Chen Maiqing
The special exhibition "Three Wu Mo Miao" is currently on display at the Museum of Art and Archaeology of Zhejiang University. The exhibition exhibits a total of 93 pieces (sets) of calligraphy and paintings, trying to present the development process of Jiangnan calligraphy in the Ming Dynasty centered on Wumen.
There are many rare works in the exhibition, such as Zhu Yunming, who is the first of the "Four Houses of Wumen" in the history of calligraphy, and in this exhibition and catalogue, there are a total of six works, a large number, scroll albums, letters and small pieces are prepared, and how exquisite. Among them, the "Sleepwalking Warbler Cave Heavenly Record" is particularly eye-catching.
Exhibition Scene Photo: Lu Shaoqing
On the basis of the painstaking search and in-depth research of collectors and relevant scholars, after a series of preparations, the "Three Wu Mo Miao" exhibition carefully curated by Professor Bai Qianshen of the School of Art and Archaeology of Zhejiang University as an academic advisor and Professor Xue Longchun has finally opened. In front of the catalogue of the same name edited by Mr. Xue, there is a long monograph entitled "Literati and Calligraphy in Jiangnan in the Ming Dynasty", which opens with the academic purpose and significance of the exhibition, as well as the relevant extended regional concepts:
As the first regional genre in the history of calligraphy, the growth, rise and fall of the Wumen school has aroused special interest, in addition to those great artists and their followers, the generation of the genre, its operation mechanism, effects and drawbacks are the focus of researchers' attention. A proper explanation for this can not only have a deeper understanding of Jiangnan calligraphy in the sixteenth century, but also has great significance for understanding the ecology of calligraphy history after that--the ups and downs of various regional schools. Although this article focuses on Suzhou, where the Wumen school is located, the areas covered include Songjiang, Changzhou, Jiaxing, and even Nanjing, Yangzhou, and Ningbo in the south of the jiangsu Province.
Then, from "Revelation and Brewing: From the Early Ming Dynasty Song Ke (1327-1387) to Shen Zhou (1427-1509), Wu Kuan (1436-1504)", "Wumen Four Families: Zhu Yunming, Wen Zhengming, Wang Pet, Chen Chun in the Heyday", "The World's Calligraphy Returns to Wu Wu: Wumen Calligraphy under the Influence of Wen Zhengming", and "Surrounding Challenges: Calligraphers from Neighboring Areas such as Fengfang, Zhan Jingfeng, Dong Qichang, etc." With its solid foundation in literature and historical materials and long-term calligraphy art literacy, from the perspective of art history research, it not only comprehensively and objectively sorts out the main context of the important process of The development of Wumen calligraphy in the Ming Dynasty from its rise to its glory, and how it faces crisis and gradual change, but also outlines and highlights the literary, cultural, social, economic and other backgrounds that are closely related to it through the discussion and interpretation of a series of relevant calligraphers and their works, so that one by one as precious cultural relics produced and exhibited, it is revitalized into rare materials for academic research.
As Mr. Xue wrote: "The Wumen school was also brewed during the years of Chenghua and Hongzhi, and at this time Xu Youzhen (1407-1472), Liu Jue (1410-1472), Shen Zhou, Li Yingzhen (1431-1453), Wu Kuan, Wang Jun, and others were quite talented. Several of them were high-ranking officials of the imperial court, and their influence on the local area could be imagined. "The so-called high-ranking officials who have influence on the localities here probably mainly refer to Xu Youzhen, Wu Kuan, and Wang Jun, who have successively ascended to the position of Cabinet Minister of Taiwan. According to qian qianyi's album "A Small Biography of poetry collections in the Ming Dynasty" in the early Qing Dynasty, Xu Youzhen Wugong: "Poetry is accessible, and disdains carving chapters and sentences." In the evening, it was discarded, and between the strings and the strings, it was good to make long and short sentences to express its suppressed and exuberant feelings, and there was the wind of Xin Jiaxuan and Liu Gaizhi. Cursive writing is strange, conceited, mountain climbing near the water, drunken and sad songs, pen and ink, and paper is expensive. So far, Wu Xia has pushed the style of confucianism and elegance, and will also take martial arts as the leader of the cloud. Wu Shangshukuan: "Learning has roots, and words have no branches and leaves." The best Su Xue, the characters are also similar to the Changgong, and his poems are deep and depressed, becoming a family of their own. Young and studious, old and sedate... The wind is long, and it is still untouched. Wang Shaofu Jun: "Hongzhijian, the style of the style, the scholarly habits are mellow, the upright people are upright, such as the Admiralty Da Yongzhi in the Eastern Order, and the Second Duke of Zhongwu is the eyebrow, how sheng also ... The article takes the cultivation of cleanliness as the work, the scale of Han and Wang, quite a rectangular law; the poems do not specialize in the Tang Dynasty, in the Northern Song Dynasty like Mei Shengyu, in the Southern Song Dynasty like Fan Zhineng, steep and straight, in addition to the first zhengzheng law, it has its own family. It can be seen that in those years, he mostly used his own status to cultivate, and even the expectations of his elders, etc., presided over Wu Zhongfeng's elegance, flowing wind, whether it was literature and art, or self-cultivation, all of which had a far-reaching impact.
Xu Youzhen's "Water Dragon Poetry Axis"
In this exhibition, Xu Youzhen's cursive book composed his own "Water Dragon Yinzi" axis, that is, shortly after his retirement from his official return to his hometown, he and Zhu Hao and Liu Jue's friends who successively returned to Shili traveled to Lingyan, and after chanting and lyrical, they took advantage of the excitement and special gift of "Ishida (Shen Zhou)'s relatives" of the fine masterpiece, which was mentioned in the "Mr. Ishida's Poetry Notes", and the "Yilaotang Poetry" written by Ming Ren Yu Ben even said that "this word is popular among the population and spreads throughout the world" when describing Xu's You Lingyan. In the catalogue, there are also interpretation texts rewritten by Mr. Long Dejun based on the relevant articles written by Mr. Lin Xiao and Li Huijun, which can help to appreciate. If you look at the original hanging on the scene, the dot painting writing that flows with the flow of the music, the whole body posture that flows down, and let people have a more vivid visual intuition of the content of the words and compositions that express their chest and generous heart; and the scene of the elders ascending to the heights and leading the elegant style may give people a richer imagination, and have to confirm the mutual view with the historical texts.
There are also several skits with similar content in the exhibits, which can also be said together. For example, the fan page of Wang Jun's "Autumn Evening White Lotus Poem" is not only free of grass and has considerable charm, but also has a related fact, which seems to be quite helpful. The previously revealed "Yi Lao Tang Poetry" volume has a record:
Hongzhi Yi ugly, Wang WenKe Gong Ji Ding Nei worry, Gun Shou Lin Gong Shi Yuan Yan Wen Ke Xiu Junzhi. Shiguan in Xicheng Academy, there is a pot of white lotus in the garden, a sudden opening of a flower in the late autumn, Wen Ke has poetry, cloud: "If the buried basin is a pool, there is a branch in the pavilion of the jade pavilion." Not as few as Ge Kochi, Nain opened late to thank you. Before the court, Xiao Ri was self-charming, and the autumn wind on the river was empty. I want to raise a glass with this reward, the sky is high next month knowingly. Wu Zhong's gentry can poets and many people, and the enemy is very rare, but Zhishan Zhu Xizhe Shiyun: "The hotel autumn light juqu pond, the jade cup to reveal the pavilion liangzhi." Lonely cold may not be a real reward, why should it be late to open the cloth. Long hate Rokuro is not good, and what it is to hear ten zhangs in vain. Xu Yan bai yu opened a new rhyme, wanting to sit alone with Wei Hua. "Shi Zhi Shan Weng also pre-compiled the Chronicle of the County, so qian yunyun, for the word sinister rhyme, sentence and sentence post title, Wen Ke alone praise.
It was the eighteenth year of Koji (1505), and it was written in that year that this poem was written by King Zhiwang. At that time, the County Chronicle that was cultivated, that is, the "Zhengde Gu Su Zhi" published in the following year (Zhengde First Year, 1506), the seven people who were attached to the zhi: Du Qi, Pu Yingxiang, Zhu Yunming, Cai Yu, Wen Zhengming, Zhu Cunli, and Xing Shan, were all Wu Chinese scholars, and Wang Jun was in charge of his affairs, and he had to sing idly in the Zhiguan, and there were many people, so it seems conceivable that he was a master of the elegant alliance at the moment. In Wen Zhengming's "Futian Collection" (four volumes), there is also "The Work of Mr. Fenghe Shouxi's Autumn Evening White Lotus". As for Zhu Yunming and Wang Jun, the relationship is particularly unusual, as early as the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), Zhu Shi was appreciated by Wang Jun, the township test high school, mingren Lu Yue's "Mr. Zhu's Epitaph" described its events slightly more vividly, it is said: "Nian Nongzi, held in the township, so Princess Wang Wenke tried things, did not put his hand on the scroll, and knew that he would wish a certain one." Even if mr. Guode, Wen Keyi is self-satisfied, and I do not know people falsely. ”
In the second year of Hongzhi (1489) during the previous township examination period, Zhu Yunming, who went to Nanjing to borrow his father-in-law Li Yingzhen to prepare for the examination, due to a sudden and long-lasting illness, finally failed to take the exam, according to Zhu Shi's self-record in the "Zhu Shi Ji Strategy", from the middle of July of that year, to August 3, the attack, so he returned to Suzhou for medical treatment, and the fifty days healed. On September 20th during this period, coinciding with the burial of Zhou Geng (originally) a famous scholar in Wuzhong, Zhu Yunming, who was still ill, although he could not go to the full ceremony, was specially titled "Weeping Zhou YuanJue Yuanyuan Sentenced to Yuan(己酉九月20日授)." It is the poem of the Ri Gong who returns to the Xuan Mansion and cannot send it to the sick": "After the desolation of Ya Dao, he should be so sad." Slovaks are not easy to produce, and it is difficult to live in the middle. Peng Zhao will be untested, and the Year of the Rooster will be Mo Zhi. The heart was at the end of the week, and the eyes were not blind to strict kindness. The earth has Yan Yuandai, and the heavens have no knowledge. Negative Gong Zi a feast, looking west to the drooling. According to Guangxu's "Suzhou Fuzhi" volume 79 "Character Six", "Zhou Geng's character has been originally, and his original name is Jing." The family is a doctor, and Gengxi reads, works ancient words... Chenghua zhong, a famous doctor, resigned and reluctantly went to Beijing. Jian entered the imperial pharmacy, sought to teach the imperial doctor, moved to Nanjing Tai Hospital, and died. Geng is a man of pure and gentle manners, and his appearance is very calm. Although he is a medical officer, his karma is not abolished. His poems are somber and rich, with a strange atmosphere. Especially good deeds, but they do not do anything. At this time, Zhu Yunming, who was also famous for advocating ancient chinese and being good at calligraphy, mourned such a good villager as the Zhou family, and it was also common sense, but he still struggled to give poetry before the serious illness was cured, which seemed extraordinary. In this exhibition, a codex of Wu Kuanzhi Wang Jun revealed more information, according to the interpretation of Mr. Chen Wenbo in the catalogue:
On February 23, 1489, Wu Kuan's cousin, Zhou Geng (Ziyuan), the court of Nanjing Tai Hospital, died of illness in Nanjing, so Wu Kuan invited his former teachers and friends to write a tribute for him, and Wang Jun was among the invitees. Zhou Geng was buried on September 20 of that year, shortly before that, Wu Kuan wrote this letter and prepared a scroll for writing the sacrifice text, entrusted the people to send it to Wang Jun, urging him to start writing as soon as possible, and also asked Wang Jun to tell some of Zhou Geng's friends before his death, hoping that they would also be able to prepare the sacrifice text or gifts before the funeral. There are three sacrifice texts written for Zhou Geng, namely Wu Kuan's "Sacrifice Zhou Yuan yuan wen", Li Dongyang's "Sacrifice Zhou Yuan Yuan Yuan's Judgment Text", and Chu Wei's "Sacrifice Zhou Yuan Has Been Text", of which Chu Wei was written at the request of Li Yingzhen, while the sacrifice text written by Wu Kuan asked Wang Jun to be passed down to the world, and Wang Jun only has one eulogy poem entitled "Weeping Original Has Been Second Dagger Rhyme" that has been passed down to this day.
Wu Kuan's "To Wang Junzha"
He further pointed out: "At the invitation of Wu Kuanzhi to write an altarpiece for Zhou Geng, for the participants, it may be seen as a special 'collection of art on paper'—a form similar to the usual collection of yaji written with the same title to convey common feelings—a remembrance of the deceased, and at the same time, as always, a sense of belonging and identity to this ya group." "Zhu Yunming's inner and outer ancestors Zhu Hao and Xu Youzhen, and the woman Li Yingzhen, all of whom were celebrities in Wuzhong, and all of them were good friends with Wu Kuan, Wang Jun, Liu Jue, Shen Zhou, etc., and many of them had returned to the past; although Zhu Shi himself was thirty years old, he had already emerged with the famous scholars of his generation, such as Du Mu, Wen Zhengming, and Tang Yin, so he should have already been a member of this group after following his predecessors.
"Sleepwalking Warbler Cave Heavenly Record" Zhu Yunming
Zhu Yunming, the first of the "Four Houses of Wumen" in the history of calligraphy, has a total of six works in this exhibition and catalogue, a large number of which are available, scroll albums, letters and essays, and many exquisite. Among them, the "Sleepwalking Warbler Cave Heavenly Record" is particularly eye-catching. This is the 1502( 1502) July, when the forty-three-year-old Zhu Yunming arrived in Nanjing, "because he lived in the residence of the late Jinwu Yijiang Linggong", he wrote this long fu written for the master and wrote it in fine letters, with beautiful words, beautiful pen and ink, and high style. According to the interpretation of Mr. Gao Mingyi in the catalogue, the "Duke of Yijiang" was named Huang Lin, and Shao Zhu Yunming was ten years old, who was the jinyi wei commander of the emperor stationed in Nanjing at that time, and his uncle Huang Ci was once the superintendent of ceremonies, and his father Huang Jing'an (named untestable) served as a forbidden army, all of whom were powerful and noble. Therefore, Mr. Gao finally pointed out: "Zhu Yunming exhausted his talents in the half moon, and used his canonical ability to produce fuwen to greet Huang Lin, in addition to his collection from the imperial palace and mostly Song calligraphy, which is a treasure house for Zhu Lin's study, Huang Lin's prominent background, or Zhu Yunming's shortcut to The Beginning of the Fifth Year of Hongzhi (1492)." Nearly thirty years ago, in the preface I made for the publication of the humble book "The Genealogy of The Wish for the Next Year", I wrote this thought:
It is said that Xi Zhe was a person who was "simple and informal", "proud of the time, and out of the dust". On the basis of examining his life experience and life experience, this spectrum pays more attention to the investigation and study of this. Through his early years of the Five Ying Township Lifting and the Seven Examinations ceremonial department, in order to seek merit; the middle age jian refused to be persuaded by friends to try the Jia Section, but still from the Gurudwara to get the official, out of Shizhou County; until the late years of abandoning the official and returning to the field, indulging in wine, wandering the landscape and this series of facts, showing the whole process of the formation and development of his personal character and life attitude. At the same time, on the one hand, he despised the emptiness of keju and advocated ancient chinese words, on the other hand, he advised his friend Tang Yin to study keju Chengwen in order to gain the highest name in the subject; on the other hand, he let go of the poetry and wine, and on the other hand, he lamented that "Bu Ju pitied Quzi, saying that the sword remembered Zhuang Sheng" and other situations, reflecting the contradictions and complexities of his inner thoughts. Through his denunciation of the emptiness of science and the hypocrisy of etiquette, and deeply admiring the literati's words such as pen and tongue, he explored the reasons for his wandering skeleton and cynicism. These may still have a certain significance for a comprehensive and true understanding and understanding of Zhu Yunming's personal affairs.
"Sleepwalking Warbler Cave Heavenly Record" (partial) Zhu Yunming
And Zhu Yunming's interaction with a noble eunuch and his family such as Huang Lin is just a very interesting and very noteworthy example, but due to the knowledge of the conditions at that time, according to the relevant works, in the genealogy of the fifteenth year of Hongzhi (1502), the genealogist wrote the book "Kai Mei Fu" for the birthday of He Huangzhang and his wife, and it is not known that Huang Zhang's life story is unknown, let alone that he is Huang Linzhong's brother. And the "Yijiang Fu", which was born in the same year, is only known to be the Zhu's handwriting in the Shanghai Museum, and it is also regrettable that it was not seen because it was written for Huang Lin. However, in later readings, I saw such a record in the "Essays of Liu Nan" by Wang Yingkui (1680-1757) of the Qing Dynasty:
Zhu Zhishan composed "Sleepwalking Yinghua Cave Heavenly Record", the best handwritten book, to the Tibetan Wu County. Kangxi Yiwei, Wu Rebellion Sangui sent people to Wu to collect ancient calligraphy and painting utensils with thousands of gold, so they bought this book for three hundred gold. Shi Wuyi Gu Weng Snow Slope (Wen Yuan) is suitable for the county, with a double hook copied out. Yu saw it from Wen Ning (Shi Rong), the nephew of Xuepo, and the beginning of the volume has the white text "Nanxi Caotang" seal, and at the end of the volume there is the Zhu Wen "Xizhe" seal, which is also copied by Xuepo. Wen Wu rebelled against the messenger to return with a full load, crossing the river and overturning the boat, this true book was taken by Long Bo, and there is no return in the human world.
Nowadays, in the face of physical objects, under the aftertaste, I know that the exhibits are rare, so although I feel more emotional, I am still glad to see the blessings.
"Three Wu Mo Miao" is not only calligraphy, characters, regions, genres, but also historical sites, details, scenes, and events; such an exhibition not only demonstrates the research ideas of calligraphy history and even art history, but also broadens the exploration horizons of academic culture, social history and many other fields.
Editor-in-Charge: Ruoxi Chen
Proofreader: Yan Zhang