Figure 1 Group of jade pendants The tomb of Princess Chen Guo was excavated
Liaojinyuan is an ethnic minority, with their own form of group jade pendants, which can be observed from the group jade pendants excavated from the tomb of Princess Chen Guo, and the shape and combination of group jade pendants in this period are very ethnic (Figure 1).
The Ming Dynasty was another prosperous period for the group of jade pendants. After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, he acted according to the Zhou rites, inherited the system since the Tang and Song Dynasties and developed somewhat, stipulating that jade was used in the crown dress system to reflect the rank of nobility, jade was the exclusive use of the highest ruling class, and the group jade pendant was worn by the princes and nobles, and there were detailed regulations on the use of the group jade pendant in the Ming Dynasty, such as: "(Emperor Crown) Yongle three years fixed ... Jade Pei II, each with Yu Heng I, Yu Yi, Ju ER, Chong Ya I, Huang II; Yu XiaXia Jade Flower I, Jade Drop II, Yu Adorned Cloud Dragon Pattern Depict gold. Descend from the lower line of group five, through the jade beads. The row punches the teeth, and the two drops touch the huang with sound. "The group of queens, crown princes, princes and princesses is basically the same as this. It is basically consistent with the group jade pendant shape system recorded in the historical materials and was excavated in the tombs of Ming Dynasty nobles such as Dingling Underground Palace in Beijing, Jiangxi Nancheng, and Jiangxi Nanchang. Judging from the current status of the group jade pendants found in these Ming Dynasty tombs and the shape system of the group jade pendants after restoration, the Ming Dynasty group jade pendants can be roughly divided into three categories:
1. A group of jade pendants strung with jade beads composed of heng, huang, ju, ju, and punching teeth (Figures 2, 3, 4)
Figure 2 Ming Dynasty Jade Group Pei Excavated from the Dingling Underground Palace in Beijing
Two sets of jade pendants (Figure 2) were unearthed from the Dingling Underground Palace in Beijing, with the same shape. There are 5 rows of ornaments, with a gold hook at the top, and the lower part is a jade heng, a jade ju, a jade ju, a jade chong tooth, etc., which are connected by a string of beads.
Figure 3 Group of jade pendants Unearthed from the coffin of Princess Peng of the Ming Yiduan King Zhu Youbin
The group of jade pendants (Fig. 3) excavated from the coffins of Princess Peng of The Ming Yiduan King of Nancheng County, Jiangxi Province, is composed of common components of jade pendants such as Yuheng, Yuju, Yuju, Yuchongya, Yuhuang, Yuhua, and Jade Drops, as well as a number of jade beads. There are gold hooks on the hoist, honing the lower group, and stringing jade beads with silk threads, which are connected to the ju and ju. Heng, Ju, and Huang are engraved with clouds on both sides.
Figure 4 Group of jade pendants Unearthed from the coffin of Wu, the wife of King Jing of Mingning
A set of jade group pendants (Fig. 4) was excavated from the tomb of Lady Jingwang of Mingning, consisting of jade ornaments such as Yuheng, Yuyu, Yuju, Yuchongya, Yuhuang, Jade Flower, and Jade Drop. There are golden hooks on the hoist, and the lower group is hoisted, and the jade beads are strung with silk threads, which are connected to the yu and ju, and the last hanging teeth are hung on both sides and drip, and the jade beads are strung in the middle, and the jade beads are as many as 450. Heng, Yu, Ju, Huang on both sides of the yin carved cloud pattern, engraved with gold inside; punching teeth on both sides of the yin carved cloud phoenix pattern, engraved inside the gold.
2. Group jade pendants based on leaf-shaped jade pieces (Figure 5)
Figure 5 Excavation of the Dingling Underground Palace in Beijing
Beijing Dingling Underground Palace excavated a group of jade pendants based on leaf-shaped jade pieces, at the top of the group pendants are lotus-shaped gilded copper heads, both sides are engraved with erlong play beads, and the lower part has 4 jade ornaments worn with yellow silk threads. Leaf-shaped jade ornaments are placed in pairs, and the jade ornaments are separated by small creatures such as jasper, agate, turquoise, crystal, lapis lazuli and other small particles, jade cicadas, mandarin ducks, fish, chickens and so on.
Figure 6 The tomb of King Yizhuang and his wife in the southwestern city of Jiangxi was excavated from the coffin of Concubine Wan
Group pei, which is dominated by leaf-shaped jade pieces, has also been excavated in the coffin of The Heir Apparent Princess Wanshi in the tomb of The 18th Year of the Ming Wanli Dynasty in Nancheng County, Jiangxi Province (Figure 6).
These leaf-shaped jade ornaments are all components of the group jade pendant, most of which are flattened and thin, resembling willow leaf shapes, and also have near-fish shapes and geometric shapes, and the leaf veins are carved on the leaf-shaped jade ornaments.
3. Group jade pendant composed of the above two types of hybrid composition (Figure 7)
Figure 7 The tomb of Zhu Yi, the Prince of Ming yixuan, Jiangxi Province, was excavated from the tomb of Concubine Li
The jade group pendant excavated from the tomb of Princess Li of The Ming Yixuan King of Jiangxi Province is a common component of jade pendants such as Heng, Yu, Ju, ChongYa, Huang, Jade Flower, Jade Drop, etc., and jade pieces of various shapes are interspersed with 352 small jade beads, with gold hooks on the hoist, honing under the group, and stringing jade beads with silk threads, connected to the Yu and Ju.
Figure 8 Ming Jade Hook The tomb of King Yixuan was excavated
Three jade hooks were unearthed in the coffin of King Xuanwang of the tomb of King Xuan of Ming Yi (Figure 8).
The 3 jade hooks are basically the same in shape, the hook tip is obliquely cut, the hook head is longer, and the perforation on the hook button is smaller.
Figure 9 Ming Dynasty Jade pendant construction diagram
The shape of the Ming Dynasty group pendants is observed from these ming dynasty tombs: the ming dynasty group jade pendants usually appear in pairs, consisting of cloud-headed jade pendants, rectangular jade, oval (or diamond-shaped) jade flowers, and honed pendants, which are interspersed with jade beads (Figure 9). The metal or jade hook at the top of the group jade pendant hangs the whole jade pendant on the waist; the perforation on the hook is connected with the top hole of the jade heng, the lower end of the jade heng has a 5-hole system group, the middle 3 groups are worn with jade beads, connected with the rectangular jade beads, each side is connected with the jade beads, the 3 groups of the jade beads are connected with the jade flowers, the two sides of the jade beads are connected with the jade flowers, the two groups of two groups of jade beads on both sides are connected with the lower jade drops, the outermost two sides are connected with the lower jade beads, and the middle group is connected with the lower jade beads, and the middle group is connected with the lower jade beads. The bottom end of the whole set of jade pendants is a punching tooth, two jade drops, and two jade huang.
Figure 10 Li Wenzhong's tomb Wenchen front group jade pendant
The Ming Dynasty peiyu developed, the Ming people maintained the ancient jade customs, there was a cloud head, flowers and leaves and other shapes of the string system, some of which are decorated with ganoderma lucidum, cloud patterns, etc., some are also embellished with eight immortal figure jade pieces, the way of wearing is: a group of jade pendants hanging on the belt, left and right (Figure 10), when walking, jade ornaments collide with each other, emitting a crisp sound, walking soothing, elegant posture, to show noble status, noble morality. The Ming Dynasty group jade pendant system matured and perfected day by day, they were worn in pairs on the leather belts of princes and nobles, and their jade ornament components and combined forms were recorded in line with the excavated objects.
The group jade pendant occupies a pivotal position in The ancient costume and ceremonial system in China, and is one of the most important jade pendants. As an important carrier, the group jade pendant has risen and fallen several times since the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty has prevailed again. It has both the characteristics of ceremonial jade and the eye-catching decorative function. With the gradual complexity and institutionalization of the structure of the group jade pendant, it is manifested as the richer and richer shapes and more extensive social functions, and while realizing the aesthetic function, it is given more political connotations and becomes a symbol or symbol of the status of the magnate.