Today tells the story of history between the 14th and early 20th centuries, where the Ottoman Empire controlled much of southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It ruled with an army for nearly 600 years, until World War I brought the empire to its knees until the empire officially collapsed after 1922, and the Republic of Turkey was established step by step. The Ottoman Empire's lack of modernization and poor education of its people were the two main causes of disintegration, but the Empire experienced many arts, cultures, and sciences and the religious achievements that existed for 600 years during the European renaissance of the 14th and 17th centuries, and many European territories flourished with art science and political thought.
Scholars and artists over Constantinople fled to Europe in 1453, mostly settling in Italy. These people would bring their ideas and help inspire more Renaissance ideas in Europe to make the Ottoman Empire languish in pre-Renaissance thought. Ideas between Europe and Asia naturally gained control over many through the Ottoman Empire, with major trade routes bringing high taxes and helping to finance the growing empire. It became crucial for many European countries to find new routes to find other ways of trade and exploration, and the Age of Discovery marked the first time European countries were looking for and exploring new routes. But the Ottoman Empire did not pursue any new routes, and a lack of exploration would have a negative impact on their future. The heights of the Ottoman Empire were under Suleiman's rule between 1520 and 1566, and the great rulers were ruthless and had absolute religious and political power. His army consisted mainly of slaves and had a strict military, and in 1571 the Ottoman Empire began to shrink. The Battle of Lepanto nearly destroyed the entire empire's navy, making it unable to defend its own coast and waterways in the early 1600s. The Ottoman Empire failed to compete with it, such as the newly discovered United States, which led to a decline in trade and economic weakness in Constantinople and other Ottoman cities that ceased to be trading centers. In the late 16th century, the Dutch and British closed trade routes through the Ottoman region, and inflation, high prices, and the introduction of new precious metals led to an imbalance in East-West trade. While Europe was moving from an agriculture-based economy to an industry-based economy, the Ottoman Empire insisted that agriculture and traditional trade favored handicrafts, but left the empire more backward than Europe.
Neighboring Sultan Mahmoud II sought to restore the declining empire through military and taxation, and he also began to build roads and repair infrastructure to save his kingdom after his death. A range of government-backed reforms, including political education and economic reforms. Reforms of 1830–1870, which hoped modernization would save the empire, were based on the French system and aimed at solving problems of commercial and criminal law. The Tanzamat reforms did help the Ottoman Empire enter the modern era, but unforeseen wars would have stopped the process. Tensions across Europe rose in the early 19th century, and a lack of industrialization and factories would lead to the collapse of the empire. Steel production in European countries such as Britain, France, and Germany allowed the establishment of railroads and other industrial products, and the Ottoman Empire would resort to the repayment of loans with agricultural products instead of precious metals to further their decline. The Ottoman Empire was unaware of the internal problems facing the empire, and most people in society thought their kingdom was superior to other countries, and they didn't think there was a need for change. After a series of Greek uprisings between 1821 and 1829, the empire had been shrinking for centuries, losing key regions of northern Europe and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire and Greece would enter Greece to accept an eight-year war, with Greece receiving support from Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottoman Empire received support from Egypt. The war ended with the liberation of Greece, the Loss of important territory by the Ottoman Empire, which had a series of conflicts with Russia between 1676 and 1877 and had long-standing problems with Russia.
During the Turkish War of 1877, the Treaty of Berlin was drafted and a new peace was established. After the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, the Ottoman Empire would lose important territories including Romania, Selvia, and Bulgaria. The Ottoman Empire lost almost all of its European territory, a major large-scale defeat that marked the empire's defeat. World War I broke out in 1914, and many historians agree that this was the last event that led to its downfall after the war officially began. The Ottoman War Minister would sign a secret treaty with Germany, the Ottoman Empire's resources were depleted, and the signing of a secret treaty between soldiers and the Germans would help strengthen the weakened Ottoman Empire, while also providing Germany with land access and warm water ports. The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed V wanted the empire to remain neutral, but his government had limited powers, and his senior advisers would push him to reach these agreements after August 2, 1914. The treaty was signed on October 29, 1914, without the signature of Sultan Mohammed V, showing divergent positions. Under the orders of Enver Pasha, the Ottoman Empire officially went to war after its naval fleet bombed Russian ports. As the Ottoman Empire fought alongside the central forces of Germany and Austria-Hungary, a more important problem arose within the young Empire in 1915, and the leaders of the Ottoman Empire drew up a plan to kill any Armenians living within the Empire. Over the centuries, the situation has been exacerbated by rising internal problems between the two countries, largely due to religious differences and the simultaneous handling of the foreign affairs of the First World War. Before 1914, the Ottoman Empire declared a holy war against Christians, and many Armenians would fight against the Ottoman Empire with Russia. The Sub-Armenian Genocide officially began on April 24, 1915, and between 1915 and 1922, nearly 1,000 Armenians were executed and more than 1.5 million Armenians were killed. Before 1914, more than 2 million Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire, when the genocide was 400,000. At the same time, the Assyrians committed genocide in the Ottoman Empire, in which some 750,000 Assyrians died, and between 1914 and 1920, about 750,000 Greeks living in the Empire were killed by young Turks.
World War I officially ended in November 1918. The Empire is struggling with a lack of soldiers and resources, about 14% of the entire Empire. The population of the Ottoman Empire would have died in the war with the highest number of civilian casualties in any country, more than 5 million Ottomans would have died in the war, more than 800,000 would have been military casualties, and more than 4 million people would have been due to lack of military service and widespread poverty. After the end of World War I, caused by massacres and disease, the Ottoman Empire was on the verge of collapse, and the Ottoman Empire signed the Udros Armistice with Great Britain, which represented its allies. The signing of the armistice on October 30, 1918, officially marked the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, who lost control of the railway and telegraph lines and was forced to recover on a larger scale. The Ottoman Empire would surrender their remaining territories in Syria and Palestine, further widening their land and resource shortages. The Turkish War of Independence between 1919 and 1923 overthrew Sultan Mohammed VI Wahden, ending the Ottoman Empire's final struggle and its official collapse. On October 29, 1923, the grieving Republic of Turkey signed the Treaty of Lushan, nine years after the Ottoman Empire entered world war.