Zhuge Liang ploughed the land to examine / Li Peidong

Zhuge Liang ploughed the land for examination

Li Peidong

One or two authoritative and concise source materials

There are two most authoritative and original sources of Zhuge Liang's cultivation of land. The first is that in the fifth year of Shu Jianxing (227), Zhuge Liang wrote in his "Table of Renunciation": "The subject is clothed, and he cultivates in Nanyang." The second is the "(Jin) Tai Shi Shi Ten Year February 1, Chen Shou, Marquis of Pingyang" played the Zhuge Shi Collection "Twenty-four Articles, Fan 14,112 Characters" in the upper table: "(Liang) took refuge in Jingzhou with his uncle Xuan, and ploughed in the wilderness." This is the year 274 AD.

One is Zhuge Liang's confession, and the other is the recounting of Chen Shou, an old minister of the Shu State and a historian of the Jin Dynasty, 40 years after Zhuge Liang's death. Both should be the most reliable, but unfortunately both are too brief. And there is a subtle difference: one points out Nanyang, and the other refers to "Yu Ye". Therefore, it became a doubtful case to investigate where Zhuge Liang had shot and cultivated. Henan and Hubei do not give in to each other, where the tourist spots of the cultivated land are, it is related to local honors, and with the development of tourism, the debate has become more and more fierce.

Second, look for detailed and reliable notes

(1) First discuss the whereabouts of Zhuge Liang when he was a teenager and went south.

Zhuge Liang and his brother Jun, accompanied his uncle Xuan to Nanchang, lived until his uncle left office or was killed in the early years of Jian'an, and then entered Jingzhou.

The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and The Biography of Zhuge Liang states that Zhuge Xuan was originally "Yuan Shu's Summer Yu Zhang Taishou" and that "the Han Dynasty chose Zhu Hao to be the Emperor Xuan." Xuan Su and Jingzhou Mu Liu Have old and rely on them." However, Pei's commentary quoting the "Spring and Autumn of the Xiandi Emperor" has a different statement: "Zhuge Xuan on Liu Biao was Yuzhang Taishou and ruled Nanchang", and the Han Dynasty sent Zhu Hao to replace Xuan, and a scramble occurred, "Hao from Yangzhou Taishou Liu Jue asked for troops to attack Xuan, Xuan retreated to Tunxi City, and Hao entered Nanchang." In the first month of the second year of Jian'an, the people of Xicheng rebelled, killed Xuan, and sent the first eunuch." According to the second careful review, this biography is vague and the "Spring and Autumn of the Emperor Xiandi" > clear. Speculating about the situation at that time, it is more credible to say later. One is that Xuan, who had old friendships with Liu Biao and seemed to have improperly followed Yuan Shu, who was an enemy of The Table, was signed yuzhang taishou, which was not recommended by Liu Biao as reasonable and the original committee was clearer after the original Yuzhang taishou Zhoushu died; second, the latter narrative is more detailed, indicating the date of Xuan's death, which is better than the former, but saying that "Xuanpao" is suspected of being a mysterious person.

However, whether it was Xuan who left office and surrendered to Liu Biao with his nephew, or after Xuan Xuan's death, his nephew cast himself in "Shibo" Liu Biao, and the Liang and Jun brothers were always liu biao of Jingzhou Mu who "rationalized the soldiers in Xiangyang and watched the times change", they lived in Xiangyang, and they would not live in Nanyang, where Cao Cao and Zhang Xiu were in war, and there should be no doubt.

(2) Look at the opinions of the people of the two Jin Dynasties on Zhuge Liang's former residence.

First of all, during the reign of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin Dynasty, that is, between 304 and 306 AD, the General Liu Hong of Jingzhou and Zhennan went to Longzhong, a suburb of Xiangyang, where he was stationed, to "set up a table" for Zhuge Liang's former residence. For this matter, see the "Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang" Pei's note quoting the "Book of Shu", and also see the Book of Jin * Li MiChuan's biography of Zi Xing, "Shu Ji and contains the full text of the inscription written by Li Xing, who joined the army in Liu Hong's house.

This matter is not too long since Liang's death, and it should be trusted.

However, the present person may use the first sentence of the inscription " The Son of Heaven ordered me, Yu Chu Zhi Yang ", thinking that the earth is in the north of Hanshui and longzhong in hannan. In fact, this reading method can not be understood as a marching expression of feelings. The first sentence of Yun was commissioned by the Sun of Qiu, followed by "Climbing the Long Mountain to look far away, the hometown of Shi Zhuge Ge", and later large passages of text praising Kong Ming's merits, all of which are sighs after "looking far away". Gai was already in a chaotic world at that time, and Liu Hong and Li Xingju had a feeling with Zhuge that they "dreamed of another world and hated different lives". And to "Bu Wei this house, where Ren Zhi is located, can be unruly", "Now I come to the old city of Gui'er", Fang is to enter the bright house, and that is to end the whole text. The reader really does not have to stick to the first sentence of "The Sun of The Sun" to statically understand this text and finally can't understand it. The Book of Jin, Li Mi, and the Biography of Zi Xing, Yun: "Hongli Zhuge Kongming and Uncle Yang exhausted, so that Xingju was written in a very reasonable way." "The inscription is so layered, interspersed with discussion, and the love text is rich, and it is indeed not vain.

Secondly, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Xi chiseled teeth once again confirmed the location of Kong Ming's former residence. He xiu han jin chunqiu clearly pointed out: Liang's family is in Deng County, Nanyang, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City, in the middle of Rilong. The Book of Jin, the Biography of Xi Chiseled Teeth, also contains his letters to Huan Wen's brother's secretary: "My team went to Xiangyang on May 3 of the year, touching the sense of sadness, slightly unhappy, and painful things, so it is not something that can be said in the book." Every Provincial Uncle, entering from the North Gate, looking west to Longzhong, wants to lie in the dragon; east overlooking the white sand, Si Feng's voice ,...... "Cha Xi clan is the Xiangyang Hao clan, chiseled teeth and "little ambition, erudite and knowledgeable, known for writing", has a special study of the local history of Xiangyang, heard the story of the township sages since childhood, and it is only 150 years since Kong Ming's cultivation, which should be credible.

The above two Jin Dynasty historical events were adopted when northern Wei Li Daoyuan wrote the Notes on the Water Classics in the early 6th century, which shows that after another 150 years, the location of Kong Ming's former residence was not in doubt. The "Shui Shui Zhuan" of the "Water Commentary" places a bet on the cloud in the "Shui Shui and East Long Zhong": "Li Kong Ming Old House North." Liangyu Liu Chanyun first Emperor Three Gu Chen in the grass, the counselor to the current world", that is, this house also. Riding on the Peiguo Liu Jihe town Xiangyang Ye, with the key person Li An "that is, Li Xing" to view this mansion together, Order an as a mansion Mingyun: "The Son of Heaven ordered me, Yu Qiu zhiyang, listening to the drums and eternal thinking, more than sixty years after the legacy of the ancestors, five years after Yongping, Xi Chiseled Teeth and its house inscription." Li Shi not only did not have any doubts, but also added a piece of information that Xi Chisel had "for his house inscription". Some people have denied this information because they could not find the "Yongping" era name in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Not necessarily. We can conclude that "Yongping" is the shape of "Shengping", and the fifth year of Shengping by Emperor Mu of Jin is 361 AD, which is exactly 567 years after Liu Hong and Li Xing's "Guanliang Former Residence", which is close to 60 years. At this time, Huan Wen Zhenwan "made his brother General Xuchang take Xuchang" (1). Chiseling the tooth Zong Shu, and dissatisfied with Huan Wen's "covetousness and non-hope", when at this time there is a sense of Kong Ming's "house name", it is a very natural thing. This is consistent with his letter to Huan Secret To count the "Eight Gentlemen" of Xiangyang's recent life, thinking that "those who are destined to be the helpers of the world will be able to fall into the wind; those who are noble and virtuous will have the relics of Ming Sheng", and his sentiments are also consistent, when in the same period. From Zhuge Liang's youth entering Jingzhou must live in Xiangyang, to the affirmation of the two Jin dynasty historians, scholars, generals, and literati and to visit Kong Ming's former residence in Xiangyang, and there is no doubt. We can conclude that Zhuge Liang's cultivated land and Liu Bei's "Three Gu" are in the southwest of the Han River flowing through Xiangyang, that is, in the 20-mile-west of Xiangyang City. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, no matter what kind of heresy it was, it was an unreliable nonsense and a rhetoric of the association.

Third, it is in the west of Xiangyang City and the south of sewage, why

Zhuge Liang himself said, "Ploughing in Nanyang"

This is one of the most powerful bases for the legend of Kong Ming's former residence in Nanyang, Henan, and it can be said that a reasonable explanation of this sentence has become the key to the problem.

First of all, it is worth noting that in the tenth year of the Tai Dynasty (274), Chen Shou recounted Kong Ming's deeds yun "(Liang) took refuge in Jingzhou with his uncle Xuan and cultivated in the wild", without repeating Kong Ming's "Table of Renunciation> "Ploughing in Nanyang", why? Zha "Book of Jin, Geographical History, Jingzhou" downloaded: "Thirteen years after Emperor Jian'an of the Later Han Dynasty, Wei Wu exhausted the land of Jingzhou, and established Xiangyang County north of the southern capital... And defeated at Chibi, south of Nan Commandery belonged to Wu, and Wu Hou and Shu divided Jingzhou... The three counties of Nanyang, Xiangyang and Nanxiang are Wei. "Then, how many counties does Wei Put Xiangyang County rule?" It just so happens that the Book of Jin; there is a record below: "Xiangyang County, Wei Zhi, Tong County Eight". Inside there is "Deng City". When Chen Shou wrote the "Shangshu Table", the Jin Dynasty did not ping Wu, that is, after Ping Wu, still used the Wei Xiangyang County to unify the eight counties, but Nanyang County was separated from another Yiyang County, and the "Deng" (therefore Deng Houguo) of Henan Province belonged to this Yiyang County. In order to avoid the mistake of his contemporaries and descendants for Kong Ming's so-called "Nanyang" as Nanyang in present-day Henan Province, the Marquis of Deng under Yiyang County at that time, Chen Shou only said "Refuge in Jingzhou and cultivate in the wilderness". Jingzhou, Xiangyang also; wild, Xiangyang western suburb of Deng County, Longzhong also.

So, was this Deng City of Xiangyang County, wei, subordinate to Nanyang County when Kong Ming was cultivating at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty? In other words, did Nanyang County at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty really have jurisdiction over this Deng County in the western part of Xiangyang City that straddles the Han River? yes. Book of the Later Han Dynasty, vol. 32, "Four Counties and States> there were indeed Deng Counties in the 37 cities of Nanyang County under the Jingzhou Dynasty. Therefore, Zhuge Liang's so-called "ploughing in Nanyang" refers to Deng County. As for why Mr. Kong Ming did not simply call the county name "Deng" but generally called the county name "Nanyang", a reasonable explanation should be: Since Cao Wei regarded Deng County as Xiangyang County, Kong Ming would never recognize the administrative division of Wei, so he deliberately emphasized the administrative division of the Eastern Han Dynasty, you set up your Xiangyang County, I insisted on nanyang county in the Eastern Han Dynasty, so Nanyang referred to Deng County. Here is the political stance of "Han and thief are not at odds" at work. Perhaps, this is the true meaning of Zhuge Cheng xiang's so-called "ploughing in Nanyang". At that time, the Shu people should all sympathize and understand, until Chen Shou still understood and already thought that it was not necessary, so he wrote "Ploughing in the Wild". As for the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it may not be easy to understand, but it is necessary to explain it by Xi Chisel. Then to the future generations, the rebirth will be misunderstood, and the truth will be difficult to understand, and finally it must be seriously examined.

Li Peidong is an associate professor of the Department of History of Shanghai Normal University, a director of the Chinese Wei and Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties History Society, and a director of the Shanghai Historical Society.