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In 573 BC, gengshen was killed by the Duke of Jin, which was another major upheaval in the political situation of the Jin state since linggong. Luan Shu and Zhongxing Yan arrested the monarch and imprisoned him, and then sent his eldest doctor Cheng Shu to kill Li Gong in prison, bury him outside the east gate of the wing in a car, and then added the evil name "Li" together with the mourning prince who relied on them to win the country. Li Gong's henchman Changyu Jiaobendi, Xu Tong was killed. Although Duke Li of Jin made an important contribution to the liberation of the Jin state from the hegemonic crisis, the shame he suffered was rare among all the monarchs of the Jin state.
The Jin mourning public name Zhou, also known as Sun Zhou. The son of the Duke of Jinxiang (晋襄公) was named Huan Shu (桓叔). Ji Jiesheng Tan, also known as Sun Tan, is called Huibo. Sun Tan's second son was Sun Zhou, and Sun Zhou's eldest brother was an idiot who did not distinguish between wheat and wheat and was not qualified to be a monarch. Because after the death of Duke Xiang of Jin, he caused a fire in the two major clans of Hu and Zhao on the issue of choosing an heir, Sun Tan fled to Chengzhou for refuge and became the Duke of Yu.
When Sun Zhou was in Chengzhou, he was a teacher of Zhou Shi Shi Shan Xianggong, who had been influenced by Zhou Li since childhood, and according to Shan Xianggong, he was a perfect man with loyalty, faith, benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, filial piety, favor, respect, and all kinds of virtues, asserting that he would be promoted to the kingdom in the future, and when he was dying, he also instructed his son to be kind to Sun Zhou. From this point of view, Sun Zhou is naturally a moderate figure compared to Jing Gong and Li Gong.
The fierce struggle within the ruling clique of the Jin Dynasty for twenty or thirty consecutive years made each of the monarchs and subjects not protect themselves, and everyone was already tired of it, and they all longed for and nostalgic for the harmonious atmosphere between the monarchs and subjects in the era of The Duke of Jin, and the political attitude and personal cultivation of the Jin Dynasty just catered to the needs of the time. When Sun Zhou returned to the Jin Dynasty after ending his life as a duke in Chengzhou, it heralded the relaxation of various contradictions in the Jin Dynasty.
Sun Zhou was only fourteen years old when he returned to China, and in the first month of 573 BC (the Jin calendar was actually in December of the previous year), Luan Shu led his ministers to greet the deceased prince born abroad in Qingyuan. When Sun Zhou returned to China, he maintained a high degree of vigilance, and when he greeted him with his courtiers, he said: "The lonely wish is not enough, although it is not heavenly? Or will the king of man, who will give up his destiny, but not obey, and will use the king in peace? The second and third sons use me today, or not today, to be with the king, and the blessings of God. ”
Sun Zhou and Zhu Dafu allied themselves in Qingyuan at Gengwu (15th), Xin Wei (26th) arrived in Quwo, on the same day in Wuyu, and on The first day of February, Yi you (the first day of the first month) was located in Xintian, which was the Duke of Jin.
After the Jin Dynasty ascended the throne, he faced many social problems that needed to be solved urgently. At home, it is necessary to abolish the policy of the Linggong to crack down on the strong family, in order to alleviate the sharp contradictions between the office and the secretary of state, so as to expand the basis of the rule of the office; as a result of years of war, the common people have become exhausted, and the ruling class must reduce state expenditures, reduce the burden on the common people, curb extravagant style, advocate frugality, and further develop the social productive forces. Abroad, although Jin Jinggong was an accomplished politician, he made the Jin state survive an extremely difficult period at home and created a relatively relaxed environment. By the time of Li Gong, after winning the Battle of Ma Tunnel, it began to be arrogant and unreasonable to its allies.
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1. Select talents and abilities
The Duke of Jin attaches great importance to the selection of talents and talents. During his fifteen reigns (573-558 BC), the achievements he created were inseparable from the support of Zhi Ji and Wei Dai.
Zhi Ji (知䓨) was the son of Xun Shou (荀秀 in the Ram Biography), and his courtesy name was Wuzi (武子), zi zi yu (字子羽), also known as Xun Zi (荀䓨). The xun clan to The Father of Xun Lin was renamed the Zhongxing Clan, and the brother of The Lin Father, Xun Shou, was fed in Zhi (present-day Linyi County, Shanxi Province), and the other clan was the Zhi clan.
In 566 BC, Han Yu told the old man that Zhi Hao was the commander of the Chinese army, and he helped the Duke of Jin to formulate a policy that was in line with the national conditions of the Jin state at that time, and it was successful, and finally formed a situation in which the Jin state restored hegemony to the princes.
Wei Dai (谥庄子) was the grandson of Wei Xian (魏犨), and at the beginning of his reign, he served as sima of the Chinese army, and his status was still under the monarchy, right and lieutenants of the middle army, just like Han Yue in the Zhao Dun era. Mourning Gong is not only good at employing people, but also good at receiving advice and daring to correct mistakes. It shows the demeanor of a politician. In 570 BC, Duke Mo went to Jize (姬泽, in present-day Handan, Hebei Province) to preside over the alliance of princes, and the Jin army marched to Quliang (northeast of Jize), and his brother Yang Gan violated discipline and disrupted the military march. Wei Dai, as sima of the Chinese army, was in charge of military law, and he killed Yang Gan's imperial servant according to law.
Wei Dai's most outstanding achievement in life was to help the Duke of Jin to achieve an endless peace with Northern Rong in 569 BC. The relationship between the Jin state and Rong Di was one of the important parts of its entire hegemony, and Wei Dai and Rong made the Jin state have no worries about competing for hegemony in the Central Plains.
Another important achievement of Wei Dai was that in 564 BC he proposed the sale of public and private reserves, the cancellation of public patents, and the further development of social production.
The selection of xian renneng was the main body of the mourning organization line, and he exiled seven of the courtiers at the beginning of his reign, and promoted the meritorious Qing Dafu's sons Lü Xiang, Shi She, Wei Jie, and Zhao Wu as secretaries. The Xun family, The Wenmin Xunhui, the courageous Luan, and the calm Han Wuji were appointed as gong clan masters, and they were asked to work together to teach the sons of the nobles who were well-respected. The shi who appointed Shuai Zhi to be knowledgeable and proclamation of the teachings as Taifu, the following hundred officials were used according to their materials. He was able to employ the strengths of men and avoid their weaknesses, and the officials appointed by him were all competent and virtuous men.
Mourning Gong was a politician, and through his governance, the style of courtesy of Qing Dafu formed in the Wengong era was carried forward. It was this class of generals who completed the great cause of the tired service Zheng to restore jin hegemony. At that time, the political situation of the Jin state was a rare situation among other princely states. The mourning gong's use of the elite's organizational line has played a guarantee role in his restoration of the great cause of hegemony.
2. Reduce taxation and servitude
In order to save the crisis of the Jin dynasty's hegemony, Jin Ligong "cut off wisdom and strength" and launched foreign wars for many years, and the heavy military endowment fell on the shoulders of the people of the country; in order to weaken the strong family, he actively cultivated party henchmen, rewarded their wealth and benefited their fields, "neglected to teach and regained", class contradictions intensified, and the contradictions between the public office and the strong clan in the ruling clique were very sharp.
In order to alleviate the class contradictions in the country, after the Jin Dynasty took the throne, in addition to adjusting the policy of cracking down on strong families in the Jing and Li dynasties, he also implemented some lenient policies for the people of the country. In mourning the beginning of the government, he first gave up the old public and private debts, and took out grain cloth to organize relief, reduce taxation and force, reduce public and private expenditures, prohibit extravagance and waste, and release sinners.
In 569 BC, the Duke of Jin made a second internal reform. This was after Wei Dai and Rong, inspired by them to "cultivate civil affairs", he stipulated that the state must ensure that "the field is time" when building cities, roads, and palaces both abroad and at home, and cannot violate the agricultural time, which is conducive to agricultural production.
Of course, the purpose of mourning gong's implementation of such a policy at that time was to increase food production and support his war for hegemony. In order to restore hegemony, Duke Mo also used troops to the outside world for many years, and after several years of arduous war, the situation of the Jin state was reversed for a time, and Chen and Zheng, the two countries of near Chu, rebelled against Jin and Annexed Chu, so Duke Mo had to slow down the pace of restoring hegemony, implement a set of strategies for recuperating and recuperating the people, gain the support of the people, and enhance the comprehensive national strength.
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While rectifying internal affairs, the Duke of Jin summed up the experiences and lessons learned since Jing Gong and Li Gong, adjusted their foreign policies, and aimed at restoring the hegemony of Wen and Xiang.
1. Consolidate the Jin and Song Dynasties
The alliance between Song and Zheng has always been the forefront of the struggle for hegemony between Jin and Chu, and since the Jin Dynasty, the Song State has always adhered to the policy of uniting the Jin Dynasty with Chu. By consolidating and developing the alliance between the Jin and Song dynasties, the Jin state will be able to further unite the states of Wu, Lu, Ju, and Qi, and will also be able to prevent the two major powers of Qi and Chu from approaching.
In 563 BC, Duke Mo of Jin led Song Pinggong, Duke Luxiang, Duke Wei Xian, Duke Cao Cheng, Duke Shi of Qi, and Ju, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiaoguo to meet King Shoumeng of Chu (Chu Dizu, in order to support their allies song loyal to the Jin state, Zhonghang Yan and Shi Wu proposed to use the princes to destroy the small state of Qianyang (峄城县, in present-day Shandong Province, about fifty miles to the southeast), in order to give the Song state's right division Xiang Shu.
The battle against Qiangyang was fought very hard, and at the beginning it encountered the resolute resistance of the qiangyang defenders, and after a few months, Zhengqing zhi ordered the seven days to conquer Qiangyang, and Zhonghang Yan and Shi Wu led the soldiers to fight in bloody battles, "personally receiving (granting) Yashi", participating in the battle, after five days and nights of offensive battles, on May 8, they conquered the city of Qiangyang, and the king of Qiangyang was imprisoned in the Jin state, and his people were selected to worship the altar surname, and their tan surname was moved to the Eastern Suburbs of Jindi Huo (in present-day Fanzhi County, Shanxi Province), away from their former residences, in order to prevent their rebellion. This is probably the consistent policy of the Jin State in dealing with the fallen. The Jin people did not hesitate to force the Yang and give them to the allies, which not only won the hearts of the nobles of the Song Kingdom, but also the temptation to the princes of the allied countries was also very strong.
2. The "Association" joined the Union
In the Battle of An, the State of Qi was defeated by the Jin, and although it had to pay tribute and seek peace, it did not have the sincerity to cooperate with the State of Jin in its heart. Since the States of Lu, Song, Cao, and Wei were separated between Qi and Chu, the State of Qi could not contact the State of Chu. Moreover, the State of Qi was a great power in the East, and its self-esteem made it impossible for the State of Qi to look up to the chu people's sniffles under unequal conditions.
Therefore, during this period, although the attitude of the State of Qi towards the State of Jin was not inferior, it did not dare to easily break the relations between Qi and Jin. In 573 BC, the princes would ally in The Void (宋地, in present-day eastern Yanjin County, Henan Province), and Qi sent Cui Zhu to attend, but the following year Jin led the princes' divisions to besiege Pengcheng, but Qi did not send a single soldier to participate in the war, and after the war, the Jin state condemned the State of Qi for betraying the alliance. Qi Linggong was afraid of retribution, and sent Prince Guang as a hostage to enter Jin.
The Jin state adopted a policy of "coordination" of prestige and "coordination", which did not require it to obey every battle, nor did it allow the state of Qi to claim to be respected.
3. Support the State of Wu against the State of Chu
During the Jin Dynasty, the State of Wu, with the help of the Jin people, began to rise in the southeast and became a fierce enemy of the State of Chu. In the spring of 570 BC, Chu ordered Yin Zi to re-select an elite division to invade Wu, in order to strangle The state of Wu, the neighbor of Eastern Chu, and avoid the dilemma of being attacked on both sides.
In 563 BC, after the first climax of the struggle for hegemony with the State of Chu, dukes of Jin led Song, Lu, Wei, Cao, Ju, Qi, Teng, Xue, Qi, and XiaoYi to the eleven kingdoms, as well as the Prince of Qi' Guanghui alliance with Zuyi (in present-day Jiakou, Beixiaoxi, Pi County, Jiangsu Province), and Wu Wang Shoumeng personally went to the alliance, which was the first time that Wu Guojun participated in the Xia League. After Shou Meng's death, in the first year of Zhu Fan's reign (560 BC), the Wu people were defeated. In the spring of the following year, Wu was defeated by the Jin, and the Jin people were Wu Mouchu, who led Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Qi, Teng, Xue, Qi, Xiao Yi and other twelve kingdom masters to meet at Xiangyi in Wudi (present-day Huaiyuan County, Anhui Province, west of forty miles).
It can be seen that during the period of the Jin Dynasty, the State of Wu became a member of the Jin alliance, became a restraining force to restrain the Chu people from moving north, and played a positive role in restoring hegemony to the Jin people.
4. Treat the princes with courtesy
After the Duke of Jin took the throne, he eliminated some diplomatic maladies and redefined the period of appointment of the allied states and the amount of tribute; if the king of a small country came to the court, the Jin emperor did not dare to meet him in the capital like tianzi, but instead went to the suburbs to greet him, and sent the secretary of state to visit and thank him. For example, in 573 BC, when duke Lu Cheng's Jin dynasty paid homage to the duke and succeeded him to the throne, the Jin dynasty sent a secretary to the state of Lu to thank him. Mourning for the countries who had been too heavy in their original duties, they were given a lighter burden and an average of hard labor. For example, in 569 BC, Duke Xiang of Lu went to Jin and requested that the state of Lu, which had no military endowment, be made a vassal of Lu, and Duke Mo agreed to his request.
These reforms in the diplomacy of the Duke of Mourning soon gained the trust of the princes. After rectifying his country's internal affairs and alliances, the Duke of Jin launched a struggle against Chu for hegemony.
5, tired of serving Zheng
The main strategic goal of the Duke of Jin's restoration of Wen and Xiang hegemony was to compete with the State of Chu for the State of Zheng.
Zheng Guo is located in the middle of present-day Henan, the hinterland of the Central Plains, the northwest of the State of Zheng is adjacent to the Zhou royal family, the south is bordered by the Land of the State of Cai, the east is bordered by the State of Song, and the southwest is adjacent to the State of Chu, but the mountains here are longitudinal and the traffic is inconvenient. Those who want to dominate the Central Plains must first serve Zheng Guo.
When Duke Wen of Jin and Duke Mu of Qin fought for hegemony, it also began with the struggle for zhengguo; now that the duke of mourning wants to restore hegemony, it is imperative to compete with Chu for zhengguo. History has proven that the result of the competition between the two powers is inevitably the weakening of both sides. As a result, the State of Jin changed its strategic policy, trying to avoid a direct conflict with the State of Chu and focusing its attack on the State of Zheng.
The war over Zheng Guo has been fought for more than ten years and can be divided into two stages.
The first stage: In the summer of 572 BC, the Jin dynasty led a coalition of princes to besiege the Song state of Pengcheng, and Han Jue and Xun Yan attacked the Zheng people and their capital City of Guo (郭), defeating Zheng's disciples on YuShang, kicking off the prelude to the struggle for hegemony and zheng.
If it is said that the achievements of the first stage of Zheng Zheng were achieved during the reign of Han Que, then it can be persuaded that the second stage of Zheng (566 BC to 562 BC) was completed under the leadership of Zhi Ji.
The State of Qin in the west, after more than ten years of recuperation after the Battle of Ma Tunnel, gradually recovered its national strength. In 564 BC, in order to avenge the old vengeance, Qin Jinggong sent people to join Forces with Chu to cut down Jin, Chu had self-knowledge, did not agree to go out of the division, the Qin people took advantage of the famine in the Jin state and cut down jin, the Jin people only took a defensive position against Qin, and only the following year did they cut down Qin in return.
Of course, the Jin Dynasty could not tolerate zhengguo's rebellion, and concentrated its superior forces, leading a coalition of eleven princes of Qi, Song, Lu, Wei, Cao, Ju, Qiu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiaoyi to attack Zheng in October 564 BC. Under the pressure of the jin army, Zheng had to submit to the Jin. The State of Chu was already overwhelmed, so Chu Zi Nang had no choice but to beg for help from Qin, and Qin sent the doctor Zhan to lead his division to follow Chu Zheng. Zheng Ren followed Zi Zhan's plan to meet the Chu army, and then attacked the Song again.
In September, Jin led his allies to attack Zheng again, and Zheng thought that the time was ripe, so he sent Liangxiao as the right envoy, and with Dazai Shi Yiren Chu, explained to Chu the truth that he would submit to Jin, and the coalition army watched at the east gate of Zheng Du to force Zheng ren, and Chu Shi did not dare to save Zheng. In October, after the Jin and Zheng envoys exchanged an alliance, on the first day of December, Jin led his allies to the eleven princes of the Eleven Kingdoms (Qi as Prince Guang) to Xiaoyu (present-day Xuchang) and decided to accept the Zheng state into the alliance.
In 559 and 558 BC, the celestial anomaly was abnormal for two consecutive years. Solar eclipses were a terrible sign for the ancients. In the winter of 558 BC, mourners lay on the bed and was seriously ill. Mourning Gong had anticipated that it would be difficult for him to survive the cold winter. He must prepare for the aftermath, although there are still many problems to be solved.
In order to maintain the continuation of hegemony, Duke Mo entrusted the heavy military responsibility to Zhongxing yan, entrusted the mission of maintaining the Central Plains Alliance to Fan Zhao, and the rectification of internal affairs could only be entrusted to Zhao Wu, who he focused on cultivating. As for the survival of the Zongmiao Temple, then please ask Gongzi Biao, Han Qi, Shu Xiang and others to work together in the same boat and resign themselves to fate. In November, he died at the age of 29.
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