Dou Rong (16 BC – 62 AD) was a chancellor of the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Word Zhou Gong. A native of Fufeng Pingling (present-day northwest of Xianyang, Shaanxi). When Wang Mang was in power, he was the strong crossbow general Sima Yi, from zhai yi, feudal warrior. At the beginning of the establishment of the new regime, he saw the chaotic situation in the Kwantung Region, and he asked for the post of lieutenant of Zhangye's subordinate state. After the initial defeat, Dou Rong led the capital to serve as before, and defended himself according to the territory. First serving Kui Huan, and later seeing that The Han Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiujia was the strongest soldier, he gave strict orders and intended to surrender. Emperor Guangwu heard that Hexi was rich and had strong soldiers and horses, and he also sent envoys to contact Sui to isolate Kui Huan. In the fifth year of Jianwu (29 AD), Dou Rong was attached to the Eastern Han Dynasty and served as the pastor of Liangzhou. In the eighth year, emperor Guangwu marched west to Kui Hu, and Dou Rong led the five counties Taishou and the Xiqiang and Xiaoyue clans (ancient nomadic tribes, originally living in the Hexi Corridor west of present-day Lanzhou to Dunhuang, and later moved to the Amu Darya Valley in present-day Central Asia) and other tens of thousands of horses, and together with the army broke through kui huan and sealed the Marquis of Anfeng. After longshu was pacified, Dou Rong was summoned to beijing and successively served as jizhou pastor, grand sikong, acting wei wei, and concurrently serving as a master general. Dou clan a noble favorite, before and after a duke, two marquises, three princesses, four or two thousand stones, the mansion looks at Jingyi, slaves and thousands of slaves, at that time noble qi heroes can not be compared, Dou Rong's descendants indulged, many illegal. In the second year of Yongping (59 AD), from the execution of his brother Dou Lin for his sins, the Han Ming Emperor Liu Zhuang ordered Dou Rong to return to the first place to recuperate. For more than a year, captain yin silk. Soon after, he died of illness in Luoyang.
Dou Rong was a sima under the powerful crossbow general Wang Jun during the Wang Mang period, and participated in the suppression of the Qu Yi and Zhao Ming uprisings, and was awarded the title of Jianwu Nan (建武男) for military merit. His sister married The Great Sikong Wang Yi as his younger wife. The whole family migrated to Chang'an, "in and out of the nobles, connected with Luli Haojie, in the name of Renxia".
2 Hexi Wang Dou Rong
In the last years of Wang Mang's reign, the rebels swarmed. Wang Mang sent his master Wang Kuang to suppress it, and Wang Kuang asked Dou Rong to be an assistant and fought fan chong in the Qing and Xu areas. In the third year of Emperor Di's reign (22 CE), Dou Rongfu conquered Liu Xiu from Wang Yi, defeated Kunyang, and fled back to Chang'an. When the Han soldiers entered the pass, on wang Yi's recommendation, Dou Rong became the general of Boshui and led the troops to Xinfeng in an attempt to intercept the rebel army's westward advance.
After Wang Mang's defeat, Dou Rong surrendered to the first army and became a lieutenant under Sima Zhao Meng, and was later recommended to serve as the Taishou of Julu.
Dou Rong saw that the regime was unstable, and the East was disturbed, and he was reluctant to leave the customs. His great-grandfather was Zhangye Taishou, from his grandfather who was a lieutenant of the Qiang Dynasty, from his brother to Wuwei Taishou, who lived in Hexi for many generations, knew his local customs, and said to his brother: "The safety of the world is unknown, Hexi is rich, and the river is a country." Zhangye belongs to the national elite soldiers and horses, once the urgency is slowed down, the elimination of Hejin, enough to defend itself, this relic place also. The brothers all agreed with him. Dou Rong then resigned from Julu Taishou and sought to guard Hexi and brought his family with him. There, the people of Hexi were united.
Dou Rong was in Hexi and befriended Jiuquan Taishou Liangtong, Jincheng Taishou Kujun, Zhangye Du Wei Shi Bao, Jiuquan Du Wei Zhu Zeng, Dunhuang Du Wei Xin Wei, and so on. "Push one person as a great general, a total of five counties, and watch the times change." Unanimously pushed Dou Rong to carry out the affairs of the five counties of Hexi. It was when Wu Wei was too defensive and Zhangye was too defensive when Ren Zhong learned the news, and Xie Yinshou left. Dou Rong still resided in the vassal state, holding the post of lieutenant and supervising the five counties.
Hexi folk customs are simple, and Dou Rong is "political and wide", so "up and down are close to each other, and Yan Ran is rich". Dou Rong and others trained soldiers and horses, and when they practiced war, Ming Feng was shocked. Prevent the Qiang people from disturbing, and attack the Xiongnu from invading. "The displaced people in Anding, The Northland, and Shangjun avoid the hungry, and they will never end up."
3 Eastward Dash
Liu Xiu claimed the title of empress dowager, and Dou Rong wanted to be attached, but was unable to communicate with himself because of the distance. At this time, although Kui Huan adopted the jianwu nian name, he "looked at the people from the outside and had different intentions on the inside", and sent the debater Zhang Xuan to Hexi to lobby and suggest that each side be divided. Say what "Now Haojie is expelled, male and female are undecided, when each according to its native characters, and Long, Shu and obey, Gao can be the Six Kingdoms, and the next does not lose Wei Tuo." Dou Rong summoned Hao Jie to consult with the counties of Taishou, and some people believed that Liu Xiu was ordered by Fu, and personnel, and there were other theories, "either the same or different." Dou Rong was cautious and cautious, "so he decided to go east."
In the summer of the fifth year of Jianwu (29 AD), "Dou Rong sent the chief Shi Liu Jun to offer his horse to Han. Liang Tong and other envoys followed. At this time, Liu Xiu also sent envoys to Hexi to win dou rong and others to jointly deal with Kui Huan and Gongsun Shu. The emissaries of the two sides met on the way and returned to Luoyang. Liu Xiu was very happy to see Liu Jun and others, and gave Dou Rongshu, praised Dou Rong for his foresight and foresight, and gave him two hundred catties of gold and awarded him liangzhou pastor.
Dou Rong took Liu Xiushu and sent Liu Jun back to the book, stating the meaning of surrender. At the same time, he sent his brother Dou You to Luoyang to face Chen Xinji. Dou You traveled to Gaoping, just in time for Kui to rebel, the road was isolated, and chi returned to Hexi. Dou Rong dispatched Xi Feng to carry the Shujian Dao Eastbound Tongshu. Liu Xiu also gave Dou Rong a letter of brotherhood to soothe him.
Since Dou Rong had surrendered to Han, he had written to Kui Kui, criticizing him for rebelling, not knowing the affairs of the world, and disregarding the people's livelihood, and asking him to think deeply about the way of disobedience. Kui Huan ignored it. Dou Rong was prepared to fight with the Five Counties Taishou and wrote to ask for battle.
Liu Xiu was quite appreciative of Dou Rong's attitude and performance, and established a relationship with him, saying that Dou Rong was a descendant of Emperor Wen's dou family and that he was the son of Emperor Jing, who was born to Dou Hou; It was also said that the Han soldiers were about to march westward, hoping that Dou Rong would "meet in anticipation." Dou Rong received the edict, and immediately entered Jincheng with the guards of zhu county, and attacked the xianzhi Qiang who had surrendered to Shun Kui, and broke it. Only because the Han soldiers did not advance, Dou Rong was introduced. At this time, Liang Tong also severed relations with Kui Huan.
In the autumn of the seventh year of Jianwu (31 AD), Kui Huan attacked Anding. General Liu Xiu personally marched west, causing Dou Rong and others to meet regularly. Due to heavy rain, the road was blocked, and Kui Huan had already withdrawn, but the army was stopped. Dou Rong had reached Guzang and was ordered to resign. Dou Rong was afraid that Liu Xiu would not send troops for a long time, and he wrote to Liu Xiu to suggest that he seize the opportunity to seize the opportunity and attack the Kui Huan between the east and the west, and if it was protracted, it would be easy to change.
Liu Xiu accepted Dou Rong's request, and in the summer of the eighth year of Jianwu (32 AD), he sent troops to recruit Kui Huan. Dou Rong led the five counties of Taishou and Qiang, Xiaoyue, etc., riding tens of thousands of horses, weighing more than 5,000 vehicles, and Liu Xiuhui was the first (city name) in Gaohu (County). Liu Xiu held a grand banquet and waited for Dou Rong to pay a special gift. He made his younger brother Dou You the Duke of Fengche, and his younger brother Dou Shi the Grand Master of Taizhong. The two sides then marched together, and the Kui army "collapsed" and the city "fell". Liu Xiu was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Anfeng because of his merits, and ate the four counties of Anfeng, Yangquan, Yu, and Anfeng. He made his brother Dou You the Marquis of Xianqin. The generals were also rewarded. After the reward was completed, Liu Xiu led the crowd to return to the east, and Dou Rong and others returned to their hometowns.
4 Let go of the power of the pet
Dou Rong's brothers were also under the title of Marquis, and they had long been preoccupied with the West and were afraid of themselves. He wrote several times and asked for his resignation. Liu Xiu ordered retention. When Long and Shu had been pacified, Dou Rong was ordered to play the Jingshi with the Five Counties Taishou, and the riders were more than a thousand, and the horses, cattle and sheep were wild. Dou Rong went to Luoyang and sent Liangzhou Mu, Zhangye's capital, and Marquis Yin of Anfeng. Liu Xiu also returned his Marquis of Anfeng with the title of prince, "rewarding grace and pouring out the capital division". A few months later, in April of the thirteenth year of Jianwu (37 AD), Ren Dourong became the pastor of Jizhou, and more than ten days later, he was moved to Dasikong.
Dou Rong knew that he was not Liu Xiu's old vassal, so he was cautious and resigned his title many times, and Emperor Guangwu said to retain it. Dou Rong did not dare to make another request. It was not until the twentieth year of Jianwu (44 AD) that Liu Xiu was relieved of Dou Rong's official position. The following year, the addition of sinus fusion is particularly advanced. In the twenty-third year of Jianwu (47 AD), Dou Rong made Yin Xingxing a wei weishi ( 衛尉事 ) , and was also a general as a master. His brother Dou You was a lieutenant at the city gate, and his brother was also a soldier. Dou Rong again demanded his resignation, and Emperor Guangwu repeatedly rewarded him. At this time, the Dou clan had a noble family, with "one duke, two marquises, three princesses, and four or two thousand stones, and they were in harmony with each other." Since the ancestors and grandchildren, the official residences look at each other in Jingyi, and the number of slaves is in the thousands, which is incomparable among relatives and heroes. ”
In the second year of Yongping (59 AD), Dou Rong was imprisoned and died from his brother Dou Lin for his sins. Emperor Ming repeatedly issued edicts to dou rong, and "abstained from dou babies and tian yi's misfortunes." Dou Rong panicked, begged for bones, and was rehabilitated. A year later, Dou Rong went to Wei Wei to seal the seal. Later, his eldest son Dou Mu, relying on his power and misdeeds, ordered Liu Xu, the Marquis of Liu'an, to remove his wife and marry his daughter. In the fifth year of Yongping (62 AD), the defendant made this matter. Dou Mu and other officials were dismissed, and their families were returned to their hometown counties by Zhu Lian, leaving only Dou Rong in the Capital Division. Soon, Zhao Zhu Dou returned to the Capital Division. Dou Rong died at the age of seventy-eight and was known as Dai Hou.
5 Operates the five counties of Hexi
In the late Western Han Dynasty, the landlord class used unlimited land to merge land, forcing a large number of peasants to go bankrupt, the poor people to become slaves, and the class contradictions became sharper. At that time, the peasants revolted everywhere and feudal divisions everywhere, in this case, Dou Rong was supported by his subordinates as a general of the five counties and divided the five counties of Hexi.
Dou Rong was a native of Pingling (present-day northwest of Xianyang, Shaanxi), who had been an official in Hexi for generations and was well aware of the customs and customs of Hexi. He was appointed by the first emperor Liu Xuan as the capital of Zhangye, and was very successful and supported by the people of Hexi. After the defeat of the First Emperor, the area around Longxi and Tianshui had been divided by Kui Huan, and it was ready to advance westward, further merge with Hexi, and develop its power. Jiuquan Taishou Liang Tong and others believe that the world is in chaos, and if they do not work together to preserve the locality, they will not be able to protect their personal interests. Therefore, they jointly promoted Dou Rong to become a general of the five counties, leading Wuwei, the five counties of Zhangye, Jiuquan, Dunhuang, and Jincheng, and protecting the border and the people. Dou Rong led the elite soldiers of Zhangye's vassal states, "Repairing soldiers and horses, practicing war and shooting, and the police of Ming Beacon." In the case of Qiang Hu committing crimes, Dou Rong immediately led his troops to rescue each other and took on the responsibility of defending the place. Once, when Qiang Feng he killed Jincheng Taishou and occupied Jincheng, Kui Huan immediately sent emissaries to form an alliance with Feng He and prepared to send troops to defend Jincheng, Dou Rong led He Xibing to defeat Feng He, beheaded more than a thousand ranks, obtained 10,000 cattle, horses and sheep, and tens of thousands of grains, and defended Jincheng County from invasion.
After the Han Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu established the capital in Luoyang, Dou Rong and others wanted to annex the Eastern Han Dynasty, but due to the long west of the river, the area east of Jincheng to Tianshui was divided by Kui Huan, and the middle interval was blocked, and his wish could not be realized. In the 29th year of the Common Era (the fifth year of Jianwu), the envoy Liu Jun was sent to Luoyang to express his intention of submission. At this time, Emperor Guangwu also saw that Dou Rong and others wanted to go east, and took the initiative to send emissaries to hold the edict, and the emissaries of both sides met in the middle of the way, and after showing Dou Rong's sincerity in submitting to the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu immediately granted Dou Rong the wish to return to Liangzhou. At that time, there were no counties in the prefecture, and Wuwei County was governed by Guzang, and thirteen counties were subordinated to it, and in addition to the ten counties led by the Western Han Dynasty, three counties were added (in present-day Tai County) Zuli (southwest of present-day Jingyuan County) and Xianmei (present-day Yongchang County).
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the Central Plains was in turmoil and the people were not happy, Dou Rong adopted a relatively lenient policy in Hexi, "learning martial arts and cultivating literature, protecting the border and the people," which promoted the development of production, and the Hexi area became a relatively peaceful area. In particular, Guzang is more fertile. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Kong Fenchuan, says: "When the world is in turmoil, only Hexi is alone, while Guzang is called Fuyi, Tong loan Qiang hu (trading with ethnic minorities), the city day is four, each person who lives in the county, does not profit for several months, and it is abundant." "In ancient times, the market trade, the general practice is one day three times (that is, three transactions), and now one day four times, which shows that business is very prosperous. Therefore, the people who came here as county officials became rich in less than a few months, and at that time Guzang was a place where the Han, Qiang, and Xiongnu ethnic groups lived together, and from the prosperity of commerce, we can see the development of production and the wealth of the people.
He was very accomplished when he was pastoring for Liangzhou. In the eighth year of Jianwu, the Guangwu Emperor drove a car to march in person. After Kui Huan's defeat, Emperor Guangwu rewarded him for his meritorious deeds and feng Dou Rong as An Fenghou. Dou Rong was also able to appoint a virtuous court official, Wu Wei Taishou. In the fifth year of Jianwu, Kong Fen, who had taken refuge in Wuwei, served as an official of the Council of Cao Cao (an official), and served as a shougu Zang. Kong Fen was a very clean and honest official, living a very simple life, often eating coarse rice and light rice with his family, and others ridiculed him: "You can't moisten yourself in the cream of fat, and it is in vain to work hard." "It means to be born in a rich land, not to be blessed, and to suffer in vain." Kong Fen served in Guzang for four years and was supported by the people. After being transferred, a bicycle had nothing but to carry the family's luggage, the people were reluctant to give up, chased hundreds of miles, gifted property, Kong Fen refused to accept, really a good official with two sleeves and a clean wind.
The measures to operate the five counties of Hexi have objectively played a role in carrying forward the upper and lower levels, and their historical value has always been valued by people.
First, take measures to stabilize society
At the beginning of Dou Rong's operation of the five counties of Hexi, he was faced with an extremely severe external environment, and Kui Huan claimed that Wang Longyou, Lu Fang and the Xiongnu joined forces to harass the Qiang people in the northern frontier to plunder Jincheng, and the Xiongnu in Longxi coerced the eastern Kou of all ethnic groups in the western region, and the gates of the county town of Hexi County were often closed during the day. Under such a severe political situation, Dou Rong, in order to stabilize the society in the Hexi region, first used power and strategy to categorically change the situation in which the counties and counties in Hexi were equal in power and acting independently, so that he ascended to the position of the great general of the five counties of Hexi, and concentrated the political, economic, and military power in his own hands, and also put the haojie and celebrities of the counties under his wing feathers, thus forming a relatively stable political group, so that the activities of managing Hexi had a political guarantee. Secondly, from the very beginning, Dou Rong vigorously expanded his infantry and cavalry, constantly strengthened his military strength, and in peacetime, he "vigorously attacked the troops and horses", while in wartime, he led the troops together with the counties and counties to march out, and repeatedly won battles, so that the five counties of Hexi appeared a situation of "strong soldiers and horses". Third, in order to defend against the Disturbances of the Qiang people in the south, the Xiongnu in the north, and the various ethnic groups in the western region in the west, Dou Rong perfected the border defense and vigilance system composed of military institutions such as counties, Duweifu, Sai, Bu, and Fu, and formulated and strictly implemented the regulations on border defense and preparation of the "Covenant on Plugging Beacons and Flames," thus creating good conditions for ensuring social stability and the residents' peace of mind in production.
Second, multi-party production activities
Dou Rong carried out a variety of production activities in the Hexi region according to local conditions. In terms of agricultural production, Dou Rong divided the local counties and the army into two management systems. At the local county level, there are "nongdu lieutenants" and "field officials" at the county level, and these agricultural officials are specifically responsible for agricultural affairs. In the military system, the military tun system is implemented, and the specific reclamation affairs are handled by the military commander. At that time, there were more than 20 varieties of crops planted in Hexi, which could be roughly divided into four categories: wheat, rice, grain and beans, and their situation could be kept pace with the central plains with developed agricultural economy.
In the five counties of Hexi, since ancient times, forests are sparse, natural oases are often invaded by sandstorms, and the issue of vegetation protection has been paid attention to at that time. During the Dou Rong period, he protected the environment by strictly ordering "officials not to cut down trees", and the practice of protecting the ecological environment from the protection of forests and trees set an example for us in history. In order to develop the animal husbandry industry in the five counties, the General's Mansion once set up a "priest's court" to be responsible for animal husbandry affairs, and at the same time issued a decree prohibiting the killing of horses and cattle to protect the servitude of livestock. In the twelfth year of Jianwu (36 AD), when Dou Rong and others went to Luoyang to meet Emperor Guangwu, the horses, cattle and sheep driven on the road were full of mountains and fields, and there were more than 4,000 horses used to pull carts alone.
During the period of Dou Rong's operation, the transportation industry has developed greatly, and the large wooden wheeler of The Horse-Draw has become the main means of transport. In the eighth year of Jianwu (32 AD), when Dou Rong attacked Kui Huan, he sent out more than 5,000 horse-drawn wooden wheelers to transport heavy loads. Commercial trade has also developed significantly, and only in Guzang (present-day Wuwei City) has opened up a market for the han and ethnic minority residents to trade commodities, and it is open four times a day, which shows the prosperity of its trade.
Third, implement the "lenient" ethnic policy
Dou Rong implemented a policy of "leniency" toward the Qiang, Xiaoyue, Qinhu (descendants of the Xiongnu Qin) and Lu Shuihu (ethnic minorities in the middle and upper reaches of the Heihe River) in the five counties of Hexi; on the one hand, he recruited various livestock tribes that were wandering and resettled them to settle and "farm"; on the other hand, he also gave policy protection to their livestock, and strictly prohibited the conscription of horses and cattle from various ethnic minorities for military service, so the people of all ethnic groups were subordinated. At that time, Dou Rong also allowed people of various ethnic minorities to participate in commodity trading activities in the Guzang Market, which won the "joy" and support of various ethnic minorities.
Dou Rong's painstaking management has led to the emergence of social stability, "warehouses are stored, the people are rich" and "the soldiers and horses are strong" in the five counties of Hexi. The above outstanding performance shows that Dou Rong's operation of the five counties of Hexi can be called a successful example of the development of the western region in history, which is worth studying and learning from today.