< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > introduction</h1>
In 1661, Kangxi Fuli, Huzhou people Zhuang Tingxin and Zhuang Yuncheng father and son were denounced by Wu Zhirong of Gui'anZhi County for using the Longwu and Yong calendar numbers of The Southern Ming In the compilation and publication of the "Ming History Compendium", although Zhuang Tingxin and Zhuang Yuncheng were dead, but they were still dug up by the Qing court, the skulls were broken, and the corpses were hung for three months, and the Zhuang clan and the implicated were re-opened more than 70 people, 18 ling chi, known as the Ming History Case.
The Ming history case portrayed in the TV series "Deer DingJi"
Ming Shi case
The outbreak of the "Ming History Case" reflects the positioning of the historical status of the Southern Ming in the early Qing Dynasty, and in the more than 100 years from the early Qing Dynasty to the middle of the Qianlong Dynasty, the official views of the Qing Dynasty on the Southern Ming and the Southern Ming Emperors were the same, that is, "wang is not a king", this core view is concentrated in the "History of Ming" compiled by his official government, but from the middle of the Qianlong period, with the consolidation of the Qing Dynasty's rule throughout the country, Qianlong gradually changed his view of the Southern Ming Emperors, began to view the status of the Southern Ming Emperors differently, and established the Fuwang regime as orthodox, while the Tang Dynasty The Gui and other regimes were still designated as puppet dynasties.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > "Wang Feijun": the official historical positioning of the Qing Dynasty to the Emperors of the Southern Ming Dynasty before the middle of the Qianlong Period</h1>
After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, in order to show orthodoxy, it was urgent to give the dead Ming a coffin, so in the second year of Shunzhi, the Ming History Museum was set up to revise the "History of Ming", but because the Qing Dynasty at this time had not yet unified the whole country, especially in the south, there were still remnants of the Ming forces, the revision of the "History of Ming" did not officially begin until the eighteenth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, and the history before 1644 was not controversial, but how to position the status of the Southern Ming Emperors after the Ming Dynasty was a problem that needed to be taken seriously.
Ming Dynasty Imperial Lineage (including Southern Ming Emperors)
At first, Kangxi approved shi guan to attach Fu Wang, Tang Wang, Lu Wang, and Gui Wang to Chongzhen Benji. However, in the fifty years of Kangxi, because the "Nanshan Collection" triggered a literary prison, the book bluntly recorded the events of the early Ming and early Qing dynasties, and praised the anti-Qing feats of the widows of the late Ming Dynasty, which caused Kangxi's dissatisfaction, and more than 300 people were implicated before and after the case. After this case, Kangxi changed his attitude toward the Southern Ming Emperors and decided to withdraw the Southern Ming Emperors from Chongzhen Benji and establish a separate "Biography of the Three Kings (Fu Wang, Tang Wang, and Yongming Wang)", which was arranged after the "Biography of the Kings". In the early years of Qianlong, the Qing court did not allow the southern Ming kings to enjoy a special position in the "History of Ming", and simply did not even set up the "Biography of the Three Kings", but only scattered their biographies in the "Biography of the Kings". Among them, Zhu Yihai, the King of Lu, appeared in the "Taizu Zhuzi I Lu Wang Tan", Zhu Yujian appeared after the "Taizu Zhuzi III Tang WangHuan", and Zhu Yousong and Zhu Yourong were seen in the "Sons of The Divine Sect , Fu Wang Changxun" and "Guiduan Wang Changying" respectively.
Namsan set
The biographies of the kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty are scattered behind the biographies of their ancestors, so that they are invisibly equivalent to the status of the four kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty and the kings of youming, and at the same time make the history of the Southern Ming without a context to be found. In addition, although the biography of the four kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty is already brief, and the year names such as "Hongguang" and "Yongli" are mentioned, the word "pseudo-number" is crowned on it, showing the Qing court's contempt for the Southern Ming regime.
In August of the fourth year of Qianlong (1738), although Wu Yingdian had not finished engraving the "History of Ming", Qianlong was already impatient, and the next edict imitated the righteous example of the "Zizhi Tongjian Outline" and compiled the "Ming Ji Gangmu", which was later renamed "The Third Compilation of the Imperial Zizhi Tongjian Outline"), which was "in line with the "Ming History". The book was completed in March of the eleventh year of Qianlong (1745), and the whole book ends with the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, and does not record the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty official Revision of the History of Ming takes the 17th year of Chongzhen as the time of the fall of the Ming Dynasty
It can be seen from the arrangement of the "History of Ming" and the "Outline of the Ming Dynasty" that qianlong not only denigrated the historical status of the Southern Ming in the early days of his reign, but also had the intention of splitting or even erasing the history of the Southern Ming. Qianlong's attitude was consistent until the middle of Qianlong.
In the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), a student of Jinhua County, Chen Bangyan, personally criticized Zhu Phosphorus's "Outline of The Compendium". The fuse of this literal prison is that the book "contains the pseudo-number of the Shangshu MingJi in the early years of the Dynasty". Although Qianlong did not personally see this book, he believed that "this book has a contrarian achievement, and it is really a rebellion for the student to dare to read it with his hands, and he should severely punish him for showing himself the right to show himself." Therefore, he ordered that "the student should be re-handled, and the printing board of the city of Fang, and the people should hide it, and it should be found and destroyed everywhere."
Outline collection
However, in the twenty-fourth year of Qianlong (1759), Qianlong embarked on a huge compilation plan, revising a compendium from ancient times to the Ming Dynasty (i.e., the Imperial Approval of the General Records of the Dynasties, hereinafter referred to as the "Compilation"). The need to determine when the history of the Ming Dynasty in the book should end prompted Qianlong to reconsider the orthodoxy of the Ming and Qing dynasties.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Qianlong's reinterpretation and definition of the status of the Southern Ming</h1>
In May of the thirty-first year of Qianlong (1766), Qianlong put forward a new perspective on the history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for the first time.
That month, in the newly compiled biography "The Biography of Hong Chengzuo" in the National History Museum, he saw the statement that "Zhu Yuzhao, the late King of the Ming Dynasty, made a false character", which caused his dissatisfaction. Qianlong believed that this kind of calligraphy in the Guoshiguan was "yu yi did not do the yun xie", in his eyes, the Fu wang regime could be compared with zhao zhao nandu, and the Tang and Gui regimes were similar to emperors and emperors.
Hongguang Emperor Zhu Yousong
"Ming to Chongzhen Jiashen, whose unity has died, but the King of Ranfu is in Jiangning, still similar to Song Nandu."
"The tang and gui kings migrated to Fujian and Dian, and Gou Yan were on the same line, which was no different from the Song Emperor And Emperor Xuan's broadcast of Haijiao."
"The kings of Tang and others are all descendants of the Ming Dynasty, and their titles are also inherited by their predecessors, and if they are thief with different surnames, and grass thieves who support the establishment of a Zhu surname as comparable to those who call for it."
Based on the above reasons, Qianlong advocated that the kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty "do not need to be generally derogatory."
At the beginning of the state's decision, those who disobeyed their orders should be rebuked as hypocrites, and they should be united with one eye and one eye. Now chengping has more than a hundred years, compiling the history of a generation of countries, spreading the letter to all generations of the world, one word is complicated, giving a lot of points, it must be sincere, in order to show the history of the law.
For the history of the Southern Song Dynasty, Qianlong also put forward his own views. In his view, the Southern Song Dynasty should have died at the hands of Zhao Xian, and although Zhao Fu and Zhao Fu were still not "wrecked" in the Song Dynasty, they should not be regarded as orthodox.
Emperor Xuan, Emperor Fu
"Since the Yuan soldiers entered Lin'an, the emperor was a prisoner, the Song Society was a house, the system was dead, and the two kings of Yu and Yu lived in the poor sea, and only remnants remained, and could not be compared with the situation of Shaoxing's partial security."
Based on this, the "Compendium of The Continuation of Zizhi Tongjian" compiled by Qianlong Shangrui and others criticized it, holding that after Zhao Xian's capture, the book was "still based on the jingyan and xiangxing dashu chronicles", which was not only "unfair in qulusing, but also improper in historical examples". Therefore, in the "Compilation", he "made the special correction, gave the general purpose, made the name clear, and used the precepts of the hanging torch.".
This extends to "The Tang Dynasty King of the Ming Dynasty, the King of Gui, Yu Fu, and the Emperor of Gui", if the historian "thinks that it is false", it is "overcorrection, and the peace of the Fu Assistant", Qianlong also pointed out that there should also be a tolerant attitude towards the "late Ming ministers such as zodiac zhou, Shi Kefa, etc." They "resisted the king's master at that time, and fixed what was necessary for him", but "as far as the present is concerned, all the subjects are their masters, and the righteousness cannot be concealed", and they must not "think that they are false subjects".
After putting forward his new views on the Southern Ming regime, Qianlong instructed the president of the National History Museum, saying that they "undertook the study of the history of the country, and all the affairs of the Ming Dynasty were degraded, and the words of the courtiers were fixed"; however, these historical events were "personally read and determined" by him who was "upright to justice", and the historical officials did not have to be "scrupulous, indiscriminate, and not allowed to be the best of heaven and human feelings".
Yongli Emperor Zhu Youluo
In the "Great Purpose" of Qianlong's instructions to the "Compilation", he also compared Zhao Fu and Zhao Fu with the northern Yuan monarchs.
Yuan Zishun Emperor moved north to the desert, and his descendants did not succeed him, and the Miao people were passed down many times. However, since the Central Plains were abandoned, the chroniclers would no longer have the old name of the great book, and this was also true. Then it is known that The Original Plains have been lost and are still the wrong name of the Great Book.
In this way, Qianlong actually placed the "territorial sea of the residence of the second king of the Song Dynasty", the "residence of the Yuan Shun Emperor in the north of the desert", and the southern Ming "Tang and Gui kings turned to Min and Dian" on the same historical status.
Fu Xing abolished the Dai Huan, and his calligraphy had a certain degree of its own, and it should not be slightly biased.
Here, Qianlong uses the Song and Yuan Dynasties as an example to refer to the "Abolition of the Ming Dynasty" at the time of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and provides him with the help in dealing with the history of the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, since he believes that the situation of The Fu King's title as emperor is "still similar to the Song Nandu", it is invisibly implied that the Hongguang Dynasty is the end of the Ming Dynasty.
Emperor Longwu
Therefore, regarding the compilation of the book "General Commentary", Qianlong said, "The world under the heavens, the world under the world, not the world under one family"; "The book of the "General Jian Collection" is not a book of the moment, but a book of all the worlds." Therefore, this book "in the orthodox and partial system, it will be fair and peaceful, and the mandate of heaven and the direction of the people's hearts will be strict and precise." Finally, in order to avoid the historians from "being biased at the beginning of the present dynasty" and thus "having the will to discuss the future in the heart", Qianlong personally determined the chronology and orthodox rules of attribution at the time of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
At the age of Jiashen, he still ordered the Great Book Chongzhen to be seventeen years old, and the first year of Shunzhi was divided into books to be different. That is, Li Zicheng trapped the Beijing master, and did not write the Ming Dynasty. And in the first year of the Fu King's Hongguang, he also ordered the points to be placed below. In the following year, King Fu of Fu was executed in Jiangning, and then Shuming died. King Fufu was able to stand on his own in Jiangnan, which was not impossible for the Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as the example of Emperor Gaozong of Song. ...... If the Tang Dynasty and the King of Gui, the Poor Frontier, and the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, are the same as the Emperors of the Song Dynasty and the Emperors of the Song Dynasty, and they must not still belong to them in an orthodox manner.
It can be seen from this that in the middle of the Qianlong period, because he had a new view of the history of the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was necessary to redefine the historical status of the Southern Ming regime. As a result, the "Compilation" revised the old theory that the "History of Ming" and the "Third Edition of the Compendium of the Imperial Compilation zizhi Tongjian" took the seventeenth year of Chongzhen as the year of the Ming Dynasty's death, and instead determined that the Hongguang Dynasty still belonged to the orthodox dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, and at the same time did not denigrate the behavior of Zhu Yujian and Zhu Youluo.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > the process and reason for Qianlong's transformation of the historical status of the Southern Ming</h1> Dynasty
In fact, Qianlong's view that the Southern Song Dynasty Emperor And Emperor Fu was unorthodox was not his consistent view. When Qianlong was still a prince, he wrote an article entitled "General Theory of the Southern Song Dynasty", and the opinions in the text were not the same as those in the middle of Qianlong. He said: Emperor Yu and Emperor Fu live in seclusion on the seashore, and the country does not become a country, while Wen Tianxiang, Zhang Shijie, and Lu Xiufu are doing their best to do it..... Emperor Duanzong died in shock, Emperor Fu threw himself into the sea and disappeared, the country died and the sect was extinct, and the society was a ruin, and it could also mourn.
It can be seen that at this time, the Hongli calendar at that time not only honored Zhao Fu as "Duanzong", but also did not exclude Zhao Fu from the Southern Song Dynasty imperial lineage; It is also believed that after Zhao Yu threw himself into the sea, the Southern Song Dynasty was "the end of the country". This kind of argument is completely different from his statement in the middle of Qianlong that after Zhao Xian's capture, "the Song Shewu, the system is dead."
Qianlong
It can be seen that the views of the early Hongli on the Song and Yuan Dynasties were different from those of later generations. It was not until the compilation and revision of the "Compilation" that Qianlong, who had been a monarch for many years, needed to formulate a rule of chronology and orthodox attribution applicable to the ancient and modern Dynasties, that he changed his view of his early years, not only advocating that the Song died in Zhao Xian, but also comparing Zhao Fu and Zhao Fu to the monarchs of the Northern Yuan dynasty and the kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty.
Imperial Commentary on the Imperial Chronicles
In addition, the reason why Qianlong changed his view of the history of the Song Dynasty in the middle of the Qianlong period and excluded Zhao Fu and Zhao Fu from the Southern Song Dynasty imperial lineage also had a certain relationship with the Southern Ming historical view of the Han people at that time. At that time, Han scholars believed that "the zhao and song at the end of Zhu Ming were similar", so many of them compared the two emperors of the late Song Dynasty to the kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and strived for the second emperor to become the orthodox monarch, implying that the Southern Ming was the orthodox place at the time of the Ming and Qing dynasties. On this basis, Qianlong divided the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty into two sections, comparing the Hongguang regime to the Song Dynasty Nandu, and zhu Yujian and Zhu Youluo to Zhao Yu and Zhao Fu, which was undoubtedly aimed at the Han people's claims. Qianlong did not give way to the Han dynasty by giving the Hongguang Dynasty the status of orthodoxy instead of dying in chongzhen for the seventeenth year.
The Yongli Emperor in the film and television drama
But in fact, the Hongguang regime lasted only one year, and it was in a quiet corner, and even if it was recognized as orthodox, it had no impact on the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. However, if the other Southern Ming regimes were regarded as orthodox, the existence of the entire Shunzhi Dynasty would lose its legal reason, which Qianlong could not back down. Due to the chain relationship between Zhao Yu and Zhao Yu and Zhu Yujian and Zhu Youluo, since the kings of Zhu Yujian and Zhu Youluo could not enjoy the status of orthodox monarchs, Zhao Fu and Zhao Fu who were similar to them would naturally be stripped of the title of orthodox emperor. It can be seen from this that Qianlong judged Zhu Yousong and other Southern Ming kings to be of the same kind, and compared him to Zhao Shuo, which was really a precise idea. It can also be said that Qianlong adopted the method of retreating into advance, and achieved the purpose of establishing the orthodox status of the early Qing Dynasty by entering Zhu Yousong and degrading Zhu Yujian and Zhu Yourong.
It is worth noting that although Qianlong gave the Hongguang Dynasty the status of orthodoxy, he vigorously rebuked Zhu Yousong's subjects for losing morality and disorderly government, thus claiming that "after The Fifth Month of Jiashen and before may of the first year of Hongguang (Hongguang), although the orthodoxy of the Ming Dynasty has not died, the partial security of the Ming Dynasty has not been guaranteed." Although Qianlong said that "the Ming Dynasty lifu king was in Nanjing, and was not inferior to the song gaozong's southern crossing", he also stressed that the Hongguang Dynasty was far inferior to the situation of the Song Dynasty's southern crossing in terms of the talent of the monarch, the meritocracy of the ministers, or the availability of the situation.
In the forty years of Qianlong, Qianlong's treatment of the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty was more lenient. In this year, he announced that the content of the lifting of the ban included the book "Ming Ji Ji Luo" that "attached the Three Kings Chronicle", and it should be known that Qianlong ordered the destruction of this book that year because "at that time, at the beginning of the founding of this dynasty, all the chronological numbers were cut from Qian". Now, due to the need to compile the Siku Quanshu, "in order to search for the collection of relics, the provinces played into this book, read its style, not disrespect the dynasty, and did not commit any crimes, but attached to the three kings of the end of the Ming Dynasty, it is not appropriate to be included in the list of general prohibitions", so "the order has the division to relax its prohibition", and at the same time he also ordered "the Tongjian Collection" to attach the deeds of the tang and Gui second kings".
Ming Ji Ji Omitted
The second king of Jinsi is a branch of the Ming Dynasty, and unlike the thief with a different surname, it is not a false record; And although there is no foot in the beginning and end, there are many deeds to be examined. Rather than hearing the private stories of those who do not know, or causing untruths and nonsense, it is better to make a big deal of it, and to know the poor situation of the two kings, but in this way, it can be rumored to be a rumor.
Here, Qianlong stated that the real reason why he changed the historical status of the Southern Ming Dynasty was to put an end to "private rumors from the ignorant" and "rumors of the righteous." After Qianlong ascended the throne, he devoted himself to promoting the revision of official history. Especially after the middle of the Qianlong Dynasty, there were many authors. The reason for his actions is undoubtedly that he wants to have the official monopoly on the compilation of history, and then he controls the pen to praise and denigrate it. From an upright point of view, the official historical work is "to spread the word to all the worlds"; From the perspective of breaking, it is to put an end to private rumors. The two play a role in each other, and naturally receive the effect of clamping down on thought. During the compilation of the Siku Quanshu, Qianlong banned the destruction of books and ordered that the official records of the "deeds of the two kings of Tang and Gui" be able to control the audio-visual situation.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > concluding remarks</h1>
In short, before the middle of the Qianlong Dynasty, Qianlong followed the strategy of the previous dynasty, denouncing the legitimacy of the kings of the Southern Ming Dynasty and discarding the history of the Southern Ming outside the scope of the official record. However, from the middle of the year, he changed his old ways, repositioned the orthodox view of the Emperors of the Southern Ming Dynasty through the example of the previous history, distinguished the Fu King from the Tang Gui regime, divided and disintegrated a group of Han scholars' controversy over the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty, won a larger part of the people's hearts, and more importantly, through such a small number of concessions, the Shunzhi Dynasty naturally gained the only orthodox status after the fall of the Hongguang regime.