Jianyang, located in the north of Fujian Province, upstream of Jianxi, southern foothills of Wuyi Mountain, is one of the five oldest counties in Fujian Province.
The culture here is brilliant, the five dynasties and two Song Dynasties period is the political and cultural center of Fujian, especially the black glazed porcelain represented by the jianyao jianzhan, which is famous in the world. As everyone knows, Jianyang, which is stained with literary style, is also the "house of books".
Jianyang Ancient City, Kaoting Ancient Street
The history of Jianyang inscriptions is very long, starting from the five dynasties, flourishing in the two Song Dynasties, continuing in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and continuing until the late Qing Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Jianyang was already one of the four major engraving centers in the country. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the engraving and engraving skills of Jianyang Masha and Shufang were even more famous.
In the Song Dynasty, the engraved and engraved books of Jianyang Bookstore were very proud, and Jianyang was called "Ma Sha Ben", also called "Jianben" and "Min Ben", which was the same as the "Zhejiang Ben" of Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and the "Shu Ben" of Chengdu.
Jianben also created a number of firsts: the world's earliest copyright and copyright notices, the earliest advertising on the cover of books, the creation of imitation Song style and so on.
Today, Xiaobian will take everyone to "flip through" the jianjian books and feel the fragrance of literature and ink books more than 900 years ago.
Engraving of the building book
1 Rise: Culture and education flourish, and books are soaked
When education prospers, talents prosper, and talents prosper and causes prosper.
As a result of the popularity of reading, Fujian talents have emerged, such as thinkers Zhu Xi and Li Zhen, calligrapher Cai Xiang, astronomer Su Song, famous general Shi Lang, world forensic science originator Song Ci, historian Zheng Qiao, lyricist Liu Yong, national heroes Zheng Chenggong and Lin Zexu, thinkers Yan Fu and Lin Shu, patriotic overseas Chinese leader Chen Jiageng, and literary scholar Bingxin.
Jianyang engraving books are developed and have close ties with the local society, politics, economy, culture, geography and even population at that time.
Statue of Zhu Xi in Jianyang Kaoting Academy
During the Two Song Dynasties, northern Fujian was relatively stable because it was located in the southeast, far from war, which won unprecedented development opportunities for the local area and Fujian. In particular, the Song capital moved south, and northern Fujian became a corridor connecting Fujian with other provinces. A large number of Central Plains people moved south, and Jianyang became an important base for spreading Central Plains culture.
Jianyang is rich in pear wood, varieties include sydney pear, noodle pear, winter pear, early flower pear, iron pear, wood pear and so on. These pear woods, red or white, with excellent texture, are good materials for engraving engravings. In addition, northern Fujian is also rich in moso bamboo, and paper made of moso bamboo has a tough texture and is a good material for printing books.
Well-made book
The southward migration of the cultural center has made Fujian culture lead the national trend in many aspects. For example, in the culture of the Imperial Examination, there were as many as 6869 jinshi in Fujian during the two Song Dynasties, accounting for more than one-fifth of the national jinshi during this period. According to the statistics of the "Song Shi Zaifu Table", there were 35 people from the Fujian position to zaifu in the two Song Dynasties, including 15 in northern Fujian; the "Biography of Song Shi Rulin" introduced 18 famous Confucians in Fujian, of which 9 were in northern Fujian.
Jianyang was the "university town" of Fujian in the 11th century (pictured is the famous academy Kaoting Academy)
It is worth mentioning that the "Kaoting School" represented by Zhu Xi gave a lecture here. There are many colleges and universities, and it is not only jianyang children who come here to study, but also many students from all over the world who come to learn. Jianyang thus became the "university town" at that time. At its peak, nearly 20 colleges were built in the Masha area alone.
Kenmoto,Gintei shi》
The culture of the academy provides a good environment for the development of Jianyang engraving and book industry, so that the number of engraved books in Jianyang ranks first in the country. Zhu Xi said in the "Jianyang County Xuezang Secretary": "The Jianyang version of the book, from the Six Classics, down to the teachings, the four directions, all are far away. ”
The existing Jianben engravings have witnessed the prosperity of the Jianyang engraving book industry
2 Innovation: Many firsts, the height of the good
Jianyang engraving books are commonly known as "Jianben", and the books engraved and printed by "Jianben" are complete and numerous. Sometimes, Jianben, also known as "Minben", is the Fujian engraving, indicating that the engraving industry in Jianyang represents the mainstream of the Fujian engraving industry.
The "Jianben" books have a complete range of books and a large number of books, creating a number of firsts and creating the Fujian "height" of Song Dynasty books.
According to the "Bibliography of Ancient Chinese Books", the "Jianben" books of the past dynasties have been listed as national ancient books and rare books, including 480 kinds of history books, 505 kinds of sub-books, 304 kinds of collection books, and 8 kinds of series books. According to the Ancient and Modern Book Carvings (by Zhou Hongzu), there were already 366 kinds of Jianyang inscriptions in the Ming Dynasty alone. Ming Jiajing's "Chronicle of Jianyang County" records as many as 451 kinds of engraved books in Jianyang Bookstore.
A complete book
The world's earliest copyright and copyright notice
The world's earliest copyright and copyright notice was born in Jianyang and was issued by Zhu Mu, a student of the famous theologian Zhu Xi, during the Southern Song Dynasty.
In his later years, Zhu Mu was in Shuinan Village, Masha Town, Jianyang District, Nanping City, Fujian Province, and the compilation and engraving of "Fang Yu Sheng" and "Four Six Treasure Garden" were stolen by local booksellers. Through the government, he issued a proclamation strictly prohibiting piracy. This year was the second year of Song Jiaxi (1238 AD), and the official agencies that issued the document were the Two Zhejiang Transshipment Division and the Fujian Transshipment Division. This predates the Encyclopædia Britannica that "the original form of copyright occurred in the late 15th century."
Song Ben Zhu Mu's "Fang Yu Sheng Lan" book shadow
The earliest book cover ads
Books before the Song Dynasty did not have a cover (title page), and the title generally only appeared in the first line of the volume, and the author's title was below the title.
The earliest surviving book cover is the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms of the New Quanxiang engraved in Jian'an Shutang in the 31st year of the 31st century AD (1294 AD). The cover depicts "Three Gu Maolu Tu", the upper part is the horizontal book "Jian'an Shutang", there is the "Jia Wu New Issue", and there are flower fish tails on the top and bottom. Since then, the Jian'an Yu clan has engraved and printed the "Five Kinds of Commentaries on the Whole Phase", of which the cover pattern of the "Three Kingdoms Zhiping Dialect" is extremely similar to the Jian'an Shutang Ben. For the rest, the typography is similar. In the sixteenth year of Zhizheng (1356 AD), Liu's Cuiyan Jingshe inscription "New Publication Foot Indicates Ben Guangyun", eight big characters are the title of the book; the above horizontal book "Cuiyan Jingshe" is the publishing unit. The vertical row on the left is "Zhizheng Shen Midsummer Embroidery Zi Printing Line" signs the publication time, and the vertical row on the right "Five Tones and Four Sounds Cut Rhyme Atlas Detailed" is a compilation style, and there has been an idea to advertise on the cover of the book.
The cover created by Jianyang Bookstore with title, author, publisher and time led the trend of the country, was imitated and popularized everywhere, and is still used today.
Liu's Cuiyan Jingshe engraving "New Publication Foot Notation Ben Guangyun"
The earliest book illustrations
In order to attract readers, the engravers of Jianyang Bookstore created and published a large number of books with novel themes, and some also inserted drawings into texts, creating a precedent for illustrations of ancient books. Therefore, the addition of illustrations to the main text is an important feature of the historical construction.
Its main feature is the figure below above, with the figure supporting the text. Historically, the earliest Confucian classics were illustrated with prints, so that the ancient and Ao texts could be popularized for readers to read, which was the innovative Jianyang Bookstore during the Southern Song Dynasty. There are also inscriptions passed down from generation to generation, such as the "Six Classics Diagram" and the "Mutual Annotation of the Drawings" of the Various Scriptures.
This book is illustrated with Confucian classics
In addition, the earliest editions of the famous popular novels "Journey to the West", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", "Yang Jiajian" and so on are all from the "House of Books".
Illustration of Jianning's book
The construction of this book pioneered the illustration of ancient books
Newly created imitation Song style
Due to the calligraphy attainments of the calligraphers and the objects of the teachers, the fonts used in the jianben are diverse. For example, there are imitations of the Song Huizong's thin gold body of the Southern Song Dynasty's early Jianyang engravings "Zhou Yi Zhuan" and "Jin Shu"; there are imitations of Ouyang Inquiry's "Tang Zhu Tao Poems" and so on. However, in general, the style of the Song Dynasty Jianben is mostly similar to the Yan (Zhenqing) body and the Liu (Gongquan) body, such as the Song carved version of "Zhou Li" and "Li Ji", as well as Huang Shanfu's engraved "History" and "Book of later Han", etc., and the interstitial gestures and strokes of their books are between Yan and Liu. It is characterized by a square structure, rigorous strokes, sharp edges, thin and powerful.
Build a book of multiple fonts
The "imitation Song script" that we are widely used now, its source is the Song Jianben engraving font. The "thin gold body" created by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, Zhao Tuo, used this style in large quantities in the engravings of Jianyang in the early Southern Song Dynasty, and in the 1920s, the Zhonghua Book Company created the "antique imitation Song style lead character" based on this jianben engraving font to print the books it published. This font is still used in the printing industry today, called "imitation Song script" and "long Song style".
The imitation Song style created by Jianyang Bookstore is still in use today
3 Innovation: Multiple firsts, the height of the good book
During the heyday of Jianyang's engraving book industry, book dealers and vendors around the world came and went. "Xijiang estimated that guests came to Jianyang, did not carry orchids and medicinal herbs, decorated the jiangshan really well, and sold books in Mashafang." This is the early Qing Dynasty poet Cha Chubai's description of the grand situation of Masha and Shufang. When Liu Kezhuang was appointed as the commander of Jianyang County, he was greatly moved after witnessing the grand situation of the two squares of engraved books: "The weiwei examination pavilion is Song Que Li, and the tombs of the two squares are prepared, and the strings of the house are recited." ”
Jianyang Shufang Township
With its long history and brilliant achievements, Jianyang Engraving Book Industry has made great contributions and made great influences in the history of Chinese cultural dissemination and cultural development. This influence, in turn, due to the power of the book itself, goes to the whole country and the world.
Xiong He, one of the "Seven Sages of Jianyang" in the Song Dynasty, said: "Erlang Wei, Throw Liang Dong, books Japanese Goryeo Tong." "Erlang Wei, throw Liang Bei, Wanli Car Book through the country." The Quanzhou sea vessel carried five-color valerian silk and "Jianben" books to exchange ginseng and cloth with Silla. Zhu Mu's "Gathering of Facts and Texts" was once circulated in North Korea and was widely circulated as a movable type.
In the Song Dynasty, China's trade with Japan was a major number of books, and the "New Sculpture Dynasty Fact Garden" was circulated to Japan. In 1621, Emperor Mizuo of Japan reprinted it and gave it to the ministers of the gongfu, prompting Japan to set off a wave of learning Chinese culture. According to the "Bibliography of Chinese Popular Novels", the novels engraved by jianyang bookstore in the Ming Dynasty have more than 20 versions abroad alone.
Song Zhu Mu's "Gathering of Events"
The vicissitudes of the world have been in the past hundreds of years, and things have changed stars for several spring and autumn. In order to restore and inherit the engraving and printing technology, "Jianben Engraving and Printing Technology" was included in the "First Batch of Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Projects in Fujian Province" in October 2005. In March 2015, Jianyang was officially listed by the state as "China Printing Museum Fujian Jianyang Printing Culture Protection Base". In the same year, the Jianben Association was established, and 12 provincial and municipal Jianben engraving and printing technology inheritors were selected, and the leading role of the inheritors was vigorously exerted.
In 2005, Jianben engraving and printing technology was included in the first batch of "intangible cultural heritage" protection projects in Fujian Province
Since 2012, the governments of Masha and Shufang have invested millions of yuan to build a "Jianben" exhibition hall in the cultural square; built a large -- Jianben" carved stone statue in the "Floating Cuiyuan" park; set up a "Jianben" cultural corridor on the Youshu Cultural Square; published and published a book that comprehensively reflects the historical evolution and inheritance and development of the "Book House" and "Masha Ben" to let the majority of readers further understand" Ma Sha Ben", learn about the rich historical and cultural heritage of Ma Sha, the "house of books".
Jianyang Jianben Cultural Exhibition Hall
In the future, Jianyang will also increase the training of Jianben talents, cultivate more inheritors of Jianben engraving and printing technology, and promote the research and elaboration of Jianben culture, education popularization, protection and inheritance, innovative development, and communication and exchange.
Wu Gang, the inheritor of Jianben culture, demonstrated his exquisite engraving skills
Source: Minsheng Media