<h1>[The emperor himself re-examined, and the white scroll was exiled].</h1>
Wu Zhaoqian (吴兆骞), courtesy name Hancha [chá], was a native of Wujiang, Jiangnan.
Wu Zhaoqian was born into a family of eunuchs, and was intelligent at a young age, and the poems he composed when he was a teenager were already amazed by those who saw it. He, together with Chen Weisong and Peng Shidu, was collectively known as the "Three Phoenixes of Jiangzuo". However, like most talented people who are arrogant and open-minded, Wu Zhaoqian is also arrogant. He often used the hat of his classmate as a urinal, and the teacher scolded him, and he argued: "It is better to wear it on the heads of those laymen than to put it on the urine." The teacher sighed and said, "This son will be famous when he is different, but he should not be spared misfortune." ”
The teacher's prophecy was verified. An innocent disaster that was later called the Nanluke Field Case by historians completely rewrote the happy life of Wu Zhaoqian's poetry and wine.
In August of the fourteenth year of Shunzhi (1657), Wu Zhaoqian participated in the Jiangnan Township Examination and was lifted. Just when the Wu family was cheering and rejoicing, disaster had quietly descended: Fang Zhangyu, the fifth son of Fang Gongqian, the right chancellor, was also selected in this township examination, and the chief examiner was also surnamed Fang, called Fang You. Yan Guan thus concluded that Fang Gongqian and Fang You were "well-connected with the sect, took advantage of the opportunity to cause abuse, and risked abusing the sage book."
Fang Gongqian explained to the imperial court that he had no contact with Fang Yousu, let alone Lianzong.
However, the Shunzhi Emperor, who had always had little affection for Jiangnan, especially the Jiangnan scholars, accepted the words of yanguan. When he tried the case, he ordered that all the people in the middle be escorted to Beijing for a re-examination by himself. It was a peculiar exam, and Sven, a reader who believed in "learning to become a martial artist and selling goods to the emperor's family", swept the floor: the examination room was set up in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, and the children wore torture equipment like prisoners. Next to each lifter are two "invigilator" soldiers armed with steel knives. In such an examination, the lifters "are worried about their chestnuts and can hardly write down." As a result, Wu Zhaoqian handed over the white scroll.
There have always been three different theories about the reason why Wu Zhaoqian handed over the white scroll. One is to say that Wu Zhaoqian suddenly contracted wind and cold, was plagued by disease, and handed over a white roll. The second is that Wu Zhaoqian was frightened and abnormal and could not hold the pen. The third is to say that Wu Zhaoqian regarded the re-examination as a great shame and a great shame and refused to answer. In the case of Wu Zhaoqian's personality, the third possibility is the greatest. Before the retest, Wu Zhaoqian, who had a very high self-esteem, was extremely sad and indignant, and he said: "Is there Wu Zhaoqian who pays bribes in one fell swoop?" ”
The outcome of this case was that two examiners were decided, 18 examiners were hanged, 8 unqualified examiners were disqualified, 40 staffs were exiled to Ninguta. Wu Zhaoqian is one of them.
Wu Zhaoqian and his compilation of the "Autumn Collection"
<h1>[Exile is a serious punishment second only to the death penalty</h1>].
Exile is also known as exile. In the Qing Dynasty, exile was one of the five main punishments, ranging from light to severe, namely flogging, rod, disciple, stream, and death. That is, exile is a serious punishment second only to the death penalty.
The distance of exile is 4 levels, namely 2000 miles (nearby), 2500 miles (nearby), 3000 miles (remote), 4000 miles (polar edge and smoke).
According to Qing Dynasty law, after the verdict is issued, the prisoner must go on the road within one month, and the legal term is called Qi Xie (you must have heard the famous opera passage "Su San Qi Xie" drop). Prisoners are escorted by two messengers from the place of sentencing, called long dismissal, and two more people are sent to assist in the territory of the prefectures and counties along the way, which is called short relief. The daily journey is also clearly stipulated by the law: 50 miles a day. 2500 miles, limited to 50 days, 3000 miles, limited to two months. In today's developed transportation, 50 miles is not a stone's throw away, but under the condition of relying on both feet hundreds of years ago, no matter the wind, frost, rain and snow, climbing mountains and wading for 50 miles day after day is a huge test.
The most inhumane thing is that under the Zhulian system, one person breaks the law and the whole family is guilty. Therefore, most of the prisoners who were exiled to Ninguta, they did not go on the road alone, but the whole family traveled together. Those women who have wrapped their feet in cloth since childhood, even if they have never walked three or five hundred meters of road before, must rely on the delicate three-inch golden lotus to walk on the deserted ancient roads and the primeval forests full of miasma and tigers and wolves.
Along the way, the food of the displaced people is provided by the government according to the inmates, and the standard is set at 8 taels per person per day, and the age of 15 is halved. Such a low ration only guarantees that the displaced will not starve to death – provided that the rations are distributed to the prisoners in a timely manner. However, due to various reasons, the mere 8 or 2 rations are not guaranteed, and the displaced people who often rush to the road hungry may become starving at any time.
During the exile, the exile must be kept in chains until the penal colony cannot be opened. If there is no money to bribe the escorts, this heavy wooden shackle will be worn around the neck for dozens of days. If you walk on steep cliffs and dense forest trails, the pain and danger can be imagined. As for the women who were exiled together because of the guilt of their fathers, husbands, or sons, in addition to the hardship, hunger and danger of walking, they faced another kind of humiliation: sexual assault by their escorts.
Regarding the terrible path of escort, the "Miscellaneous Records of The Observations and Stories of the Kendo" says: "Half of the way is eaten by tigers and wolves, grabbed by apes, or starved by people, and there is no birth." "Such a poor escort made the exile, although not immediately tied to the execution ground like the death penalty, but the death rate was also frighteningly high: the death rate of a Ming dynasty escort reached two-thirds."
Looking back at history, Chinese literati seem to have an inseparable fate with exile: from Qu Yuan to Li Bai, from Han Yu to Liu Yuxi, from Su Shi to Huang Tingjian, from Han Ke to Wu Zhaoqian, they all experienced the taste of exile. Although on the surface, exile is much better than death, after all, it does not immediately kill people. However, in essence, it is only a long pain and a short pain. For the rulers, the execution of those they identified as adulterers was quick, but it was less deterrent to the populace than exile. Because of the tragic experiences of the exiles along the way and the inhuman life of the exiles who have survived for decades and decades after reaching the exile land, the psychological shadow it has caused to the people is more lasting and more extensive. It is clear that it is the most effective and economical way to govern the people to be a submissive and obedient citizen within the framework of the will of the state.
For most unfortunate exiles, reaching the penal colony is not only the end of suffering, but the beginning of greater suffering. The ominous fate of not being able to survive and burying their bones in sangzi certainly terrifies these relocated Chinese, and the poor supply of materials and the difficulties of making a living also make these southerners from the land of fish and rice miserable; but these are negligible little troubles compared with the complete loss of freedom and the possibility of dying at any time.
According to the practice of the Qing Dynasty, exile is actually a general term, and there are various differences under it. The lightest ones are called migration, the heaviest ones are called dispatches, and those exiled to Ninguta are almost all dispatched. The prisoners sent to Ninguta went in two directions:
One is to be a slave, that is, the so-called "slave with the armored person" commonly seen in the film and television, the armored person, that is, the border guard soldier;
The second is the errand.
The fate of slavery is the most tragic. Once enslaved, it means that there is no longer any personal freedom, and the lives of these slaves are not more important than a horse and a cow. If the slave owners wished, they could put the slaves to death without any legal responsibility. The fate of those exiled with their beautiful families was particularly tragic: slave owners often killed men who stood in the way in order to possess their female dependents. In addition, once enslaved, no redemption was allowed for life, and the children and grandchildren acted as the talking tools of the slave owner. This inhuman law provoked a desperate resistance from many rogues, some of whom fled to the mountains or killed their slave owners. But after capture, they will be executed by Ling Chi.
Compared with slavery, the pawn is relatively better. There are two kinds of differences. One is the frequent offender, that is, the ordinary prisoner, who goes to work in the official village. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the government set up many official farms on the vast land of Ninguta, and the official farms had crops to plant, livestock to graze, and needed a large number of people, and the displaced people were cheap labor. These official villages have 10 people per village, 1 for zhuangtou and 9 for Zhuangding, "not farming, or burning charcoal.". Each person handed in 12 stones of grain, 300 bunches of hay, 100 pounds of pork, 100 pounds of charcoal, 300 pounds of lime, and 100 bunches of reeds a year. The displaced people slept in the middle of the night in the official village similar to the Auschwitz labor camp, ploughing in the spring and summer, harvesting in the autumn and hiding in the winter, "all that is in the house is the official property", and they only get a poor diet that lasts for a long time. Fang Gongqian has seen many times that in winter, young women who have scooped rice overnight go barefoot to the well to carry water, the road is slippery and heavy, and they are overwhelmed, and these women are "all of Chinese rich and noble families." The other is the official offender, that is, the reader who has been an official or has obtained a meritorious name, and they are arranged to serve in various miscellaneous services at the post, mine, or yamen, which is already a high-standard treatment that the vast majority of the displaced people can not hope for. However, they are still prisoners, still wear criminal bodies, and on the first and fifteenth day of the first month of each month, they must go to the Yamen to make a routine report to show that they have been seriously reforming in the exile designated by the imperial court, and there is no chaos.
Portrait of Wu Zhaoqian
<h1>【The highest standard of exile - from Beijing to Ninguta】</h1>
The winter in Beijing is cold and severe, but if you go all the way north, out of the mountain customs, cross the Liao River, cross the Changbai Mountain, wade on the Songhua River, and walk for more than 3,000 miles, the cold in Beijing is not worth mentioning. Because this is the bitter cold place shrouded in ice and snow. Regarding this, the local chronicle vividly depicts: "... The number is desolate, inaccessible, out of the turbulence river, across the Dome Ridge, thousands of trees lined up, looking up to the sky. Rocks break the ice, and the roots of the old trees are intertwined, not subject to the hooves of horses. The wind blows wildly, the snowflakes are like palms, the birds and monsters, the bushes cry, the walkers rise and fall, or freeze on horseback. ”
This place where ice and snow ruled almost the beginning of hongmeng is called Ninguta. There is a Qing dynasty, and it is an ominous word that makes people talk about tiger color. It means not only unbearable cold, but also death that can be faced at any time, and the embarrassment of exclusion from mainstream society.
Ninggu Pagoda was in Hailin and Ning'an in the eastern part of today's Heilongjiang Province. In the "Miscellaneous Records of Yantang Observations and Stories", it is recorded: "According to the Ninggu Pagoda, in the north of the Liaodong Pole, go to Beijing for seven or eight thousand miles. Its ground is heavy with ice and snow, and it is not a complex world. Chinese there is no one else. ”
Just as the Tang Dynasty liked to exile prisoners to the hot Lingnan, there was a Qing generation that liked to exile prisoners to the cold northeast. The northeast is the so-called Longxing land of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, which is the most stable rear base of this ethnic minority unified regime. For the Qing court, the only choice for resettling displaced people was their hometown of Northeast China.
In the Qing Dynasty, Ningguta referred to both General Ningguta, an administrative unit that integrated military and government, and general Ninguta' residence. This station was originally located in today's Hailin Old Street, called Ningguta Old City; later moved to today's Ning'an County, called Ningguta New Town.
Today's Hailin and Ning'an each have a population of 440,000, both of which have been withdrawn from the county to establish a city, and the famous Jingpo Lake Scenic Area is in Ning'an. But in the early years of the Qing Dynasty more than 300 years ago, it was a barbaric place isolated from the rest of the world. Fang Gongqian sighed, "NingguTa, I don't know where the public opinion is, and the generations don't know where they belong." Thousands of miles away and beyond, no inches to be seen, no reason to ask."
From Beijing to Ningguta, the distance has reached the highest standard of exile, that is, 4,000 miles called smoke, which takes four or five months, and many people have fallen on the treacherous road without reaching Ninguta. In the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, the imperial court finally found conscience and stipulated that prisoners who had wandered to Ningguta were not allowed to go on the road during the cold season from winter to July of the following year, so that prisoners would not die of frostbite due to thin clothes.
As co-defendants, Wu Zhaoqian, Fang Gongqian, and others set out from Beijing on the third day of the third lunar month in the sixteenth year of Qing Shunzhi (1659). Fang Gongqian dragged his son and daughter to a large son, and Wu Zhaoqian's family was originally punished together, but fortunately, due to the strong efforts of his friends, Wu Zhaoqian was able to serve his sentence alone. After 128 days of walking, they finally arrived at Ninguta on July 17 of that year. When crossing the Songhua River, due to the hot weather, Wu Zhaoqian went to the river to bathe, did not want to suffer from a serious cold, had to wear thick clothes to ride on the horse, and encountered heavy rain in the sky, "desperate."
Fang Gongqian, an old official who was once glorious and wealthy, was surprised to find that ningguta new city, which was the administrative center of the provincial level, was actually inferior to a small town in the south. On the vast wasteland, there appeared a "provincial city" with "no borders, no city outline": this city lived on the pillow river, some short wood inserted in the soil as a wall, with a circumference of about 3 miles, opened 4 city gates, the city gate was made of rubble, and the height was more than enough. A few thatched huts were built in the city, and that was the government office. Such gates and houses would collapse in the event of heavy rain, and if they collapsed, they would have to be rebuilt. Soon, Fang Gongqian had a personal feeling for the harsh climate here: "Four hours are like winter. July dew, dew cold and white, like rice juice. The dew is frost for a few days, and the frost is withered. August snow, which often also. It freezes as soon as it snows, and it will be released in March of the following year. May and June are like February and March in China. ”
Many years later, Wu Zhaoqian's son Wu Zhaoqian, who was born and raised in Ninguta, also remembers the extreme weather of Ninguta in his memoirs: "Its land is cold and bitter. From the beginning of spring to the end of March, the winds day and night, such as thunder and lightning, cover the sky, and are all within reach. In the middle of July, when a white goose flew down, it could not fly again. Within a few days, there is a thick frost. In mid-August, it snows heavily. In mid-September, the river freezes. In October, the ground cracked, and the snow reached the ground, that is, it became solid ice, although the sun did not go away. Those who arrive at the beginning will attack Qiu three times, and if they live for a long time, they will be heavy and cold. By the end of March, the freeze has begun to dissolve, and the grass and trees have not yet sprouted. ”
Today's Hailin and Ning'an area, although the winter is still long, but it is not as cold and windy as Wu Juchen said, this is not Wu Juchen's exaggeration, but the earth more than 300 years ago, just in the Xiaoice River period, which is far colder than today.
<h1>[The tragic years in Ninguta].</h1>
It is worth mentioning that although Wu Zhaoqian and Fang Gongqian have a huge age difference, they have become literary friends who know each other since then because of their common destiny, and in the barbaric wilderness, they warm up through poetry and poetry, and pass the difficult years of exile.
Wu Zhaoqian and Fang Gongqian were cultural people, and Fang Gongqian was also a former high-ranking official in the imperial court, so the living conditions in Ningguta were much better. At that time, Ninguta had only a few hundred inhabitants and some border guards. In this isolated and remote place, the local military and civilians have a kind of respect for cultural people from the heart: "When the scholar and doctor come out, they will ride down, and they will give way, and those who do not have a hogo will bow down and start from the beginning." ”
When he first arrived at Ningguta, Wu Zhaoqian, who was alone, was very embarrassed. Ninguta's grain was precious, and Wu Zhaoqian was shy, and for a time he had to use an axe to break the ice, turn the snow into water, and cook some weeds on the small stove to fill his hunger. Fortunately, Fang Gongqian, who was rich in wealth, and others helped him, undressed and pushed food, and Wu Zhaoqian finally did not starve to death.
More than four years later, Wu Zhaoqian's wife Ge Caizhen and sister Wu Wenrou traveled thousands of miles from their hometown in Suzhou to Ninggu pagoda, and brought 3 maids and a sum of money, Wu Zhaoqian's exile life was settled, and he gave birth to a son Wu Juechen the following year. Wu Zhaoqian gave his son a nickname, Su Huan, hoping that like Su Wu, who herded sheep in the snow and wind of the North Sea, he would eventually return to his roots and return to his hometown.
As one of the few talents in the world, Wu Zhaoqian had a literary name before his exile. In Ninguta, where illiteracy is overwhelming, talent and fame earned him a relatively stable life: "Deputy Marshal An Gong, Ya Zhong Scribe, Poor Brother, Pay with Rice." As for the Ninguta general Bahai, although this person was a tangled warrior, he had a lot of affection for the exiled literati, including Wu Zhaoqian, and he hired Wu Zhaoqian as a master to teach his two sons. Bahai's benevolence caused the imperial court to be quite dissatisfied, and the Holy Will repeatedly rebuked him for being lenient and boundless, and for not drawing a clear line.
In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, Tsarist Russia, which was constantly expanding to the east, repeatedly created friction in the northeast, and the area around Ningguta was the front line where soldiers intersected. For the undermanned Qing army, the large number of displaced people was a potentially requisitionable force. In the third year of the Kangxi Dynasty, the Tsarist Russia invaded Heilongjiang again, and the imperial court ordered that all the displaced people, except for the banner people and the old man who had reached the age of 60, were all in service. Among them, 200 water-serving people were selected as water troops and practiced water warfare; 32 official villages were established to accumulate grain and grass. Bahai summoned a meeting of the displaced people to convey the will of the imperial court. To the literati, he still opened his eyes and let them choose between Shuiying, Zhuangtou and Zhuangding. However, all three were regarded as fearful by the exiles, and "all the princes were drooling in the direction of each other, and the generals were also miserable." Therefore, Bahai once again extrajudicial benevolence, declaring that "only the work can be substituted", as long as the state project is sponsored, that is, the money is paid, he can be exempted from being a soldier or serving hard labor.
Despite Bahai's careful care, Wu Zhaoqian is a prisoner serving a prison sentence after all, and if he is not careful, he may lead to disaster. One spring festival, Bahai fell ill, and one of the temporary deacons, out of some reason, suddenly ordered Wu Zhaoqian and Qian Wei to go to Jilin Ula. With the military order, Wu Zhaoqian had to hurry on the road. At that time, it was cold and frozen, the snow was four or five feet deep, and the mountain grass was buried in the snow, in addition to bringing people's rations, but also had to bring horse fodder. A carriage can only carry a few hundred pounds, and Wu Zhaoqian and his wife huddled together on an ox cart with a broken cotton quilt. After traveling a hundred miles, the people and horses were tired and miserable. Three days later, when Wu Zhaoqian was about to walk to the primeval forest of Wuji Forest, a cavalry rushed to him. This was sent by Bahai after hearing the news, and he cancelled the messengers sent by Wu Zhaoqian and others, so that they could return to Ninguta immediately. Wu Zhaoqian, who had escaped death, sighed and said, "If you travel for two more days, when you reach wujilin, the snow will be eight or nine feet deep, and all the people and horses will freeze to death." The General true regeneration grace also".
The harsh climate, the poor materials, the disillusionment of ideals, the fate of not being able to be autonomous, the sorrow of being far away from home and relatives, the misfortunes of various kinds of life are like small snakes, eating the increasingly desolate and desperate hearts of Wu Zhaoqian. Those who can find a way are trying to get out of this ghost place as soon as possible. Among the literati who were exiled together that year, the first to return to the south was Fang Gongqian. The Fang family in Tongcheng is a large family family, and Fang Gongqian and his sons and nephews have been officials for many years, and the family is relatively solid. In the winter of the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (1661), that is, more than 3 years after the exile of Ningguta, Fang Gongqian redeemed himself by committing the qianmen castle tower project; in the first month of the following year, he and his family finally returned to the capital after a long absence.
Wu Zhaoqian was not so lucky. He continued to haunt the isolated city of Ninguta, from youth to middle age. The best of the Jinser years were delivered to a large area of wind and snow and sorrow. In the distress letter written to Gu Zhenguan, he used poignant language: "The brother has been shaking very badly over the years, his sideburns are gradually rising, his women are sick, one man and two women, and Wei Huo is not full." Thinking back to the old mother, I was depressed in the church. Pass the Guanhe River and return to the province without a day. Although you want to masturbate, you only benefit from sorrow. ”
Although the life of exile was extremely difficult, it was more than enough than the top and the bottom, Wu Zhaoqian was not a slave after all, even if he committed a crime, he was also an official prisoner, and he should be in a slightly better situation than the ordinary people. What's more, he is also a cultural man with splendid embroidery in his belly, and he has a gushing poetry that acts as a weapon against this absurd world. Thus, cursing bad weather, shoddy food, and unpredictable futures, they gathered, drank, wrote poems, and wrote, just as they had done in Jiangnan before.
On the Chongyang Festival in 1661, 18 exiled literati met to ascend to the throne, and the participant Zhang Jinyan wrote in a text: "The rock echoes around, the eyes are raised, the sky is windy, and there is a thought outside the dust." Then tie the horse hazelnut, burn the poncho and put the wine, and divide the Cao To drink. "One of the episodes of the party was that someone caught a pheasant in the next set and killed it, and Fang Gongqian, who was over sixty years old, secretly released it.
Gatherings became a highlight of bleak life. They formed the Society of the Seven Sons, a non-governmental organization similar to the Poetry Society, which met three times a month and composed poems in rhyme when they were drunk. The life of suffering is like a long dark road, and those hard-won joys are like a light that occasionally appears on this long road, and without the guidance and temptation of these lights, no one can go down a long dark road from beginning to end.
In a letter to Gu Zhenguan, Wu Zhaoqian called his poems "the leisure of a disciple, with chants in between." Just as the mourning geese stomped coldly, self-congratulatory and sad, An dared to compete with the six generations and three Tang Dynasties for its advantages and disadvantages." Wu Zhaoqian is also unforgettable to the long winter that seems to be impossible to see and the crazy cold: "The cold is unprecedented in the world, from the beginning of spring to the middle of April, the wind is like thunder and lightning, everything is lost, the rain is continuous from May to July, the snow is heavy in mid-August, and the river is frozen in early September." When the snow reaches the ground, it becomes solid ice, and there is snow for thousands of miles. ”
But in fact, it was these hard years that brought them a little softness and soothing poetry, which became an immortal work of posterity: Fang Gongqian's "He Burrow Collection" collected nearly a thousand poems, all written on the way to exile and in the exile of Ningguta, which is the first poetry collection in the true sense of Heilongjiang; Wu Zhaoqian was not only the only Border Plug poet in the Qing Dynasty, but also the last Border Plug poet in China. The world is like this, the willows are dark and the flowers are bright: bees collect honey at will, but they pick a huge spring; the exiles express themselves, but they stack up the peaks in the history of literature that cannot be bypassed.
Portrait of Gu Zhenguan
<h1>[Gu Zhenguan made "Golden Wisp Song" and touched Naran Sex de.]</h1>
In the winter of the fifteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1676), heavy snow fell in Jingshipu. In the cold courtyard of the Thousand Buddhas Temple, looking at the snowflakes that were flying one after another, Gu Zhenguan remembered his friend who was thousands of miles away. He was sad and could not be broken, so he hurriedly wrote down two words, which were the famous works in the Qing dynasty, "Golden Wisp Song". The words read:
(1) Is the season safe? Then he returned, and all things in his life, and he looked back. Walking leisurely who comforts, the mother's hometown is poor and young. I can't remember, from the previous glass of wine. The charm fighter should be accustomed to it, and always lose his rain and cloud hand. Ice and snow, circling for a long time. Tear stains are not dripping. Counting the ends of the world, still flesh and bones, how many can? It is more delicate than a red face, and it is not even more important today. Only the congestion, bitter cold and uncomfortable. Twenty-year-old Bao Xu promised to save the aconitum horse horn. Put this in place, junhuai sleeve.
(2) I have also drifted for a long time. For ten years, deep gratitude has been exhausted, dead and alive teachers and friends. Su Xiqi is not a thief, try to see Du Ling poor and thin. It has not been reduced, and the night lang is slang. Thin life long goodbye to himself, asking whether life has come to this point of desolation? Ten million hate, from the king. Brother Xin Wei Wu Ding ugly. Over time, frost breaks, premature aging willow. From now on, the word endowment must be done less, and the heart and soul must be kept together. I hope to get, Heqing Life. Gui Ni rushed to turn over the manuscript and passed on the empty name dish to him. The words are not exhausted, and the first sight is watched.
The word is epistolary, the previous chapter comforts friends, when the author lost his wife, and although the friend was exiled to the bitter cold place and abandoned his mother and son, after all, he was accompanied by a wife, so Yun "had a thin life than a red face, and even more than today", making the friend feel that he was not the most unfortunate person in the world. "Twenty years of Bao Xu's promise, hoping that the aconite horse horn will eventually save each other", borrowing the story of Shen Baoxu crying qin to save Chu, expressing the vow to save the fallen friend with all his strength.
The next chapter is self-pitying, pouring out the thoughts of friends for more than ten years, and comparing himself with Du Fu, and Li Baiyu Wu, who exiled Yelang, so there are clouds of "DuLing emaciation" and "Yelang sorrow". The last sentence, "Inexhaustible words, guan dun shou" was originally a cliché at the end of the epistle, which is used here to reflect the natural kindness. It is not painstakingly carved, nor is there a famous aphorism, giving people the feeling of being bland, such as speaking a common word, but it has touched many readers and become one of the most recited masterpieces in the Qing Dynasty, to the reputation of "a thousand autumns and absolute tones" (Chen Tingzhuo).
Gu Zhenguan's words touched a nobleman- Naran Zhide, the prince of the Prime Minister Mingzhu. According to the author's appendix cloud:
The second word is seen, and a few lines are wept, saying: "The poem of the river beam is born, and the legend of the dead friend of Shanyang is three." In the course of three thousand six hundred days, the brother should take up his duties, and do not ask the brother to ask for it again. Yu Yue: "Life geometry, please take five years." "The Wife of The Impregnation has also been promised. And Han Cha entered the Guan Yi with Xin You. Attached to the sense of zhi, and zhi pain cloud.
"The Poem of Farewell to Heliang Sheng" is the "Farewell Poem" of Li Ling and Su Wu in the "Selected Writings of Zhaoming", and the "Biography of the Dead Friend of Shanyang" points to Xiu's mourning of his deceased friend Ji Kang's "Thinking of the Old Endowment", which is the ancient song of lyrical friendship in classical poetry.
Gu Zhenguan's two pieces of "Golden Wisp Song" are sincere and heartfelt, and they do not let the former sages go by the slightest. Naran was a man of temperament, and since he was touched by Gu Ci, he said that his father, Mingzhu Zaixiang, Wu Zhaoqian finally returned to Beijing after five years. Naranjande later said in the "Sacrifice of Wu Han chawen": "The chapter of the Golden Wisp follows the sound and the weeping. I swear to return to my son, and this is the word. ”
Gu Zhenguan, number Liang Fen. At that time, he served as a tutor in the university Shinalan Mingzhu Mansion, and had a close friendship with Mingzhu's eldest son, Naran Zhide, the most outstanding lyricist of the Qing Dynasty.
Nalan Rongruo agreed, and gave Gu Zhenguan the "Golden Wisp Song", which contained a sentence: "Wu Jizi was born in the Absolute Domain, and everything else is left in front of him." Those who know me, Liang Fen'er! ”
Golden Wisp
Gift liang fen
De also has a wild ear. By chance, Zichen Jingguo, Wuyi Mendi. If there is wine poured only on the soil of Zhao Zhou, who will be born with this intention? If you don't believe in the Word, you become a confidant. The blue eyes sang and sang before they were old, and they wiped the tears of the hero in front of him. The moon is like water.
The co-ruler must be intoxicated this night. And by him, moth eyebrow rumors, ancient and modern taboo. He asked in a leisurely way, sneering and ignoring it. Think about it and regret it from scratch. A thousand disasters in a day's heart, the back of the body, fear of his life. Ranno heavy, Junsu ji.
<h1>[Wu Zhaoqian read a line and cried loudly].</h1>
When Gu Zhenguan pleaded with Naran Zhide for help in the Capital Division, his friend had already spent 18 Spring and Autumn seasons in Ninguta. Rescued by The Nalan father and son, in 1681, the imperial court agreed to Wu Zhaoqian to redeem himself in the name of the repair project. In November, after 23 years of exile in Ninguta, Wu Zhaoqian finally re-entered Shanhaiguan alive.
When he got out of the customs, he was still a young man with a flourishing style, and now he was an old man with gray hair.
His son Wu Juchen recalled that there was a mountain outside Shanhaiguan, but the same mountain had two names, and those who left the customs were called Huanqiling and those who entered the customs were called Huanxiling. On the night of entering the customs, Wu Zhaoqian's family stayed under the ridge, in front of the reverse travel lights, Wu Zhaoqian and his wife Ge Shi each told the scene of the customs clearance that year, and the past was almost as old as yesterday. A few days later, when he arrived at Kyoshi, he "gathered with relatives and friends, held hands and cried bitterly, and it was like regeneration."
The Kangxi dynasty poet Ding Jie has a poem "Out of the Plug", which is extremely written about the "grand situation" of exile in the northeast, which has clouds: "The beauty of the southern kingdom is more than the north of the country, and the famous scholar of the Central Plains is half Liaoyang." The verse may be exaggerated, but at that time, the provinces in the interior did reach the point of "no province and no one" in the northeast. According to Mr. Li Xingsheng's statistics, the total number of people in the northeast of the Qing Dynasty reached as many as 1.5 million. On the exile road from Jingshi to the northeast, we can see a large number of well-known celebrities or celebrity family members:
Zheng Chenggong's father Zheng Zhilong and his family, the family of Zhu Cihuan, the third son of Chongzhen, the family of Wang Jingqi, the descendant of Lü Liuliang, the family of Jin Shengsi, the Buddhist scholar and poet Han Ke, the scholar Chen Menglei...
Whether it is ordinary people or beautiful people, once exiled to the distant Ninguta by that invisible hand, it means that the tragic life has begun from then on, and it is almost an indisputable fact that the bones are buried in a foreign land. Therefore, Fang Gongqian and Wu Zhaoqian are both unfortunate and lucky.
Wu Zhaoqian was able to climb out of the pile of dead people in Ninggu Pagoda and return to the human world of the moon and the white wind, and Gu Zhenguan was very powerful. In a sense, the two Golden Wisps changed the rest of an exile's life.
However, it is a pity that after entering the customs, Wu Zhaoqian had a contradiction with Gu Zhenguan because of some trivial matters. After Nalan learned about it, one day, he called Wu Zhaoqian to the study, and when Wu Zhaoqian entered the door, he suddenly saw that there was a line written in the study: Gu Liangfen bent his knees for Wu Hancha.
Suddenly, the past was all on his mind, and Wu Zhaoqian cried loudly.
Stills from the drama "Confidant": Nalan leads Wu Zhaoqian to the place where Gu Zhenguan bent his knees for him
<h1>[Fang Gongqian's descendants: experience sighs].</h1>
Among the people who were exiled to Ninguta because of the Nanluke field case, Fang Gongqian was the first to survive. What is lamentable is that more than 50 years later, Dai Mingshi's "Nanshan Collection" case occurred, because Dai Mingshi quoted the works of Fang Gongqian's son Fang Xiaobiao, the deceased Fang Xiaobiao was opened in a coffin and poked in the body, and Fang Xiaobiao's son Fang Dengyi and others exiled Bu Kui (now Qiqihar). On the way to exile, Fang Dengyi naturally remembered the exile of his grandfather Fang Gongqian with his family in Ninguta decades ago, and he knew that half a century later, the tragedy would repeat itself. Fang Dengyi sighed and wrote poems:
Fifty years ago, on the day of the disaster, I was born after the car trip.
Do you know that today you cast your eyes in the wilderness, and read the poems of your ancestors?
Fang Dengyi was not as lucky as his grandfather, and both he and his son died in exile. Fang Dengyi had a grandson named Fang Guancheng, who when he was young, he rushed on foot to Bukui (present-day Qiqihar) Province and stayed for 5 years. After Fang Dengyi's death, Fang Guancheng secretly brought his grandfather's bones into Guannei for burial. Later, Fang Guan inherited the fate of the meeting, and always became a direct subordinate to the governor and became a prominent feudal official.
Fang Guancheng served as viceroy for twenty years. The poverty of the children of the exiles and the early life experiences made Fang Guancheng stand out among the officials of the mān hān (confused and sloppy). He did everything in detail, and was appreciated by the Qianlong Emperor for "handling things thoroughly". He was sympathetic and attached importance to life (in today's parlance, people-oriented): one year when the Cizhou bandits under his rule rebelled, he proposed to behead 3 people and hang 7 people. The imperial court thought that there were too few killings and suspected that he was "indulging"; the emperor issued 13 holy decrees in one day to criticize him. But he insisted on dealing with only these 10 most heinous criminals, and would never kill innocent people indiscriminately to meet his intentions.
The most famous is the "Intersection of The Kasa". One year, Fang Guancheng, who had once again gone north to the province, was walking alone on Shandong Road, and Shen Tingfang, a native of Hangzhou, and Chen Wei, a native of Hainan, happened to be riding together to Kyoto to take the exam, and the two saw the young Fang Guancheng walking all the way with the car, undertired, tired, but behaving strictly, and could not help but ask each other. During the conversation, Shen Tingfang and Chen Bi learned that Fang Guan had inherited his life and experience, and expressed deep sympathy, so they invited him to ride together. The problem was that the carriages were so small that they could only accommodate two people, so they decided to take turns walking thirty miles and sixty miles each way. The three of them went all the way to the capital. When Shen and Chen separated from Fang Guancheng, they gave Fang Guancheng a new piece of clothing to resist the wind and cold of the road.
Decades later, Fang Guancheng, who was already a directly subordinate governor, learned that Shen Tingfang (Shandong Denglai Qingdaodaotai) and Chen Bi (the prefect of Yunnan) were passing through their official residences on their way to Beijing to report for duty, so they immediately sent people to invite Shen and Chen to the palace.
<h1>Appendix</h1>
Wu Meicun (Wu Weiye 1609~1672, Zi Jungong, No. Meicun) once had a poem "Sorrowful Song for Wu Jizi", lamenting his encounter:
Life is thousands of miles and miles, and it is only a parting of the soul.
What is monarchy? Mountains are not mountains and waters, and life is not life and death is not death.
Thirteen studied the scriptures and studied history, and was born in Jiangnan Changyi.
Words are given to the crowd of Mobi, and white flies are seen in the row.
Once bound, it is difficult to take care of yourself.
Thousands of mountains cut off luggage, send officials to tears, and why do people rely on them?
He is still sad and has not returned, and I am sure that I will be finished.
In August, the dragon sand snowflakes, the hammer camel hanging down the waist and the horse has no ears.
White bones through the battle base, how many boatless people on the Black River?
Before the worries of the tiger and the back of the cang, the earthen nest steals like ants.
The big fish are like mountains without tails, and the beard is the wind and foam for the rain.
The sun and moon fall into the seabed, and the day meets the half-human ghost.
Oh my!
The birth man is smart and cautious, and Cangjie cries at night.
Suffering only from the beginning of reading, Jun did not see Wu Jizi!