from Ji Xiaolan's words. Then he took out a copy of the Notes on Reading Wei Caotang, which he said was the third book he had read because the first two were rotten. He asked me to write an inscription on this book, and I looked through the book, and it was full of proofreading, and I was impressed by its hard work. I dabbled in encyclopedias because of the collection of books, in fact, none of them were thorough, such a result, just like the rats that Xunzi said in the "Persuasion Chapter", although everything will be, but in the end it is still "five plans and poverty", but I know so, but because of the love of books, I can't become an expert in a certain aspect, and it is really impressive to think. In the face of such a dedicated Mr. Sun Jian, I am certainly embarrassed to leave handwriting on his book.
My trip to Cangzhou was greatly helped by Mr. Liang Zhengang, who not only helped me arrange my trip, but also introduced me to a number of friends. Mr. Sun Jian is a well-known local expert in literature and history, although he is very young, he knows the local customs and customs very well, which brings a lot of convenience to my search.
Along the way is an endless forest of jujube trees. Before going to visit The Tomb of Yin Jifu, and the surrounding area of the Tomb of Yin is also a large area of jujube forest, but the jujube forest in front of you looks much thicker than the jujube tree next to the tomb of Yin Jifu. The jujube trees around Yin's tomb have been picked, because there are still stars and dots on the trees, and when they pick a few of them, they feel very sweet in the mouth, and the dates bought in the market have never tasted so good.
Cangzhou jujube is really worthy of the name, at noon dinner, I praised the delicious taste of Cangzhou jujube, after the meal there were four more boxes of dates on the car, so that others understand so many strings of sounds, really a little uncomfortable. It seems that in the face of such enthusiastic friends, we must not boast about how good a certain local specialty is. Less than half an hour after driving, I saw a huge cold storage on the side of the road, with the big red characters written on the wall, "Reading Micro Ten Thousand Tons Cold Storage", which seemed to have entered Ji Xiaolan's territory again.
Wen Bao brand
Not far ahead, I entered Jingcheng Village, on the edge of the village saw a 50-meter square large earthen platform, the car stopped next to it, Sun Jian introduced that this is the legendary Liu Xuan cemetery, but the cultural relics sign standing next to it reads "Jingcheng Ruins". The earthen platform is about two meters high, and there are some date trees planted on it, but the other half is a vacant lot.
A high terrace
Climbing on the tutai to take pictures, suddenly around a gray-yellow earth dog, looking in the direction of the dog running over, it turned out that it was chasing a cat, there was a scolding sound behind the dog, a middle-aged man climbed the tutai, he saw me standing on it, his eyes immediately became vigilant and guarded, Sun Jian immediately mentioned to him the name of someone in the village, the man's nervous face immediately relaxed, saying that the name just mentioned was his cousin.
References
Brother Sun introduced me to Beijing specifically to see this Tutai and asked him to tell me the story of this Tutai. This person claimed to be Ji Genping, the seventh grandson of Ji Xiaolan, Ji left a last word before his death, and did not allow anyone to be an official in the future, but he was now working as an electrician in the village, Sun Jian laughed and said: Then you can also eat imperial food. The person said that this earthen platform may be the site of Liu Wuzhou's Golden Ruan Hall. I asked him how he saw it, and Ji Genping mysteriously told me: "In 1978, my second brother was a squad accountant, and he accidentally found a hole on the side of the tutai, and he went down the hole, which was very big and long, and he could run horses. ”
There is a hole under the tomb
Identify carefully
As he spoke, he took me to the mouth of the cave. The opening of the cave was on the side of the earthen platform and collapsed, and it was covered with wild grass. Ji Genping also said that Liu Wuzhou had four girls, who lived in four Zhuangzi, and when there was a problem, the four girls would bring soldiers to drive, and now these four villages, a few years ago, there were tombs of these four girls, and later the tombs were dug up into four large pits. At that time, there were walls in the southeast and north, but the eastern wall was fake, made of cloth, and a certain general shot an arrow, discovered this secret, and destroyed the city. Ji Genping also said that the original area of this earthen platform was twice as large as it is now, and it was gradually dug up by the villagers little by little to pad the homestead.
The original appearance of the terrace
greet
Turned to the other side
This story sounds fascinating, but the only regret is that it is impossible to confirm the relationship between this big tutai and Liu Xuan. Although I can't find any relevant text introduction, it is completely correct to regard this place as Liu Xuan's hometown, after all, there are still ancient city walls here, and this great classicist should have been active here when he was young. Thinking of this layer, my doubts gradually calmed down.
Mr. Sun Jian
Driving out of the Ruins of Jingcheng, there is a Wenbao plaque next to the village side path, which reads "Ji's Cemetery". When I entered the village just now, I vaguely saw this Wen Bao card and thought that it was the site of Liu Xuan's tomb. Sun Jian said that this was the graveyard of Ji Xiaolan's ancestors, and it was through his continuous efforts that he set up a wenbao card here. I have a lot of respect for his efforts, which is the conscience of a cultural messenger. Sun said that the ancestors of the Ji family to Ji Xiaolan's father were buried here, according to the data, before the Cultural Revolution, there were 1194 graves of the Ancestors of the Ji Family, but now only a dozen graves can be seen on this cemetery. Sun Jian said that he smashed and bulldozed during the Cultural Revolution, saying that in recent years he often saw that the stone strips used in the pigsty or yards of villagers were the tombstones on the tombs of the Ji family.
This jujube forest is also a cultural protection unit
The numbers listed behind the wenbao card made me imagine the grand scale of that year
Of course, I am more concerned about whether Sun Jian has found relics related to Liu Xuan here. He said that the era was too far away, so no related objects were found. It can be seen that Sun Jian also regrets this.
A mound under a date tree
Falling red all over the ground
Approaching the cemetery, here has been planted with jujube trees, and under the trees are full of red dates, somehow no one picks up, it seems that many have begun to decay, dense jujube forest in the distance, a piece of red, I thought of the poem, and changed it to - "Falling red is not a merciless thing, turning into spring mud is more protective of the tomb." ”