On 20 June 1789, the National Assembly planned to meet in the halls of the Palace of Versailles, but the delegates were shocked to find that the palace door was locked. The Grand Steward told the President of the National Assembly, Jean-Sivan Bai, that versailles had been requisitioned by the royal family. Finally, led by two brave men, the indignant deputies of the National Assembly came to an old tennis court nearby and issued a solemn revolutionary oath here: "Never disband without the constitution being made and adopted!" "At the same time, the royal family has worked out ways to suppress this madness. Although Jacques Necker proposed a cautious compromise that was endorsed by the king, the extremist parties insisted on taking a radical approach and eventually gained the upper hand. On June 23, 1789, the deputies of the National Assembly were forced to stand in the rain for a long time before being called into the Great Hall. Although not on intent, the king read a statement to them: "The various levels of the Council of the Three Levels shall deliberate and vote separately as before, and if there are differences, it is up to the King himself to decide what is in the interest of the people." The delegates scoffed at this stupid argument. When the Grand Steward announced the dissolution of the National Assembly in accordance with ancient etiquette, the Count of Mirabeau, whose writings and remarks were influential in France at the time, told the Grand Steward: "They were gathered together by the will of the people, and only the bayonet could dissolve them." "A few minutes later, the National Assembly adopted an oral decision stipulating that members of the National Assembly are sacrosanct and that anyone who violates a member of the National Assembly will be sentenced to death.
Tennis court oath
Demonstrations in Paris openly supported these bold initiatives, which sent panic to the royal family. As early as the Coup d'état of the Bourbon Dynasty, the monarch often suppressed opposition in the feudal parliament. Today, the royal family thinks that as long as the king is present, the National Assembly will be silent like the old parliament. It is said that after learning what had happened, the king simply said, "If they want, let them stay there." "His weak character dictates that he will not respond positively to developments. Previously, a considerable number of lower priests had joined the third class, and soon, the nobles who were expecting change also joined the third class. But others in the aristocratic hierarchy remain indifferent. Eventually, the aristocracy realized that refusing to join the National Assembly would have no result. Thus, at the request of the king, the nobles also joined the National Assembly. By this time, the National Assembly had been widely accepted. In fact, Louis XVI did this primarily to conceal the royal family's true purpose, which was to deter the third estate and achieve victory, because the royal family despised and feared the third class. Regardless of the king's motives, Jacques Necker was favored for proposing a three-tier council, but unfortunately he stepped down on 2 July 1789. Subsequently, a government of soldiers and conservative aristocrats was formed, which was unpopular and had little influence. The National Assembly was alarmed to find that an army of thousands of men was massing in Versailles and that a powerful armed force was advancing towards the capital. Suddenly, rumors spread in France—the royal family had said that "the best place to rebel against parliament should be a prison," and Queen Marie Antoinette sent her children into the noble army and asked, "Will their swords keep me safe?" Also, in an organization called the Carnival, the noble ladies used all sorts of strange tricks to confuse the young cavalry.
In the restless paris, news of the army gathering spread rapidly, igniting the flames of the uprising and quickly developing into a raging fire. On July 12, 1789, in order to maintain peace, a proclamation "on behalf of the king" was issued. At this time, the main avenues and squares of Paris were occupied by strange armies, the mercenaries of the king from Germany and Switzerland. This sight caused panic and indignation among the population. Angry speakers rallied at the Royal Palace in Paris to make generous statements. People paraded with the heads of Jacques Necker and The Duke of Louis Philippe Joseph de Orléans. The Duke of Louis Philippe Joseph de Orléans became an idol of the populace for his fierce opposition to the royal family. In order to disperse the crowd, the German mercenaries used several unarmed men to kill several French Royal Guards. The road to the Tuileries Palace was filled with foreign troops and onlookers. These events are not important in themselves, but they ignite a fire of anger in the hearts of the people. Harsh discipline and harsh treatment are bound to provoke discontent, which is evident not only in the Royal Guard and other armies, but also in the deceptive rhetoric of the mob. The city garrison, including the Royal Guard, was recently placed under house arrest in military barracks. When the news of the death of their comrades came, the Royal Guards could not stay any longer and launched an attack on the German mercenaries. The first armed uprising alone disrupted the original military power layout. The cry of "the nation will never die" kept coming from the barracks where the army was stationed in the capital. A few hours later, even foreign mercenaries were infected, frustrated and compromised and declared that there would be no more bloodshed. In this way, the only thing the indignant mercenary officer could do was to gather the demoralized soldiers and retreat. After the strange intruders disappeared, the streets of Paris were filled with joy and excitement. The terrible, worthless regime collapsed. On the night of July 12, 1789, the city was in a state of turmoil, and thousands of poor people—who later became the Rule of Terror—poured out of their humble dwellings and disappeared into the crowd. They looted shops and stormed the Municipal Hall in order to get weapons. On the morning of July 13, 1789, the old regime was no longer in control, and a provisional committee of the heads of the sixty districts of Paris took over power in the capital. The committee sought to create an organization that would somehow direct and regulate the movement. Citizens formed the Self-Defense Forces, whose members wore red and blue hats. They either find weapons as much as possible or accept generous weapons donations. A head of the District Council, Mr. de Fleisses, was appointed Chairman of the Commission. Although the purposes of the members of the Committee vary, the overall intention is the same: to keep the riots under control. This is the origin of the world-famous Revolutionary Government of Paris and the National Guard, which had a profound significance in the Revolution.
Although the revolutionary movement is suppressed by these means, its power is growing at an alarming rate every day. Conscription became common in Paris, and recruits were incorporated into the New Municipal Army. The streets are lined with spears. The mob snatched all their weapons, pulled back the ancient cannons, tossed the armor of the feudal era around, and destroyed swords and muskets in the arsenal at will. Still, there are many good people in the National Guard who have prevented the indulgence of the recalcitrant populace. Although a series of events have accelerated the revolutionary process, the moment when the violent elements are overwhelming has not yet arrived. The ranks also included a section of the upper and middle classes, much to the outrage of the royal family, as evidenced by the performance of the royal family in later demonstrations. And the uprising was just a masterpiece by some thugs, inspired by leaders with ulterior motives. In the afternoon, the Royal Guard defected to the National Guard, and although some officers protested in horror, it was ultimately in vain. In the midst of fanatical jubilation, the Royal Guard became the First Corps of the National Self-Defense Force and played an important role in the events that followed. On July 14, 1789, a large group of members of the Self-Defense Forces entered the Invalides and took a large number of weapons from the arsenal. The internees in the hospital had to swallow their breath. By this time, the number of people who had assembled regularly or irregularly had reached nearly 80,000. During the whole process, the National Guard encountered no resistance. This has undoubtedly encouraged them to take bolder action to a large extent. On the border of Saint-Anthony stands the famous Bastille, a symbol of ancient despotism and notorious for its mysterious horrors. The National Guard decided to attack this terrible place. Countless armed people flocked to this place. When the negotiations failed, they rushed across the suspension bridge to the inner courtyard to eight eerie towers, the site of the terrible dungeon. Although they were temporarily repelled by muskets, after the Royal Guard brought in cannons, white flags soon flew on the walls of the city, and the prison commander Delaunay had to surrender because of intimidation. The victors stormed the ancient prison and discovered many secrets — ancient instruments of torture and prison records. While they were proud of their feat, the victory was not flawless, but full of cruelty and violence. Delaunay and his men were brutally killed, their heads were picked up on spears and held high, and there are many more scenes like this later. De Fletsels was also attacked and shot because of rumors that he had deceived the population. In addition, there have been several shootings. It is gratifying that the National Guard maintains a fairly stable order at this time. This upheaval was not so much a testament to the cowardice of the royal family as it was to bring terrible chaos.
Attack the Bastille
At this point, the campaign for violent reform, control of the Constituent Assembly and deterrence in Paris ended in France. The capital eventually fell into the hands of unknown revolutionaries. It turns out that the military is only the main tool for gaining power and cannot be trusted. The royal family's extremist parties were both shocked and furious. The King's brother Charles Philip, Count of Artois (later Charles X) and two other magnates of the same rank angrily declared that they could not accept these events, and fled the border in a hurry. The nobles who originally supported the king abandoned the king and emigrated, beginning the history of aristocratic immigration. The dark features of that era are evident. The Constituent Assembly loudly condemned the atrocities orchestrated by the Crown. The queen is also said to have participated in this veritable St. Bartholomew-style royal atrocities, and count Mirabeau unequivocally satirized the queen's actions. The cunning Louis XVI quickly reached an agreement with the powerful Constituent Assembly, dissolving the cabal of ministers and recalling Jacques Necker. The Constituent Assembly listened with sincere goodwill to the king's defense, who considered his main fault to be too naïve. Soon after, the Constituent Assembly invited the king back to Paris. Queen Marie Antoinette, believing that the matter was an affront to royal authority and that she was well aware that she was not loved, cried and begged the king not to agree. Nevertheless, the king agreed. The people rejoiced in their victory and rejoiced in the rights they had acquired. In one speech, Louis XVI was called "conquered", and the king himself accepted the "joke" with peace of mind. In fact, everything that happened at that time was approved by the king. The Provisional Committee had its own name, the Revolutionary Government of Paris, and had very great power. Jean-Sivan Baie, chairman of the third estate, was appointed mayor of Paris, and Gilbert de Morty, marquis of Lafayette, loyal to reform, was appointed commander-in-chief of the National Guard. The flag of this team was colored blue and red to represent Paris, and for reconciliation, white representing the Bourbon dynasty was added to the coat of arms. Since then, the tricolor flag has been born. The Marquis of Lafayette, Gilbert de Morty, was confident and visionary, believing that the tricolour "will soon spread throughout Europe". Although there were two or three more violent incidents later, Paris was temporarily settled. The king happily returned to Versailles. However, all a monarchy can do is weakly threaten and weakly make concessions, and how much of its divine light is left in such a monarchy?
Oath of Gilbert de Morty, Marquis de Lafayette, in Federation Square
Although everything was calm, one thing that happened in Paris struck the entire royal family like lightning. The French capital has always had a great influence on the provinces, not to mention at this moment of change. The monarchy suddenly collapsed, and the populace succeeded in defeating the authority of antiquity. All the thoughts that stir deep within the hearts of the people, the hatred and confusion that have been suppressed for a long time, explode with astonishing force in many places. The southern, central and southeastern regions were the places most oppressed by the feudal system, too
Where the suffering is greatest. The peasants here began to rebel against the landlords. From the Rhône to the Loire, angry populaces burned castles, chests and land titles containing privileged documents— and the populace could no longer bear the privileges recorded in those documents. In addition, there have been several murders of landlords. Even in the north, there was widespread resistance to rental and servant work. Some despicable acts have also taken place in some provinces, with hordes of thugs "coming out of the mountains, destroying crops and plundering orchards". Riots broke out in many towns, and citizens demanded the expansion of municipal power and the abolition of the old monopoly mechanism. There was also a famine in 1789, and the poor were living in dire straits and starvation. The riots intensified, and even the capital was not spared. Gilbert de Morty, Marquis of Lafayette, was responsible for maintaining order, while Jean-Sivan Bai went to great lengths to please the people by expressing the joy of freedom in grand and ornate parades. The Revolutionary Government of Paris has developed into an organization of 300 people, which strives to meet the needs of the poor, to find jobs for the unemployed, and to cope with the problems of increasing poverty. But jealous politicians tend to issue accusations against the new regime at this time, which is undoubtedly worse for the new regime. Fireworks, the lavish Bastille celebrations, the trees of freedom growing in the gardens and streets, even unemployment benefits, donations and improvised relief systems— what good would they do to thousands of hungry men and women? Between restlessness and want, there will soon be more dangerous chaos in Paris than it is now, and now everything is simply being suppressed.
A wave of negative events affected the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly discussed the best solution to economic problems and fiscal deficits and drew up a new constitution for France. The high-profile principles of reform based on new philosophical ideas have been widely praised. Out of benevolence and consideration of the overall situation of the country, the Constituent Assembly has taken measures to eliminate or alleviate acute social contradictions, which fully reflects the broad enthusiasm for reform. At the same time, the revolutionary government of Paris did everything in its power. Jean-Sivan Bai and Gilbert de Morty, Marquis of Lafayette, were deeply appreciated for their kindness and patriotism towards the revolution. Other towns have had little to do other than a "free trade commitment." However, the middle class is allowed and even encouraged to take military measures to stop the chaos. In this way, almost all the large french cities spontaneously formed the National Guard, which recruited soldiers on their own and were independent of the government.
However, this sudden and great revolution affected the social relations of the whole country. The ancient and majestic edifice of feudalism was instantly torn down and thrown to dust. Several liberal aristocrats painted a terrible picture of feudal vulgarity. The Constituent Assembly, despite some protests, began to harden, declaring that this abomination should be ended. In one night, the Constituent Assembly passed a resolution abolishing centuries-old claims and the remnants of brutal serfdom, including tithes, withdrawal rents and similar taxes. The meeting ended with enthusiastic cheers, solemn carols and wonderful music. Although there were later privileged events, such as the landlords washing their feet with the blood of slaves in the cold, the opposition aristocracy was suppressed by a growing majority, and the Constituent Assembly was controlled by a third class and lower clergy. The Great Purge, while revising property rights, saw a lot of bad corruption. While the end result of land liberation was great and beneficial, its immediate result was also obvious. As one of the main manifestations of anarchism, the atrocities of the peasantry were not diminished by the sudden disappearance of the shackles of the times, but were only suppressed or suppressed by the efforts of the township middle class, which was alert to the spread of anarchism. These township middle classes also have weapons in their hands and are almost unfettered by any regulations.
This was France in August and September 1789: the old authority was fragmented and the power was sidelined. Poverty and chaos, though temporary, are widespread. Meanwhile, at Versailles, the repressed but not executed royal family once again began to stir. It is said that a group of loyal nobles planned to free the king from the "rebellious subjects" and send him to Metz. Troops were also gradually withdrawn from the border. The new National Guard at Versailles, although it had developed into a complete institution, still received a lot of cold eyes from the royal family. There was a view that grew in Paris and was supported by the Constituent Assembly that the king should be sent back to the capital. People agitated by poverty are already ready to riot. The events of October 1, 1789 marked a new outburst of anger. At a court banquet on October 1, a group of young officers ripped the tricolor flag from their helmets in the name of the royalist in front of the king and the royal family, and by the temptation of wine and court beauties, they swore never to relinquish their royal power. Immediately afterward, another event of October 5, 1789, triggered a massive march in Paris. In the morning, a group of starving women broke into the town hall and rushed through the corridor between versailles and Paris, eventually meeting the National Guard led by Gilbert de Morty, Marquis of Lafayette. The procession forced its way into the Constituent Assembly to discuss the opposing views expressed by the king, some of whom were allowed to enter the court to meet with the king. Gilbert de Morty, Marquis of Lafayette, was responsible for restoring order, and the march was dispersed and withdrew from the National Assembly. Most of the soldiers were actively cooperating, with only an elite team in the King's Bodyguard maliciously provoking. On the morning of October 6, 1789, several gunmen in the King's Bodyguard shot and killed two innocent people, sparking a rebellion. An angry mob attacked the King's Bodyguard and stormed into the inner chambers of the court. Angry, hungry faces appeared in the temple of the nation. Amid the terrified screams of the maids, the disheveled queen was thrown out of the room. Had it not been for the timely arrival of the National Guard, a terrible massacre would have been inevitable. The National Guard chanted "We will not forget Fontenoix", saving the Guards and the royal family. Later, the two sides seemed to reconcile: the king appeared on the balcony, Gilbert de Morty, Marquis of Lafayette, kissed the queen's hand; the tricolor flag reappeared on the crown of every soldier. However, the floor of the palace was covered with rivers of blood, and the two miserable white heads were held high on spears, as if to tell the people's anger that had not yet subsided.
Gilbert de Morty, Marquis of Lafayette, kissed the queen's hand
At the request of a delegate, Louis XVI resolutely agreed to return to Paris. The royal carriage, carrying the king, the queen and their children and the king's beautiful and devout sister Madame Elisabeth, slowly drove to Paris. There was a loud noise, armed troops were rampant, and women were sitting on cannons in a state of ugliness. The people shouted, "Now we are bakers, bakers' wives and children," vividly expressing the most important thing in the hearts of the poor, who had long been starved by the machinations of the royal nobility. It was already night when this mixed procession of carriages entered the Tuileries Palace. As soon as they entered the bourbon palace, which had been vacant for many years, the royal family was immediately surrounded by the National Guard, and even the King's Bodyguard could not be approached.
These major events could not have been brought about by one person, especially on October 5 and 6, 1789. There is no need to continue the discussion as to whether the Count of Mirabeau, the Duke of Louis Philippe Joseph de Orléans and the Marquis de Lafayette, Gilbert de Morty, were involved in the planning of these events. It is worth noting that the rabble-rousers in Paris, while still controlled by the middle class, have won a great victory. Once again, as before, the monarchy showed its weakness. If the king is frightened, his illusions of power will disappear like boring dreams. As a result, the Palace of Versailles became a national museum, and was once abandoned. Later, it became a place for german invaders. After the wailing of the fall of the dynasty, it was no longer the residence of the princes and nobles under the monarchy.