In any case, we entrust ourselves to ourselves. Your own luck depends on your own creation or discovery. - Goldesmith
If you want your son to have good luck, throw him into the sea. - Spanish proverb
We must have mercy on those who do not know suffering, if there is such a wretch. --Romain Rolland
Each beast was whipped up to the pasture. —Heraclitus
Chinese prefer to talk about "fate", which is probably related to the concept of mandate of heaven and the popularity of Buddhist culture, for example, Confucius said "fifty and know the mandate of heaven", which means of course that the fate of man is predetermined, he is more than half a hundred years old to understand the mystery, so "fate" or "chance" seems to be a coincidence, it is actually a fixed number, it can not change anything, can only tease life.
But Westerners believe more in "chance," even though the science born in them is precisely devoted to "necessity." Westerners usually separate "science" from "humanity", and in the sense of "life" they are most opposed to determinism or fatalism, so Sartre said that "existence precedes essence", meaning that what your essence is depends on how you live or how you plan your life, you have no predetermined connotations, nor any predetermined nature, as a void shell, you must fill yourself through self-openness, free choice and self-creation.
Obviously, the former is "the unity of heaven and man", somewhat passive and passive; The latter is "man will triumph over heaven" and is somewhat arrogant and arrogant; So, who's right? Any straightforward answer to this question is probably not useful. Some people like to use the dialectical relationship between "necessity" and "chance" to attach to such questions, and the result is only to feel confused and confused. To do this, let's change the way we chat.
As soon as people are born, they are reduced to a chaotic and complex world, and in the face of all kinds of strange phenomena that have never been seen before, there is almost no ready-made way for you to cope, which is inevitably panicked and frightening. In contrast, if the electron comes out, the situation is much simpler, when the universe broke out not long ago, matter has not yet differentiated, in the electron's negative charge (equivalent to the human perception system) View, there is only one different thing in the world, that is, a positive charge that is undifferentiated (the corresponding electromagnetic properties such as protons), it only needs to meet it, or involuntarily be attracted to the past, and complete its own positioning existence (atomic steady-state structure is formed) in one fell swoop.
Therefore, people have to ask questions about the world, and the purpose is nothing more than to ask a way to live in a chaotic dilemma. Therefore, Chinese parents or saints will prepare a large set of survival methods and guidelines for their children, so that you will not be too busy to deal with it. However, compared with this overly complex world, the experience of the predecessors is really limited, and coupled with the changes in the world, the future generations are always facing a different pattern, so in the end, all kinds of admonitions and teachings inevitably become the trap of life.
Western philosophers seem to have understood this truth long ago, so they talk about freedom, risk-taking, agnosticism, and people will triumph over heaven, so that you can believe in yourself in confusion and move forward courageously, because the confusion at this time is indeed more effective than understanding, and it is at least not to mislead people because of self-righteousness. From this point of view, Sartre's point of view is clearly correct, or rather, appropriate.
However, this raises the question: Why is it that if you are confused, you may have a higher chance of success? This, in turn, has to start from the perspective of "the unity of heaven and man."
Man was originally the creature of heaven and earth, and he was therefore endowed with the potential of nature, otherwise he or his predecessors, that is, the ancestors of evolved organisms, would have been eliminated by natural selection long ago. In other words, everyone's personality tendencies, behavior patterns and even thinking rules are actually innately given, and the acquired learning process and organic behavior are, in the final analysis, just the mobilization and rejuvenation of genetic potential. Therefore, even if everyone receives the same kind of education, each person's personality and temperament will be very different; Therefore, everyone can't help but make mistakes in the same kind of problem, just like the cat-turned-beautiful woman in Aesop's fables, who can't help but pounce on the mouse at the sight of it.
Since this is the case, a person who does things according to his own interests, hobbies and intuition will of course produce a high probability of success and behavioral effects, because interests, hobbies and intuition are actually the signs and orientation of his innate qualities. From this point of view, the rationality of "free choice" is precisely due to the prescriptive nature of "the unity of heaven and man", and there is no slightest contradiction or contradiction between the two.
A typical biological experiment about genetic manipulation can illustrate the problem: there is an infectious disease in the bee colony called "Foul brood" or "putrid disease", which mainly affects larvae that are still in the hive.
Biologists have found that bees can be divided into two strains, "hygienic type" and "susceptible type", the two behavior methods are different, hygienic bees will pull the pupae out of the hive and throw it outside the nest, so as to avoid the spread of infectious diseases, and the susceptible type is indifferent, and the result is very harmful.
Rosenbüller (W.C . Rothenbuhler) crossed with two strains of bees, and the first generation of hybrids produced was all unhygienic, indicating that the genes that govern hygienic behavior were recessively inherited, and later, he used the first generation of hybrids to backcross with hygienic parents, and obtained offspring of three modes of behavior: the first type was hygienic; The second category is unhygienic; The third category is discounted, they can find the pupae and remove the wax cover from the hive, but the hygiene ends, they refuse to throw the worm outside the nest.
Rosenbile deduced from this that the unhygienic backcrossing species might simply not have the ability to uncover the wax cap, so he helped them open the lid, and sure enough, half of the bees immediately dragged the diseased pupae out of the nest, and even if the opened hive was a disease-free larvae, they had no pity or throw it away.
It can be seen that hygienic behavior is a fairly complex genetic combination, which involves three separate and contingencing actions of identifying the pupa, uncovering the wax cover and dragging the nest. You see, behavioral inheritance is so subtle that who would dare to say that his "chance" and "choice" are completely accidental and completely free?
Let's say you happened to have some kind of chance, but do you have the ability to identify that it is a rare opportunity? For example, if you make an important choice, do you have the behavioral endowment to carry that choice through to the end? If not, is that objective opportunity still "fate"? And isn't that the seemingly optimal "choice" leading you astray?
In fact, the premise of human beings to cope with the world is far more complex than that of animals, he is not only affected by many innate factors, acquired conditions are also a series of elements that cannot be ignored, because, from the perspective of the process of biological evolution, the more advanced species, the longer the process of growth and development, the more ability and content to participate in learning, that is, there is a natural provision that "the conditions for mobilizing and exerting their innate potential tend to become more and more complex".
It is like having a child whose mind raced newton, who was born in a poor and remote environment, and he did not have Zhu Yuanzhang's bold genes to rush out of the mountains and ancient temples, as a result, when he was a farmer, he seemed too smart and picky, and he wanted to be Newton and he did not know a basket of big words, even if you later transplanted him with the gene of courage, he could not help but fight with a gun, anyway, whether he could become an epoch-making scientist was always like an uncertain situation. At this point, can you still distinguish the line between "destiny" and "choice", "necessity" and "chance"?
So, for the above-mentioned problem of disorder, can we still give some theoretical integration for reference? This issue must be addressed in two steps.
The first step is to talk about "chance" and "choice".
From the standpoint of life or personal starting point, you must pay special attention to the mysterious chance, and fully respect your own free choice, that is, you must not believe in the rules of inevitability or the destiny of the future. You know, most of the good things in the world belong to the luck that can be encountered but not sought, and your directional effort can only be exercised on the path paved by this luck, grasping this good luck is called "choice", and giving up that bad luck is called "freedom".
If you lose your autonomy, obey the destiny, be at the mercy of others, and settle down to the situation, then the failure of your life will become a doomed ending, because even if you go with the flow and gain the stability of life, the opportunity that you can once self-determination but let you passively abstain is always like a brighter frame of reference, which will overshadow your current situation in comparison.
It must be known that "happiness" and "happiness" are purely a psychological feeling, what you like, must be the fit of your nature, lost this foundation, even if there are golden mountains and silver seas, glory and wealth, what does it mean? This is the truth of "the skin does not exist, the hair will be attached". What's more, an acacia bird in a golden wire cage can indeed enjoy food and worry about natural enemies, but who would say that it is a lucky bird?
The second step is to discuss the "necessity" and the "destiny."
Although from a personal point of view, your life is characterized by your free expansion and indulgence in creation, your own biological qualities and social stage are predetermined, and you cannot reshape or construct otherwise at will, of course, this can be ignored, and even only by ignoring it can you wield it and do everything. However, what will happen to the resulting free synergy or group effect?
Biologist Smith et al. have discovered a natural phenomenon called the "evolutiona-rily stabilization strategy" (ESS), the concept of which can be expressed as follows: In any biological group, even if each individual is free to choose the behavioral strategy that is most beneficial to them for their own activities, whether this choice is motivated by conscious considerations or unconscious instincts, they will eventually reach some kind of social steady-state equilibrium structure.
For example: Suppose there are two different types of individuals in an animal population with different behavioral characteristics, one is more brutal and fierce, we call it "hawkish"; One category is more cowardly and peaceful, and we call it "doves". In the competition, the hawks always have the advantage of bullying the pigeons, so either because the pigeons cannot find a wife and cannot pass on the seeds, or because the pigeons consciously learn to be arbitrary and become hawks, in any case, the number of pigeons will inevitably shrink. Henceforth, the competitors of the hawks will be hawks, and a small number of doves will hide from the sidelines. At first glance, these pigeons have suffered a lot of losses, but they have at least temporarily saved their lives, and they will always get a little bit of leftover juice, that is, their average return is still positive after all. The hawks fighting each other, either dead or disabled, will inevitably make both lose and lose, and their average returns have fallen into negative values at this time.
As a result, a contrary trend began to appear, and the number of hawks gradually declined, because the girls would steal the doves who liked grace and generosity, so that the descendants of the doves tended to increase, and even some members of the hawks would learn to be doves, so as not to die in vicious fights. In the end, the proportion of hawks and doves must return to the initial equilibrium, and in fact the range of fluctuations between the two is very small.
According to biologists, the stable ratio of hawks to doves is 7:5, that is, in this final grouping state, the average returns of hawks and doves are exactly equal. Of course, the actual situation is far more complicated than such a simple analysis, but no matter how varied the tricks, the final social equilibrium effect is nothing more than this. You see, after half a day of trouble, no one was able to take advantage of it, and everyone's free choice and hard work were hard at the beginning.
That's not the end of it. You know, once a society is formed, it has its own laws of evolutionary movement, and it will inevitably affect your "fate", "freedom" and "choice" in turn, and achieve a certain interaction between individuals and society. You cannot perceive this effect, because all you encounter is chance, and this chance force you to make all kinds of free choices, and this free choice urges society to gradually move towards the direction of destiny. Therefore, it can be said that the "chance" and "free choice" are purely a black eye mask. However, it is only because of its "blackness" that it will bring you unexpected joy and sorrow; only because of its "cover" can it lead you to the depths of life.
If the destiny is clear and clear, so that you can see through the stereotyped future of the whole life at a glance, then what hope and taste do you have in life? In this way, this precious "accident" created by heaven and earth is really an indispensable and inexhaustible stimulant of life. Of course, having said that, isn't it also through your endless excitement and excitement that God is able to make you a wedding garment for the "inevitable destiny" it has predetermined?