Regarding the saying that one side of the water and soil nurtures the other side, as early as before Sima Qian, there are many records, such as the "Pipe • Water and Land Chapter":
The waters of Fuqi are restless and repetitive, so their people are greedy and brave. The water of Chu is weak and clear, so its people are light and thieves. The waters of The More are heavy and heavy, so their people are stupid and dirty. The water of Qin is sloppy and sloppy, stagnant and mixed, so its people are greedy and reckless. The waters of Jin are dry and dry, stagnant and mixed, so its people are deceitful, skillful and profitable. The water of the swallow is weak, stagnant and mixed, so its people are foolish and virtuous, and they are light and easy to die. Song Zhishui is light and clear, so its people are simple and upright.
"Pipe" this article explains the impact of precipitation and water quality in various places on the personality of characters in various places, among which there is less precipitation in Jindi, which is a dry and depleted place, which affects the Jin people to be more flattering and deceitful, and more opportunistic people. Regardless of whether the words of "Pipe" are correct or not, it also shows that the ancients had a long history of the awareness of natural environment to affect people's personality, and the concept that characters have regional characteristics. As far as Ban Gu is concerned, this concept is even clearer, and its "Hanshu Geographical Chronicle" is concerned about the characteristics of the Jin people:
The land in Hedong is easy, with salt and iron rao, where Ben Tang Yao lives, and where the poetry style Tang and Wei Zhiguo are also. ...... Its people have the legacy of the previous king, the gentleman thinks deeply, and the villain is thrifty. Therefore, the Tang poems Crickets, Shanshu, and Ge Sheng's passages say, "Now I am not happy, the sun and the moon are mai"; "Like its death, others are tings"; "After a hundred years of age, return to its residence". They all think about luxury and frugality, and think about life and death. Wu Za heard Tang's song and said, "Think deeply! Does it have the remnants of the Tao Tang clan? ”
Taiyuan and Shangdang also had many descendants of the Jin Gong clan, who fell in love with deceitful power, boasted of their meritorious names, took revenge, and married and sent them to death.
Ban Gu pointed out that the people of Hedong (that is, where the Jin people lived) were worried and far-sighted, thoughtful, and worried. It is also said that the sons of the Jinguo gong clan in the land of the party in Taiyuan are happy to be deceitful, proud and boastful, and live a luxurious life. Compared with the above-mentioned "Pipe and Water Land", Bangu seems to have a clearer concept of regional characteristics, and more directly points out the unique personality characteristics of a local person.
Sima Qian is also, in the "History" of some people's regional characteristics deliberately summarized, such as the "Three Jin Dynasty multi-power change" in the "Biography of Zhang Yilie", "Sima Qian" in the "Biography of the Cargo Breeding Column" is more systematic to summarize the personality characteristics of the characters in various places, these are Sima Qian's spontaneous summary of the regional characteristics of people in various places, and in some single articles of the "History", although Sima Qian is not explicit, we can also feel the unique regional cultural characteristics of the characters when we read it, which is the case in "Jin Shijia".
First, unity and courage, tenacity and strength
The Jin people in the "History of the Jin Dynasty" have the characteristics of unity, courage, tenacity and strength, and there are two main reasons for the formation of this character.
The first is the geographical location of the Jin state adjacent to the Rong people, so that it is influenced by the Rong Di people in character, and adjacent to the fierce ethnic minorities, the Jin people want to expand the territory, they must launch a military war with them, these battles will inevitably have a certain impact on the Jin people. Gao Shiqi clarified the geographical location of the Jin state adjacent to ethnic minorities in the "Chronicle of the Left Biography": "The Jin Dynasty is di on all sides, but Jiang Rongjun belongs to the Jin, and is a subject who does not invade and does not infringe." Chi Di was in its north, namely Lu Shiye; Lu Hun was in its south, and The Qin and Jin dynasties moved to Yichuan; Xianyu was in its east, and the so-called Zhongshan disobedient were also; Bai Di was in its west, tasting and Qin And Jin. ”
The geographical location surrounded by the Rongdi tribe on all sides increased the unstable factors on the border of the Jin state, and also provided great possibilities for the Jin state to expand its territory, at the same time, in the process of communication between the Jin people and the Rongdi tribe, it would be affected by the open and strong folk style of the Rongdi tribe, so that the Jin people showed certain regional characteristics. As Shen Yunchang pointed out in the "Draft History of the State of Zhao": "Most of the residents of the Jin State originally belonged to the so-called 'Rong Di'. In addition to these rongdi residents, there are also many Rongdi tribes distributed around the Jin dynasty, the so-called 'People of Rongdi Shihuanzhi'. Because of this, if the Jin state demanded survival and development, it must strive to forge ahead, on the one hand, to maintain its military superiority, and on the other hand, to carry out diplomatic maneuvers with the surrounding Rongdi tribes. ”
"The Jin people in this living environment cultivated a spirit of good courage and martial arts, and until the Spring and Autumn Period, the jin state still pursued the policy of 'urgently fighting' as the foundation of the country, believing that 'if you don't do your best, your descendants will be weak' (Zuo Chuan Chenggong Sixteen Years)." What Mr. Li said was that this seeming disadvantage of the adjacent Rong clan was providing an opportunity for the Jin people to hone their brave and heroic folk style.
Second, there is much civil strife in the Jin dynasty, so the Jin people will show their unity and tenacity when the country is in turmoil. A phenomenon worth mentioning in the "Jin Shijia" is that the word "Guoren" appears 7 times and "Jinren" appears 13 times in total, and these two words mostly appear in the form of "The Chinese people are not attached", "the Jin people are not attached", "the Jin people are not attached", "the Jin people hear it, all of them..." and so on, which means that the people of the Jin State have a unanimous attitude of approval or disapproval of this matter. In this way, we can see that although they are ordinary and unknown ordinary people of the Jin Dynasty, they also have a certain degree of participation in state affairs, and this collective consciousness can even influence the direction of state affairs.
Take the collective reaction of the Jin people when Qu Wo seized the wing as an example: in seven years, the Jin minister Pan Father killed his prince Zhaohou and welcomed Qu Wo Huan' uncle. Uncle Huan wanted to enter Jin, and the Jin people sent troops to attack Uncle Huan. Uncle Huan was defeated and returned to Qu Wo. The Jin people jointly established Marquis Ziping of Zhao as the prince, for the sake of filial piety. Father Of The Curse. In the eighth year of filial piety, Qu Wo Huan's uncle and Zi Huang Dai Huan's uncle were for Qu Wo Zhuang Bo. In the fifteenth year of the Marquis of Filial Piety, Qu Wo Zhuang Bo killed his emperor Andi Jin Xiao Marquis Yu Yi. The Jin people attacked Quwo Zhuangbo, and Zhuangbo re-entered Quwo.
The Jin dynasty restored the filial piety of Yu Hao as the prince and was the Marquis of E. He died six years after the Marquis of E. Qu wo Zhuang Bowen Jin Marquis of Jin, Naixing soldiers to cut down the Jin. King Ping of Zhou sent the Duke of Yu to fight Quwo Zhuangbo, and Zhuang Bo went to Baoquwo. The Jin people jointly established the Marquis ziguang for the Marquis of Sorrow.
Taking these three places as an example, the same hatred and concerted efforts shown by the Jin people when facing the forces of Quwo are precisely where the tenacity and courage of the Jin people lie, in addition, the "Zuo Zhuan" does not have these three records of "Jin people", which also shows the unique spirit of the Jin people in Sima Qian's pen.
In addition, with regard to the establishment of the Marquis of Lai, the "Records of History" says that it was a joint establishment of the Jin people, while the "Zuo Biography" records that : "Wang Feng Gong Gong Cut Qu Wo and Established the Marquis of Lai Yu Yi", that is, the establishment of the Marquis of Lai was not the merit of the Jin people, but from the order of the King of Zhou, Liang Yusheng's "History of Zhi Doubt" here: "And the establishment of the Marquis of Sorrow, according to the "Zuo Biography", is actually the king's order, which is thought to be the establishment of the Jin people, nor is it." It can be seen that Sima Qian seems to be deliberately emphasizing the political role of the Jin people in "Jin Shijia", which also explains the regional characteristics of the unity of the Jin people in Sima Qian's pen.
In addition, Sima Qian's deeds of the Quwo regime in seizing the jin state power are recorded in more detail than in the Zuo Zhuan, especially the process of struggle between the two sides is more detailed, and there are relative affirmations and praises of Quwo's forces, showing that Sima Qian's bravery and courage for the Jin people are brave and strong, courageous and insightful, and dare to break stereotypes. As Liang Yusheng quoted in the "History of The Doubtful Jin Dynasty": "Qu Wo from Uncle Huan to The Third Grandson of The Duke of Wu, who spent seventy years to win the Jin Dynasty, was not old and easy to get the Jin Dynasty, and was the remnant of the true Tao Tang Dynasty" Qu Wo went through three generations, gradually encroached upon, and worked hard from generation to generation, and finally won the power of the Jin State, which shows the firmness of his heart and the solidity of his intentions.
For another example, the "Jin Shijia" says: "Uncle Huan was fifty-eight years old at the time, good and virtuous, and all the people of the Jin Kingdom were attached." "Heavy
Ear out of the death of each nineteen years old and entered, when the age of sixty-two, the Jin people are attached to many. "Hui Gong Zhi Li, Double Qin Di and Rick, Xue Qiyu Doctor, the people of the country are not attached." This is also the case, the enthusiasm of the Jin people to participate in politics shows the unity of the Jin people.
The unity and courage of the Jin Dynasty and the tough and tough folk style had a great influence on the idea of seeking hegemony from top to bottom of the Jin Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huan's hegemony not only deterd the princes, but also had a strong stimulus to the princes, and all countries wanted to order the princes to improve their international status, and the Jin state was also the same. During the reign of Duke Wen of Jin, the Zhou Chamber of pingfan, the king of Zunyi, commanded the world. In the second year of the Duke Wen of Jin (635 BC), the policy of seeking hegemony in Zun Zhou was implemented, and in the face of the opportunity to dominate, Zhao Wanyi said: "It is better to seek hegemony than to enter the King Zun Zhou." Zhou Jin has the same surname, Jin does not enter the king first, and then Qin enters it, and does not order the world. Fang Ling zun wang, Jin Zhi Zi ye. "Wen Gong obeyed it.
In the fourth year of the Jin Dynasty, the State of Chu besieged the Song, and the Song asked for help from the Jin, at this time the first time said: "Repay Shi Dingba, yu is here now." "The Jin dynasty once again seized the historical opportunity and won prestige among the princes. What needs to be noted here is that Zhao Wanhe and Xianxun, as the advisers of the Jin Dynasty, had the courage to seize the historical opportunity and win the opportunity to dominate, which shows the confidence of the Jin people to unite from top to bottom and achieve great causes with one heart. Even when the strength of the Jin state was weakened, its tenacity and competitive spirit did not diminish.
During the Jin Dynasty, when attacking the State of Zheng, Luan Shu had a saying: "We must not lose the princes when we are in my world", calling on the people of the country not to lose their prestige among the princes in their generation, and when confronting the Chu state, Hao Zhi refuted Fan Wenzi, who advocated retreating from the war, saying: "Send troops to rebel, see the strong and open up, and there is no way to order the princes." Opposing Fan Wenzi's conservative practice of retreating from the front, and advocating sending troops to attack the Chu state to establish the prestige of the Jin state, these words of Luan Shu and Hao Zhi show the desire of the Jin people to order the princes, which shows that this idea of seeking hegemony has not been interrupted since the beginning of The Duke of Wen.
The relationship between the Qing clan masters of the Jin Dynasty is that struggle and cooperation coexist, there are both conflicts of interest and win-win cooperation, which are mainly manifested in two forms, promoting meritocracy, unity of purpose and mutual struggle.
(1) Push the meritocracy and make it possible to work with one heart and one mind
Mr. Gu Donggao once said: "In the prosperity of a country in ancient times, there are no ministers who have the power of humerus, who are interested in the future and righteousness first, and who push the wise and let the ability." "The Yuguan people will not be defeated in the struggle to make it into a concession." (3) Sir praises this virtue of pushing the virtuous, and the ancients did have such a noble man. In the "History of the Jin Dynasty", there are Qingshi who are well versed in the virtue of pushing the virtuous and letting go, and the gentlemanly demeanor of humility and promotion of the virtuous among the qingshi colleagues seems to have become the norm.
In the fourth year of the Reign of Duke Wen of Jin (633 BC), the State of Jin began to establish three armies, at which time "Zhao Wanju raised the general Zhongjun and Hao Zhenzuozhi." Zhao Wan recommended that Hao Yi command the Chinese army. Prior to this, Zhao Wei had been following and advising The Duke Wen of Jin, and Hao Was the Grand Master of the Jin State, who belonged to the old clan of the Jin State, but he had not been too active in the political arena of the Jin State before. Zhao Wan still recommended him to The Duke of Jin Wen, and Zhao Wan, in the Chinese Jin Yu IV, said: "Zhao Wanke, who is fifty years old, keeps learning and miya. "Zuo Chuan, Twenty-Seven Years of the Duke of Qi", Zhao Wan praised Hao: "Speaking of rites, le and dun poems, books." Although the "Records of History" omits Zhao Wan's words of recommending Hao Yu to Wen Gong, we can still see Zhao Wan's arrogance and heart.
By electing Hao Yu, the Jin state won, which shows the concerted efforts between the ministers of the Jin State. From another point of view, there is naturally a certain conflict of interest between the descendants of the branch and the Zhao clan, which represents the Qing clan of the Jin Dynasty. In this way, Zhao Wan's move to coordinate the relations between the secretaries of the Jin State, compared to the Hao clan, the Zhao clan is after all a foreign surname clan of the Jin State, Zhao Wan's move is mainly for the great cause of the Jin State, incidentally it can also appease the emotions of the old clan of the Jin State, balance the internal forces of the Jin State, and maintain the internal stability of the Jin State.
In the eighth year of the Reign of Duke Jing of Jin (613 BC), Wei Wenzi requested to return to his hometown and recommended Himke to duke Jing, so he took power. Qi Dai Juxian: In the third year of the Jin Dynasty (570 BC), when the princes of the Jin Dynasty were honest and honest, Qi Dai first recommended his enemy Xie Hu and then recommended his son Qi Wu, so the gentleman praised Qi Dai for not being impartial and selfish, "not hiding revenge on the outside, and not hiding the hidden son on the inside," doing things fairly. In addition to pushing the meritocracy and giving way, there is also a better atmosphere among the JinguoQing clan, that is, to work with one heart and one mind and help each other.
For example: Han Que assists zhao shi. In the seventeenth year of the Jin Dynasty (583 BC), when Zhao Tong and Zhao Kuo were facing extinction, Han Yue came forward to relieve the siege of the Zhao clan, and Han Yue said: "Can the merits of Zhao Decline and Zhao Dun be forgotten?" What a shame! "Naifu ordered Zhao Shuziwu to be Zhao Hou and fu with him. Han Yue's words saved the Zhao clan, which led to the revival of the Zhao clan afterwards. Han Yue's trip, Mao Kun's "History of the Jin Dynasty" commented: "After Han Que Li Zhao Dun".
No wonder Sima Moved to the Taishi Gong Self-Prologue: "Han Yu Yin De, Zhao Wu YouXing." Shao was abolished, and the Jin people were zongzhi. Zhaohou Xianlie, Shen Ziyongzhi. Doubtful or unbelieving, the Qin people attacked it. Jia Yu assisted Jin Kuang Zhou Tianzi's endowment, as the fifteenth han family. Sima Qian praised Han Que for helping Zhao. Another example is the suihui to help Xun Lin's father: the battle of Jin Chu, the defeat of the Jin state, Xun Lin's father, as the main general of the overseer, was defeated and asked to die, and the suihui came forward to speak in front of the Jin Linggong to avoid his death. Although the words of the meeting sounded all for the great cause of the Jin Dynasty, but a detailed analysis showed that in the Battle of Wu, Xun Lin's father commanded the Chinese army, and the two could be partners or the biggest competitors.
(2) Struggle with each other and merge with each other
The "History of the Jin Dynasty" recounts the historical story of the ups and downs of the Jin Dynasty for hundreds of years, during which the merger and struggle caused by the dispute of interests was very cruel, which was not only reflected in the struggle of the secretary of state, but also in the mutual struggle and mutual killing between colleagues. As stated in the "Origins of the Ancient Culture of the Three Jin Dynasties": "After the dedication of the duke, with the rise of the power of strong clans with different surnames, the secretaries of the Jin dynasty were mostly filled by different surnames. These foreign-surnamed Qing clans, who hold real military and political power, are bound to resort to war in order to expand their strength.
They not only fought for power with the government, but also annexed each other, thus plunging the Jin state into protracted civil strife; and it intensified, resulting in the killing of the two monarchs of the Jin Linggong and the Jin Ligong, and the defeat and destruction of a number of Qing clans. "For example, after the death of The Duke of Jinxiang, on the issue of establishing the elder and establishing the young, the group of ministers had their own opinions and clashed opinions, which triggered a conflict between the Fox clan and the Zhao family. The "History of the Jin Dynasty" records:
In August of the seventh year, Xianggong died. Prince Yigao is less. The Jin people wanted to establish a long king because of difficulties. Zhao Dun said, "Brother Yong of Lixiang." Good and long, the first king loves it; and it is close to Qin, so Qin is good. Establishing goodness is solid, doing things is smooth, serving love is filial piety, and marrying the old is good. Jia Jiyue: "Not as good as his brother Le." Chen Wei will be the second king, and his son will be established, and the people will be at peace. ”
Zhao Dun said, "Chen, the class is under nine people, and his son He Zhenzhi has it!" And for the second king, adultery. For the first gentleman, you can't ask for the big and go out in a small country, and also be secluded. The mother is secluded and powerless; Chen is small and far away, helpless; what will it be! "The envoys will be like Qin Ying Gongzi Yong." Jia Ji also made people summon the prince to be happy with Chen. Zhao Dun deposed Jia Ji and used him to kill Yang for his father. In October, he buried Xianggong. In November, Jia Ji Ben Zhai.
Although Sima Qian said that Zhao Dun deposed Jia Ji because he killed Yang's father, according to the previous records, it was the two who had a disagreement on the issue of the monarch, Zhao Dun advocated the establishment of Xiang Gong's brother Gongzi Yong, while Jia Ji advocated Li Xiang's brother Gongzi Le, and the dispute could not be over, and the two sent people to other countries to meet the new monarch of their choice. It is worth scrutinizing that Sima Qian immediately recorded the matter of Zhao's dismissal of Jia, of which perhaps the reason for Yang's father was just a pretext, and the real reason was the dispute between the two over who was the new king, and the Zhao clan was stronger than the Fox clan, so under the suppression of the Zhao clan, the Hu clan withdrew from the historical stage of the Jin state. This passage shows that the dispute between Qing Dafu and Doctor Qing after The Duke of Wen has become somewhat obvious.
For example, during the Jin Dynasty, The Three Emperors (i.e., Jin Qing, Hao, and Xu Zhi) were framed by Luan Shu and Xu Tong, and were eventually killed by Xu Tong, which is also a typical example of the power struggle between colleagues in the Jin Dynasty. As for how Sanhao was designed by Luan Shu and others, there is already a more detailed description in the above relationship between the gongqing and the secretary of state, "the Jinguo Gongfu became the relying force for the Qing clan's struggle", and I will not repeat it here.
However, it is worth mentioning that from the murder of Sanhao to the extermination of the clan, it is still not difficult for us to see the discord within the Jin state, especially the words of Hao to his death, which shows his loyalty to the Jin state, but he was killed by the adulterers, and the general trend has gone, which makes people can't help but sigh. Mr. Li Chengyu said in the "Reading the History of LiShu Jin Shijia": "The three words of 'Qiyou' can kill Yue Feizhi, and there is no wonder that the three words of 'unnecessary' can kill Yue Fei." ”
"Hao Zhi, Hao Yu, Hao Zhen, and Hao Que all have a voice in Jin, and Hao Qi, and Hao Zhi are all known to Jin, and Hao Qi, Hao Yi, and Hao Zhi were actually killed by Xu Tong, and Hao Zhi's words 'believe in the king, wisdom does not harm the people, and courage does not make trouble', and his heart is full of glory and glory with the sun and the moon." Luan Shu was jealous of his deeds and plotted to frame him, and he had already done the same thing. Villain, Luan Shuhu! To sun to extinguish the sect, Yi Zhao! These two remarks showed his admiration for Hao Zhizhongyong, expressed sympathy and resentment for the people of the Hao clan, and even criticized Luan Shu's practice of framing San hao on trumped-up charges. The murder of Sanhao can also reflect the differences and mutual hatred between the ministers of the Jin Dynasty.
In the late Jin Dynasty, the Six Secretaries fought with each other, annexed each other, and the power struggle was very hot. For example: the demise of the Fan clan and the Zhongxing clan: In the seventeenth year of the reign, Zhibo and Zhao, Han, and Wei shared Fan and Zhongxingdi as Yi. In the seventeenth year of the Jin Dynasty (458 BC), the Zhi, Zhao, Han, and Wei clans jointly divided the lands of the Fan and Zhongxing clans. When it was, the Jin state and government all decided to know the bo, and the Jin Dynasty was not allowed to have any control. Zhi Bo sui has a model, a middle line, and the strongest. In the early years of the Jin Dynasty, Zhi Bo occupied the lands of the Fan and Zhongxing clans in the Jin dynasty, becoming the most powerful clan in the Jin Dynasty. Another example is the demise of the Zhi clan:
In the fourth year of the Duke of Lai, Zhao Xiangzi, Han Kangzi, and Wei Huanzi killed Zhi bo and did their best. In the fourth year of the Duke of Jin (453 BC), the three families of Han Zhao and Wei jointly murdered the Zhi clan, the most powerful clan in the Jin state, and annexed its land, and since then, the Jin state has opened the prelude to the division of the three families into Jin. Regarding the demise of the Zhi clan, "Zhi Bo wanted to exhaust and promote, and Nai Li was jealous of the king." Gai wanted to blackmail the Jin Dynasty to make the people of the country, but eventually became mangy and was destroyed by Zhao Xiangzi, Han Kangzi, and Wei Huanzi. Don't be a man, believe it! ”
"Reading the History of Lishu Jin Shijia" expresses a certain regret. The three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei worked together to destroy the most powerful Zhi clan at that time, which shows the fierceness of the Qing clan's merger and mutual killing in the late Jin Dynasty. In short, the relationship between the jin figures was complicated, because there were many struggles caused by disputes over political interests, but there was also the cooperation of the monarchs and the people, what was the reason for this? Sima Qian pointed out in his commentary on the History of the Jin Dynasty:
TaiShi Gong Yue: Jin Wen Gong, the ancient so-called Ming Junye, lived outside the country for nineteen years, to the point of poverty, and the throne and the reward, still forget the zi push, the situation is proud of the Lord? The Spirit Gong is both killed, and then it becomes, the scenery is strict, and the great moment is great, and the doctor is afraid of the curse and the disaster. After the mourning of the duke, the day declined, and the six secretaries of state had exclusive powers. Therefore, the emperor's way of the emperor and his subordinates, it is not easy!
Tai Shi Gong's words are intended to point out that the correct imperial leader and subordinate are the way to be a king. Jin Wengong can call him Ming Jun, there is still a temporary injustice in the matter of the push of the emperor, not to mention those faint monarchs, do not know how to control their subordinates, how to balance the relationship between kings and subjects, will inevitably lead to national turmoil, which is the way of the king as a subject, as Qi Shukai said:
"Yao Shun's employment of people is for the world to gain people, and those who let them be." Later generations employ people, so that they can drive the crowd for themselves, and taishi gong is also called the emperor's subordinates. If it is difficult for others to use it for one's own purposes, it is only a matter of doing so. He who controls talents, geng who gives Wei to The Jin Dynasty, three rewards from the Duke of Wen, and the expulsion of the Duke of Mourning, the cultivation of old merits, and the granting of Wei Daicai, are all royal.
At first, he was as lonely as Xun Xie, and then he was greeted by emperors such as Zhao Dun, or his subordinates killed each other such as Xu Tong and Sanhao, such as Han, Zhao, and Wei Zhi in Fan Zhongxing, all of whom were lost. Although they wanted to resist it, they repeatedly quarreled, and finally lost the country. How to let it heal. The king of heaven thinks that it is for the people, but it is not easy for a man to indulge in lust, and the common way of this king and the people is not easy. All the "Records of History" have this meaning. If the special reader does not pay attention to this, then the meaning of Shi Gong is not obvious. Therefore, it was shown at the end of the Jin Dynasty. ”
Sir's remark is extremely true that the relationship between the secretaries of state and between colleagues depends entirely on how the monarch controls it. During this period, some people stood up, some people fell, some families became more prosperous, and some families disappeared forever.