What is an inner volume? Simply put, it is meaningless repetition, or irrational internal competition, resulting in a decline in the cost performance between "gains and efforts", which is equivalent to effort to "inflation".
Let's take another example, for example, the country canceled the extracurricular tutoring class, suppose there were originally a hundred students, originally everyone did not go to the tutoring class, everyone's grade ranking is fixed, and now there is a child who gets an additional 10 points of promotion by going to the tutoring class, so other people look at it, they also go to the tutoring class, and they have also obtained a 10-point promotion, so everyone's ranking has returned to the past, but it cost more money to go to the tutoring class, which is called the inner volume.
The inner volume is a new term, but the principles contained in it have indeed been there for a long time, but it is just a refurbished application of the famous "Prisoner's Dilemma", which has been discussed in depth in the book "The Game Around".
So what is the prisoner's dilemma, let's first tell a story about the prisoner. Suppose two thieves are caught at the same time, and the police suspect that they have committed a robbery but there is no conclusive evidence, unless there is a confession, or both confess, of course, even if neither confesses, the penalty for theft can be punished with a lighter penalty.
Now the police are beginning to isolate the thieves and begin to account for the policy, if both confess, everyone will be sentenced to two years in prison for robbery plus theft; if both people refuse to confess, both people will be sentenced to six months in prison for theft; if one confesses and one refuses to confess, then the confessor will be exempted from punishment for meritorious service, and the person who refuses to confess will be punished for robbery plus theft plus lying.
Now the question is, what do you say will turn out? I think the biggest possibility is that both people will confess! Let's analyze it through this profit table, it is clear that both people refused to confess is a better result, as long as the sentence of half a year, but in fact this result is generally difficult to achieve, because every prisoner will find a truth:
If the other party refuses to confess, he can be acquitted if he confesses, while his refusal to confess will be sentenced to 0.5 years, so confessing is a better choice.
If the other party confesses and confesses himself, he will be sentenced to two years, and if he refuses to confess, he will be sentenced to five years, so it is better to confess.
The final result is that whether the other party refuses to confess or confess, it is better to choose to confess, which is the underlying logic of the prisoner's dilemma.
Back to the inner volume mentioned earlier, for a hundred students in the class, no matter how others choose, go to or do not go to the tutoring class, their own choice is a better choice, which causes the inner volume.
Prisoner's dilemma is actually everywhere in real life, for example, the most common price war in the economic field, the most typical is the color TV price war in the nineties of the last century, at the beginning of the Changhong, Konka, TCL and other nine giants monopolized the market, and then Changhong took the lead in reducing prices, the result of Konka, Skyworth, TCL will unite to engage in a "price alliance", at the beginning can also do the same attack and defense, but soon Konka will not do it, the alliance will collapse, and the final result is of course a comprehensive price reduction for color TV. Everyone's profits have fallen, and the reason for this is still the prisoner's dilemma, so sometimes, your output has increased, overtime has increased, but your income has been lower.
The Prisoner's Dilemma reveals a harsh truth, so how can we get out of the Prisoner's Dilemma? Going back to the model set at the beginning, if every prisoner who refuses to confess can retaliate against the confessed prisoner after his release from prison, then every prisoner will choose to refuse to confess because he is afraid of retaliation in the future, so that "refusal to confess, refusal to confess" becomes a balanced result, and the prisoner's dilemma is broken.
You watch a lot of gangster movies, but whenever there is a little brother who wants to join the gang, the boss let him do a bad thing, you go to the person who did it, take a name, leave a small braid, so that you are not afraid of the little brother in the future.
So, the key to solving the prisoner's dilemma lies in trust, how can we build trust? There is a very classic is the "hostage" plan, during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, countries hope to reach cooperation, but they are worried that the other side will betray their faith, which is another problem of prisoners' dilemma, what to do? At that time, the method between the allies was to exchange hostages, and famous figures in history, Qin Shi Huang, Prince Dan of Yan, and Zhao Chang'anjun, all once served as hostages of the Allies.
Having said all this, do you feel that the prisoner's dilemma is bad, in fact, it is not necessary, sometimes we can use the prisoner's dilemma to improve efficiency.
For example, the common collusion between listed companies and auditors, which is a rather complex issue in modern corporate management, can be completely used to break the prisoner's dilemma to break this collusion.
Suppose we are going to audit a company now, if the company has a violation found, then the company has an incentive to buy the auditor, such as the opening price is ten thousand yuan, then in the future to encourage the auditor to report truthfully, you can do this:
If the report "no violation", the bonus of 0 yuan is paid;
If a "violation" is reported, a reward of $11,000 is awarded.
Obviously, auditors will choose to report truthfully because the profits reported truthfully outweigh the bribes they lie about.
However, you will find that the cost of doing so is too high, you must make more profits than bribes, how can you do it cheaply and allow the auditor to tell the truth? Quite simply, let two auditors review and design a prisoner's dilemma to prevent collusion:
If both auditors lie, they will only get a bonus of 0, but they will share the bribes of the listed company and get 0.5 million yuan each.
If both auditors report truthfully, each person receives a bonus of $0 and no bribe.
If one lies and one reports truthfully, the party who reports honestly will be rewarded with 0.55 million yuan and fined 11,000 yuan for the liar, but the liar will also receive a bribe of 10,000 yuan, so that the honest report will receive a bonus of 0.55 million yuan, and the net profit of the liar will be -0.1 million yuan.
You can analyze that under such a mechanism, for auditors, truthful reporting is always an advantageous strategy, because assuming that the other party lies, then they can get 0.5 million yuan by lying, but they can get 0.55 million yuan; if the other party reports, they lie to get -0.1 million yuan, so each auditor will choose to report.
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Having said all that, let's sum up that in a prisoner's dilemma, everyone acts in their own interests, but the result is often that everyone suffers. There are many ways to solve the prisoner's dilemma, such as "forming a retaliatory ability against non-cooperation", increasing trust through "hostages", strengthening loyalty education, etc., and the prisoner's dilemma is also a double-edged sword, which will produce different results when used in different scenarios.