Yuan blue and white porcelain cup
Warm as a jade yuan blue and white porcelain cup
Fang Pengfei
Nowadays, there is a rumor in the antique industry that "the yuanqinghua collected by the people is not recognized." My point is: as long as it is the real yuan qinghua, no one does not approve. Folk antiques collect yuan qinghua, less than one in ten thousand authentic, how to let the world get recognized?!
This yuan blue and white porcelain cup is 19 cm high, unearthed alone, at present, only one piece of yuan blue and white porcelain cup has been unearthed at home and abroad! Imitation of the Spring and Autumn Warring States bronze cup shape, porcelain imitation bronze shape are high-end art works! It is an ornamental decorative ornament. The shape is duanwei, Tingting yuli, warm as jade, blue and white are calm in color, the color is intense, black crystal spots can be seen at the glaze, and the blue and white flowers are painted for imported Suber mud and green cobalt material with high iron content. The color is elegant, timeless and beautiful, like Jiangnan smoke and rain, making people mesmerized, the glaze is bright, extremely moist, the phoenix neck is the handle, the smart and clean, the puppy is the button, the state is cute, and the top of the red jar in the Red Jar of the Baoding Unearthed Yuan Qinghua Glaze in the Hebei Provincial Museum is the same as the lion button. The washing of the tire soil is not as delicate as that of the Ming and Qing dynasties, so there are many iron spots at the exposed tire, forming natural flint red spots, which is also one of the necessary features for identifying yuan qinghua. The traces of the three-legged tire at the bottom of this yuan blue and white porcelain cup are obvious, which is rare among the few yuan blue and white porcelain that has survived. Yuan blue and white porcelain is generally divided into two shades, one is gray-blue, lighter; One is dark blue, which is more colorful. Those who show gray and blue are domestic materials, and those who show color blue are imported materials. Imported green materials are used for large, medium and small imitation Shang Zhou Zhan Han bronze modelers; Domestic cobalt material is only used for small and medium-sized yuan blue and white porcelain.
Cultural relics are historical witnesses and cultural bearers, in the history of thousands of years, the ancients left endless cultural treasures for future generations, up to the various stone tools of the ancient era, to the bronze ware of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the jade of the Warring States Qin and Han Dynasties, the gold and silverware of the Tang Dynasty, the three colored ware, down to the various porcelain, calligraphy and paintings of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, many people think that in many cultural relics, the most valuable should be bronze cultural relics, if according to the historical value, the overall value of bronze cultural relics is relatively high, However, the sky-high cultural relics auctioned at auction are generally calligraphy and paintings and porcelain. On July 12, 2005, an auction held at Christie's in London showed up in a porcelain jar of the "Ghost Valley Descending the Mountain" of the character story of Yuan Qinghua. The descent of the ghost valley is originally from a historical story in the "Warring States Policy", which tells that during the Warring States period, the Yan state and the state of Qi were at war, and Sun Zhen, who served the state of Qi, was captured by the enemy, and his master Oni Guzi led everyone down the mountain to rescue. The Yuan Qinghua Ghost Valley Downhill Picture Jar was sold at Christie's In London for 14 million pounds, equivalent to more than 230 million yuan, which was the highest price of Chinese porcelain in the world at that time! Value for money, ghost valley out of the mountain to drive the beast to carry people, driving lightly, calm and relaxed, circle nine grids for the highest number of yang numbers, symbolizing the supremacy, time has passed, the years have changed, if 16 years later, this ghost valley down the mountain yuan qinghua pot is once again available, it will definitely be more than that price! And how much will it be auctioned? Presumably, people who are engaged in collecting have a scale in their hearts. There is an iron law in the antique world: true, fine, sharp, rare works of art, the price will be high.
Yuan blue and white porcelain cup lid twist
Blue and white porcelain was created and burned in the Tang Dynasty, mature in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Qinghua is characterized by full composition, many layers and not chaotic, its great reform of Song porcelain implicit and introverted style, with a cheerful visual impact to give people a sense of pleasure, with the atmosphere of heroic artistic original spirit, the blue and white porcelain painting art to the peak, the formation of its own unique style. China's study of yuan qinghua is late, the formation of a blank period, many are newly discovered to identify, therefore, encounter some special vessel-shaped porcelain, do not blindly deny, must comprehensively look at the tire glaze green material painting and tire repair and other processes, if all right, you must identify this porcelain. Yuan Qinghua is mostly unearthed porcelain, one look at tuqin, two look at the traces of use, three look at flint red and so on. The Yuan Dynasty miscellaneous drama flourished, and the Mongols were very fascinated by the historical stories of the Han People, and the ups and downs of the character storyline in the drama deeply touched the Mongolian people's love and hatred. The story is fixed on the blue and white porcelain, put into the yurt, store food or miscellaneous things at the same time, but also often enjoy the endless storyline, so the yuan qinghua became a favorite practical instrument of the Mongolian royal family.
Yuan blue and white porcelain cup bottom three legs
The blue and white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty has a significant feature, that is, the story picture given on the porcelain is the most, and the theme is also very extensive, such as the story of the ghost Guzi descending the mountain in the Spring and Autumn Warring States period, Xiao He yue chasing Han Xin under the Western Han Dynasty, the Three Gu Maolu at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Empty City Plan, the Three Ying Battle Lü Bu, Liu Bei Zhaoqin, Guan Yu over the Five Passes Xuan Six Generals, the popular Yu Boya with the qin to visit friends, Taibai drunkenness, eighteen bachelors, Tao Yuan Mingaiju, Bamboo Forest Seven Sages, Wang Xizhi's love goose, Zhou Dunyi Ailian and so on.
Yuan blue and white porcelain cup cover inside the flint red natural naturally
Nanjing Municipal Museum collection of Yuan Qinghua character story "Xiao He Yuexia chasing Han Xin" plum vase, the current discovery of the real world only three pieces, this plum bottle was excavated in 1950 in The Ming Dynasty Tomb of Mu Ying in NiushouShan, Jiangning County, Nanjing City, Mu Ying was the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty. Plum bottles are household decoration items, and plum branches are inserted on the case. This plum vase is a rare treasure and has a special status, which was given to Mu Ying by the Hongwu Emperor, so it was used as a funeral object after death. The picture occupies the main position in the abdomen of the plum bottle, Xiao He wears a horned head, wears a robe belt, a tasseled beard, controls the reins in his left hand, and wields a whip in his right hand, and gallops away on his horse; Han Xin's head is wrapped in a soft scarf, wearing a robe, and the war horse is holding a warhorse drinking water by the stream; the blank space is lined with cang pine, plum bamboo, and mountain stones, which are staggered; the upper and lower decorations of the western lotus, miscellaneous treasures, deformed lotus petals, and hanging bead patterns, etc., the theme is clear and prominent, the pen is strong and powerful, and the blue and white flowers are purple and beautiful, and no master can do it. The excavation of this plum bottle is not from archaeological excavations, it is a stolen cultural relic, the thief won the bottle in the city center to sell, was the cultural relics company personnel happened to see, spent 5 gold bars to buy. Later, this bottle was identified as a first-class national treasure and collected in the Nanjing Museum.
The Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Hengxian County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, unearthed a yuanqinghua jar with a belly painting "Wei Chi Gong Single Riding savior map". In the painting, the defeated Tang Dynasty general Duan Zhixuan, wearing a crown of hair, wearing a battle robe, holding a long fork, bald and depressed; the horse pursuers who followed him wore a phoenix-winged helmet, armored robes, and spears in both hands, as Shan Xiongxin; Li Shimin, the king of Qin, who was separated by a stone, wore a scarf on his head, wore a robe, held a whip in his right hand, sat upright on a horse, and his body was slightly sideways, as if to speak to others; Wei Chigong raised his whip with his right hand, held the reins in his left hand, and galloped on his horse, with a beard on his face and armored battle robes, and at a glance he knew that he was a brave and fierce general. Between the cliffs, three soldiers holding spears appeared, and strange stones, clouds, willows, double phoenixes, and ganoderma lucidum were painted in the gaps, all of which were vivid and vivid.
The character story jar of Yuan Qingyuan's "Three Gu Maolu Tu" auctioned by Sotheby's in Hong Kong, one side of the picture depicts Zhuge Kongming wearing a soft scarf on his head, wearing a robe, sitting on a mountain stone under the cang pine, a boy with a double bun on his head holding a book and standing next to him, and a boy with a double bun in front of him on the left is leaning over to pray; on the other side of the picture, under the leafy weeping willow, Liu Xuande wears a horned scarf, wears a robe, and bows down; Guan Yunchang and Zhang Yide whisper on the side; Zhuge Liang's high-spirited and dashing, Liu Bei's thirst for merit, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei's anxiety and irritability, All of them portray the inner activities vividly, smoothly and thoroughly.
The "XiXiangji" jar that appeared at sotheby's Autumn Auction in Hong Kong in 1996 fully expressed the interest of life. In the middle of the picture, there is a few, with an incense burner on it, and a woman in front of the stove bows down to worship, and the two sides are lined with carved fences, rockeries, and flower trees, showing the story of Cui Yingying burning incense and worshipping the moon in the "West Chamber". Cui Yingying has had the habit of worshiping the moon since childhood, and every time the sky in the middle of the month is clear, he must burn incense to worship the moon; at this time, Zhang Sheng secretly came to the back garden, peeked at the warblers burning incense, the scene blended, and there were many feelings, that is, a poem: "The moon dissolves the night, the flowers are yin and lonely in the spring; how to come to Haoluo, not to see the people in the moon." Cui Yingying immediately made a song: "Lan Yu has been lonely for a long time, and there is nothing to do in Fangchun; those who expect to be a bard should have pity on people." Therefore, Zhang Sheng's hard reading night and night touched Cui Yingying, and she had a crush on Zhang Sheng, and she couldn't extricate herself for a long time...
Yuanqinghua painting is generally made of paper-cut or engraved mold printing on the porcelain tire, revealing a strong Flavor of New Year painting. The porcelain industry of the Yuan Dynasty was prosperous, with an open style, light and bright, simple and accurate. Yuanqinghua porcelain is the soul of Jingdezhen porcelain, when Jingdezhen was full of high-ranking people, and blue and white porcelain sprung up. Although the styles of Song and Yuan porcelain are very different, they are all profound and subtle, extraordinary, and are the two major peaks in the history of Chinese porcelain making after the five generations of wood kilns. After the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese porcelain stopped being original, cookie-cutter, and insufficiently innovative. Yuanqing vases and cans are made of segmented tires, mud bonding, and the adhesive joints are often protruding, giving people a sense of unevenness; The inner side of the neck of the utensil is slightly cut, and the inner wall is not trimmed, so the carcass joints in the device are obvious; The sole of the foot does not pay attention to the repair of the blank, the finished product appears to be rougher, but the small device also has elegant ones, the tire quality is firm and delicate, and the foot cutting method is commonly cut obliquely on the outer wall of the bottom foot.
Yuan blue and white porcelain cup mouth flow
The sole of the large vessel is wide and thick, the circle foot is not very neat, the bottom of the instrument can see spiral-like cutting marks, the bottom of the large bottle and large can spin cutting grain is thicker and thinner, and the cutting marks of the plates and bowls are thinner and denser; Most of the bottom and hoop feet are glued with kiln sand, some of which has been glazed over. The goblet foot and the cup body are spliced with mud, and the squeeze mud marks can be seen at the junction. The lid is made of twist and cover segments, which are formed first and then bonded, so the twist and cover joint marks can be seen. The carcass at the bottom of the bowl is thick, the tire is exposed in the foot, and the center is slightly protruding, commonly known as the "navel eye", which is caused by the rotation of the blank. Bottles, cans, stoves, washers, etc. are often in the center of a concave dot, which is a round cake support made of refractory soil at the bottom to prevent the collapse of the bottom during firing, and a nail protrudes from the middle of the cake, and the dot is formed. The bottom foot of the large tank is mostly a wide-sided circle foot, which is not very regular. Generally, the carcass of the large vessel is thicker, but the weight is moderate, and it is not true if the weight is overweight or ultra-light.
Most of the yuanqinghua porcelain that appears in China now is accidentally discovered, and the yuanqinghua porcelain deliberately emphasized on the market is all imitations! Due to the high price of Yuanqinghua porcelain, in recent years, the Yuanqinghua porcelain in the hands of many antique people on the market has about 9,999 per 10,000 fakes! In 1976, the Yangzhou Museum collected a Yuan Dynasty Ji blue glazed white dragon pattern plum vase that was not only a genuine Yuan porcelain, but also reached the national treasure level of Yuan Dynasty porcelain heavyware! The purchase price was only 18 yuan in that year, and now the value should be about 200 million yuan without problems. It has been included in the third batch of prohibited exhibitions of art abroad by the state!
On November 29, 1980, the infrastructure construction site of Jiangxi Second Electric Machinery Factory excavated the Yuan Dynasty porcelain cellar, making the Gao'an Museum the third largest museum in the world in terms of the number of Yuanqinghua porcelain! Second only to the collections of Turkish and Iranian museums. The gaoanyuan blue and white porcelain cellar not only left Gao An with a valuable porcelain treasure, but also became an indispensable valuable material for the study of yuanqinghua porcelain.
Jiangxi Jiujiang Gao'an unearthed Yuan Dynasty blue and white porcelain cellar 19 pieces, in addition to the excavation of 4 pieces of Yuan Dynasty glaze red and blue white glaze porcelain, is China's current excavation of yuan blue and white porcelain the most places, excavated porcelain are practical utensils, mostly large pieces. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were 5 large peasant army sieges and land raids in Gao'an, which lasted for a total of 11 years. Before the arrival of the peasant rebel army, the local bureaucrats and gentry stored and protected the precious porcelain that was not easy to carry. The owner of this excavated porcelain cellar may have been Wu Xingfu, a Gao'an person, because Wu Xingfu was a close relative of the imperial family and engaged in commercial transportation, and made a lot of profits; his son Wu Liangchen was also an official in the late Yuan Dynasty, advocating Confucian classics such as "Zhou Li" and "Li Ji"; the father and son were politically powerful, able to freely enter and leave the royal family, and had the conditions to contact and use the palace utensils; Wu Xingfu's father and son transported porcelain back to Gao'an before the yuan dynasty collapsed, and it was entirely possible to store it in the local cellar.
It can be seen from the rich three-hong pattern (Southern Song Dynasty convex hongwen style) and peony flowers painted on the abdomen of the Yuanqinghua porcelain: the Yuanqinghua porcelain has greatly changed the implicit and restrained style of Song Dynasty porcelain, and the bright and gorgeous visual effect gives people a sense of pleasure and fun, but with the charm of the Southern Song Dynasty, with the atmospheric and heroic spirit and artistic style to push the blue and white painting to the peak. The Yuan Dynasty is the era of the fusion of northern and southern cultures, yuan blue and white porcelain in addition to the different shapes, the degree of exquisiteness is similar, its magnificent, vivid, air cover the mountains and rivers, confused many collectors who know the ancient and modern, the Yuan Dynasty through the celestial signs, fine calligraphy and painting, wandering between the landscape and the painter Wu Zhen is very sober, he believes that the convergence of culture is a historical law, but also a historical necessity. This yuan blue and white porcelain cup is made of high-quality hemp warehouse soil with good air permeability, which allows the air pressure in the tire to be released outward, which enhances the sense of movement of the painting technique of the blue and white porcelain cup, which has been used in Qingqianlong enamel porcelain. In addition, the use of dark blue tones in the color of blue and flowers, with abstract original paintings, the peony and phoenix represent the collision and combination of the two cultures, the shape is exquisite and clear, the drawing is bright and elegant, the craftsmanship is complex and sophisticated, the phoenix (neck) is exquisite and realistic, the beautiful blue beam of the Dao, the unique artistic conception, the profound cultural connotation, the superb and lofty, the infinite reverie.
The Territory of the Yuan Dynasty was very vast, and it was the most active period of foreign relations in ancient Chinese history. The common culture of the Yuan Dynasty was very prosperous, and the Yuanqu and Yuanza brushes were treasures in the history of ancient Chinese literature and were of landmark significance. Abstract and simple painting in the Yuan Dynasty, magnificent in momentum, flexible in grass and trees, and sentient landscapes, it is the mainstream style of Chinese painting. The porcelain industry of the Yuan Dynasty was prosperous, the style was open, and the craftsmanship was ingenious, especially the Yuan qinghua was brilliant, the blue and white color was generally purple and bright, the hair color was simple and accurate, and the black dot was the soul of the yuanqinghua porcelain glaze; the porcelain industry in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi, in the Yuan Dynasty, was full of people, and the porcelain production was sudden, and the blue and white porcelain, monochrome glaze, thin tire thin glaze, underglaze color, glaze color and other porcelain had a hole in the sky, a row of egrets on the blue sky. From the deep Zen, natural and subtle introverted nature of Song porcelain to the broad artistic conception and expression of Yuan Qinghua porcelain, Song and Yuan porcelain art techniques are natural, different styles and unfathomable, which are the two peaks in the history of Chinese porcelain making after five generations of wood kilns. After the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese porcelain art basically stopped the original, developed to qiaoya and exquisite, and the same, innovative fine products are lackluster; today, the brilliance of yuanqinghua porcelain is still brilliant, showing a historical monument to illuminate the door of innovation.
Yuan Dynasty Jingdezhen bottles, cans and other utensils, the use of segmented tires, and then with the tire mud bonded, the adhesive often surface protrusions, giving people a sense of unevenness; the outer wall joints are polished, but the inner wall joints are still clearly visible, the inner walls are not repaired, so the carcass joints at the bottom, abdomen, mouth and other places of porcelain are obvious. The foot edge of the general utensils is irregular and has a bending phenomenon, indicating that the Yuan Dynasty did not pay attention to the repair of the blank when making tires, so the molding process is rough. However, small utensils also have delicate tire repairs, and the tire quality is regular and delicate. Foot cutting treatment method common bottom foot outer wall oblique cutting a knife, the sole of the large vessel is wide and thick for digging feet, there are deep and shallow; the utensils circle foot is not very neat, curved; the bottom of the instrument can see spiral cutting marks, the bottom of the large bottle, the bottom of the large jar spin cutting pattern is thicker, thinner, the cutting marks of the plate and bowl are thinner and denser; the bottom and the circle foot inside and outside are glued with kiln sand, some have been melted into the glaze. The tall foot of the goblet and the body of the cup are spliced with mud, and the yellow or pulp-colored extrusion mud can be seen at the junction; the lid of the sub-buckle sleeve structure adopts the process of forming the sub-buckle and the lid and then bonding, and the joint marks can be clearly seen on the lid. The bottom carcass of the bowl is thicker, the foot is exposed, the center is slightly protruding, commonly known as the "navel eye", which is actually a blank mark; bottles, cans and other large utensils are commonly a concave dot in the center of the bottom, in the firing of large utensils, in order to prevent the collapse of the bottom, it is necessary to put a towering round cake or circle made of refractory soil at the bottom as a fulcrum, and the dot is formed from this. The bottom of the large tank is mostly wide circle foot, irregular, and some have shallow thread marks in the center of the bottom... The superb craftsmanship of Yuan Qinghua porcelain established the prosperity of Ming and Qing dynasty blue and white porcelain.
From the perspective of the world, there are still many deficiencies and deficiencies in the study of yuanqinghua porcelain, the most important reason is: the lack of very valuable archaeological research data, the lack of selection and judgment of the standard instrument, the lack of historical documents to record that the yuan qinghua is not recorded in the literature, which cannot be changed, so we can only hope for the improvement of archaeological data in the future. Due to the high price of the yuanqinghua porcelain market, many collectors have reached the stage of obsession with the pursuit and enthusiasm of yuanqinghua porcelain! This is exactly what some speculative counterfeiters are under the bosom, so now the market is "full of yuanqinghua"! Therefore, rational collectors should be comprehensive and serious about the identification of yuanqinghua, try their best to refer to the excavated porcelain, and study and compare the yuanqinghua in the collection. It is worth mentioning: do not put the judgment basis on the identification of modern scientific and technological instruments of "thermal emission, X-fluorescence spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy"! Because any scientific and technological instrument is operated by people, the wrong information is entered before the identification, will the identification result be correct?! At present, the most reliable identification is eye recognition! The catalogue contains comprehensive scientific materials, the accumulation of knowledge, and the synthesis of archaeological information, which cannot be replaced or compared by any modern scientific instrument. For example, all the instruments in China currently identify jadeite! It is not right to take 10 pieces of old jadeite from the Ming and Qing dynasties to identify 10 pieces, why? The instrument enters the data information of the modern new jadeite! On the contrary, all the ming and qing old jadeite identification results are not correct. At present, there are still many defects in the identification of scientific and technological instruments, some reference data information itself has problems, take the data information that has problems to prove the authenticity of Yuan Qinghua, the results can be imagined.
July 29, 2021
About the author: Fang Pengfei, a member of the Shaanxi Provincial Writers Association, a member of the Shaanxi Children's Literature Research Association, and a member of the China Collectors Association, has published more than 2,000 essays, reportages, short stories, etc. in relevant newspapers and magazines at home and abroad, and won more than 20 first, second and third prizes and excellent awards for various essays in relevant newspapers and magazines in China, the province and the city; and published and distributed a collection of 540,000 words of prose "Qin Ba Lancui".
Address: Shaanxi Chenggu County Party Committee Propaganda Department (retired civil servants)