Textu/Wang Keming
Long shang thousands of mountains and Han festivals, sweep away the people's stingers is not a disaster. Shu tea always enters Zhufan City, and Huma often comes from Wanli. ——Huang Tingjian, "Uncle Gives The Matter of The First of Ten Elegy"
"Overview of Sichuan Tea Horse" page in "Fang Yu Sheng" (remake)
Side tea, as the name suggests, is the tea sold to the border area. In ancient times, the border area refers to the minority areas of the current border area, which is a regional concept of the minority areas in the northwest, southwest and north corresponding to the Han ethnic areas of the Central Plains Dynasty.
To understand the origin and development of china's border tea, we must first understand the tea horse trade in Chinese history - the tea horse mutual market. Tea and Horse Mutual Market is a kind of trade exchange between the Han ethnic group in the western region of China and the Tibetan, Uyghur and Mongolian ethnic groups, and its trade center is to exchange tea for horses or horses for tea.
The beginning of the tea horse market
China's tea production and consumption ushered in a great development in the Tang Dynasty, and the general tea drinking habit of the people of the Central Plains was formed in the Tang Dynasty, and people regarded tea as a home-cooked beverage. In the process of interacting with the Han nationality, the ethnic minorities in the northwest were also affected by the tea drinking habits and began to drink tea.
In the fifteenth year of Emperor Taizong's reign (641), when Princess Wencheng entered Tibet to marry the Tibetan king Songzan Gampo, she brought the famous tea "㴩湖含 ointment" from Yuezhou, Hunan at that time, and the custom of drinking tea began to spread to Tibet.
The Tang Dynasty also pioneered the tea horse trade of exchanging tea for horses. Silk fabrics and tea produced in the interior were the main commodities used by the Tang Dynasty for mutual marketing, while livestock were the main commodities used by ethnic minorities for mutual marketing. According to the Fengshi Wenzhi Record, "(Drinking tea)... It starts from the middle of the earth and flows outside the plug. In previous years, the Uighurs (Uyghurs of the nomadic period) entered the dynasty and drove back to the famous mashi tea. "It can be seen that tea and ethnic minorities Yima began in the Tang.
After that, Lu Gong sent an envoy to Tubo (Tibet) and found that The zampu (King of Tibet) already had Shouzhou, Shuzhou, Guzhu, Pumen, Changming and other places in the account. At this time, the tea was only drunk by the upper echelons of ethnic minorities and could not be enjoyed by ordinary people.
When tea was introduced to ethnic minority areas, because it had special effects such as aiding digestion and degreasing, it was regarded as a panacea by the animal husbandry people who ate meat and drank milk, attracting the majority of herders to buy it.
The Ancient Road of Guanmao Pine
Shudi tea drinking has a long history, tea production area is wide, high yield, coupled with China's animal husbandry-based ethnic minorities Tibetans, Qiang, etc. adjacent to the Chengdu Plain, has always had frequent exchanges with Shudi, so since the Tang Dynasty tea was introduced to ethnic minority areas, Shudi has become the earliest area of China's tea horse mutual market, Shu tea Yibian occupies an important position in China's tea and horse mutual market, and formed two tea horse ancient roads and "South Roadside Tea" and "West Roadside Tea".
A tea horse ancient road is the south gate of Chengdu to the direction of Xikang, for the "South Roadside Tea", with Ya'an as the production center, the arrow furnace (now Kangding City) as the distribution center, and the tea is sold exclusively in Tibet.
Bian tea from Guanxian (present-day Dujiangyan City) was distributed from Mianyang Anzhou, Shifang, pengzhou in the north, and Chongzhou, Dayi, Qionglai and other places in the south, sold to Mao County, Songfan and Lixian, Jinchuan and other places, and sold from Longyou Du Hufu (present-day Hexi Corridor) to various ethnic minority areas in the northwest, as "West Roadside Tea". The route is called the Guanmaosong Ancient Road, also known as the Songmao Ancient Road, which is another Tea Horse Ancient Road.
The Guanmaosong Ancient Road starts from the ancient city of Guanxian in Dujiangyan City and ends in the ancient city of Songpan County in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, with a total length of about 350 kilometers. This road has always been a post road and a trade and cultural passage between the Aba Plateau and the Chengdu area.
As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, along the upper reaches of the Min River, there was the Ran Que Ancient Road connecting with the Chengdu Plain. During the Qin Dynasty, the Dujiangyan Water Conservancy Project (built in 256 BC), whose name was "湔堋" came from the ancient Shu people, set up a county-level administrative agency in Guankou, and changed its name to Xiangyi County in the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Shu Han Dynasty, it was renamed Xiang County and Du'an County, and belonged to Wenshan County. Later in the Western Jin Dynasty (266-316), the Former Song Dynasty (420-479), and the Northern Zhou (557-581) belonged to Wenshan County. Ming Hongzhizhong (1488-1505) was once part of Weiwen Province, and during the Qing Dynasty it belonged to Chengmian Long Mao Dao. Historically, Dujiangyan City and Aba Prefecture were closely related, and the Guanmaosong Ancient Road was the main traffic route between the Northwest Sichuan Plateau and the Chengdu Plain as early as 2000 years ago.
Maoxian Tea Horse Ancient Road Ruins
The sections of the Guanmaosong Ancient Road have been changed many times in history. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the Yongkang army Qingcheng County was ruled by Taipingchang under Qingcheng Mountain, and then moved to the Minjiang River (now Shiyang Town), and the biancha at that time was from Taipingchang through Qingcheng Houshan Shaping, along the Wei River, over Tai'an Temple, climbed Bears Ears Mountain, lowerEda Niugang, walked the water mill ditch, da Mao Gong Wutun, that is, the present-day Jinchuan area, Li County was a distribution center, ancient called Huaping Laoze Road. In the Qing Dynasty, the Xuankou Road was opened, and this road was abandoned.
The other route is Guankou Town through Baisha and Chaguan, through Niangziling into Wenchuan, Damao County, Songpan, for the Qing Dynasty since the Ancient Road of Guanmao Pine. The goods exchanged between the hinterland and the border areas are mainly horses and medicinal herbs from ethnic minority areas and tea, silk, and salt from the hinterland. Therefore, the Guanmaosong Ancient Road is also an integral part of the Southern Silk Road.
Guanmaosong Ancient Road has long contributed to the trade and trade between the mainland and the border areas, and the annual output of Sichuan tea in the Song Dynasty reached 30 million jin, mainly imported into the border area by Ya'an of the South Road Tea Horse Ancient Road and the Tea Horse Ancient Road of the West Road.
In the early days of the founding of New China, with the completion and opening of the Chengdu-A-A Highway (Chengdu to Aba Prefecture), the ancient road was abandoned. On November 29, 2012, the Duwen Expressway (Dujiangyan City to Wenchuan) was completed and opened to traffic, shortening the ancient city of Guanxian to Songpan County to 255 kilometers. The ancient road that has survived intermittently along the Minjiang River has become a historical site.
In March 2013, the Tea Horse Ancient Road was included in the seventh batch of national key cultural relics protection list.
Song Dynasty West Roadside Tea
During the Song Dynasty, Sichuan tea production reached a peak, and this period was also the busiest period of the Guanmaosong Ancient Road.
Lü Tao, the prefect of Pengzhou, recorded in the "Jingde Collection": "Pucun, Yankou, Xiaotangxing, Mutou and other towns in Daojiang County (present-day Hedong District, Dujiangyan City) in Honshu are quasi-tea farms. The commander of the division has bought tea goods into the officials and has been implemented, and the rate of the people's major drawbacks is uniform. However, one part of Daojiang County is particularly harmful. Gaiyuan is the eight prefectures of Xishan and the military pass, from the tongtong tribe into the city Ofi buy and sell, its ministry (ethnic minority departments) have no cash transactions, only to pepper, wax, herbs and the like in the shop for easy tea goods to eat, called tea rice. Or there is a disease with this treatment, but the twilight can not be temporarily quenched... Jiaozi (Sichuan official banknotes) is both rich and strange and has to be compromised... Yongkang Jun Burning Ning nine years (1076), bought and taxed a total of more than 1.32 million catties of tea goods from guests, compared with (Yan Ning) eight years of loss of more than 90,000 pounds, than (Yan Ning) seven years loss of more than 260,000 pounds, cover a loss of this, extrapolation, then the loss of taxes is sincerely more gradual. ”
This passage is a recital sent by Lü Tao to the imperial court, talking about the shortcomings of the tea system and the problems in the tea horse trade. From this, we can read several pieces of information:
First, Daojiang County is located at the pass of ethnic minorities in northwest Sichuan into and out of the Han region, and has always been a place for ethnic minorities to enter the city for tea and horse trading. Second, the ethnic minorities in the pastoral areas of northwest Sichuan call tea tea rice, and the dependence on tea reflects the important position of tea in the lives of herders. Third, the number of tea traded and paid tea taxes in the Yongkang Army (about the same as in present-day Dujiangyan City) was huge, 1.32 million catties in nine years and 1.58 million catties in seven years. Every year, such a large amount of tea is sent from the Yongkang Army to the northwestern Sichuan region; at the same time, a large number of horses, yaks and medicinal herbs enter the Yongkang Army from outside the border and are sent to Chengdu, and the 350-kilometer ancient road Luo yi is endlessly bustling.
Long teams of horses, carrying furs, medicinal herbs and mountain goods, follow the winding paths of the Min River, all the way upstream; the gang of horses carrying tea bags, rice and cloth winds along the Min River. When the two teams meet, they always have to give way on a flat and spacious road under the guidance of the lead.
The sound of cow bells, the boiling of people and horses, the atmosphere of the inland and border, the plains and grasslands are intertwined here.
Qing Dynasty West Roadside Tea
Until the Qing Dynasty, Sichuan was still the main production area of border tea, with Guanxian and Anxian as the production center at that time, and the "West Roadside Tea" with Songpan and Lixian as the distribution centers was still bustling, known as "the Irrigation County that cannot be moved, the Songpan that fills in the dissatisfaction", which can be seen in the prosperity of the Trade and Trade of the Guanmao Song Ancient Road.
"Three brains, nine pings and eighteen passes, one gong and one drum to Songpan." This popular folk proverb, which connects the place names on the Guanmaosong Ancient Road, spread with the chronicle poem "Songyou Little Song" by the Guanxian writer Dong Xiangqin in the late Qing Dynasty.
The starting point of the Guanmaosong Tea Horse Ancient Road, Laoguan County, was very developed in commercial trade from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China.
West Roadside Tea Distribution Center: Guanxian Ancient City West Street
The Republic of China edition of the "Guanxian Chronicle" records: "In the Qing Dynasty, the side tea was harvested in the early summer, the famous knife tea, the Age of Yijing was about a thousand bags, the yu was purchased by Qiong, Pu, Chong, Peng, etc., about 20,000-30,000 bales, and the marketing was Song (藩), Li (County), Mao (County), Mao (County), Mao (Gong, now Xiaojin County) Zhuyijing, worth about 300,000 yuan. At the beginning, there was no special merchant, and between Qing Yongzheng and Yongzheng, the first quasi-establishment was on both sides of the strait, which was less than the south bank (the area around the arrow furnace) and the tea was too much. The first undertakers are all Yi people, and the surnames of He, Dong, Jia, Gou, Yu, and Wang have their own citations. After gradually renting out, Jiaqingjian and Shaanxi Jiao's rented and opened Xinxing Gong. It was closed in the eighteenth year of Guangxu (1892). Subleased and Ding Liyuan, it collapsed in the 29th year of Guangxu and was succeeded by Yu Guoxiang. Now it has been moved from Irrigation to Songpan, and its land Jushengyuan and the second and third trumpets are all Sichuan Gang, and those who have set up numbers in Guancheng. Xian and Tongjian successively had The three tea introductions of HeFeng, Yan Yihe and Ma Benli, which were given by the household department in the Qing Dynasty. The Republic of China is given by the Department of Finance and does not have a special business. ”
In the Qing Dynasty, the production of border tea in Guanxian County was not as good as before, but a large amount of border tea was still transported from Guanxian To the pastoral area of northwest Sichuan every year.
Ms. Isabella Bird, a British photographer who came to Guanxian County in the twenty-fourth year of the Qing Dynasty (1898), said in her later monograph "Yangtze River Basin and Beyond" that at that time, there were about 22,000 people in Guanxian County, which was not a rich city, and there were not many private houses of rich people in the suburbs, the main industry was straw shoes making, and boats could reach the Yangtze River from Guanxian County, Chengdu or Jiangkou. But it was an unusually lively city, a major trading center with the Tibetans in the north, reaching its climax in the winter, with as many as 500 Tibetans leading yaks and camping outside the city walls. Tibetans exchanged wool, fur, leather, musk, antlers, rhubarb and many other medicines for tea, brassware, small amounts of silk and cloth... She believes: "It is the city with the best geographical location in China. ”
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Republic, in the four counties of Guanxian, Wenchuan, Maoxian and Songpan on the ancient road, there were as many as 1,200 livestock engaged in logistics and transportation, and more than 400 livestock and a huge team of porters marched on this ancient road every day.
Wang Yuanhui, a native of Guanxian County, in his "Ninety Reviews", described the Songmao Ancient Road as follows: "Groups of yaks, strings of mules and horses, batches of backers, pickers, and carriers... Constantly coming and going on this winding path (yaks come and go) and are quite crowded. "There are many shops inside and outside the urban area of Guanxian County, prosperity, and merchants come and go.
【About the Author】
Wang Keming is the director of the Information Center of Dujiangyan City Archives and a fourth-level researcher. He is the initiator and director of The Sichuan Li Bing Research Association, a member of the Academic Committee of the Li Bing Research Center, a senior talent of the "283 Project" in the Archives of Sichuan Province, a member of the Chengdu Writers Association, and an advisor of the Dujiangyan Historical and Cultural Research Center. The main achievements include "Dujiangyan Century-old Archival Memory", "Ancient City Relics - Old Guanxian and Ruyan Past", "Memorandum of Dujiangyan City of the "5.12" Earthquake", "Dujiangyan Archives", "The Forbidden City Taiping Huaqingcheng is the Hometown", "The Birthplace of Tea Culture - Dujiangyan City", "Dujiangyan Literature Integration, Historical Literature Volume and Literature Volume", "Sima Xiangru Returned to Dujiangyan City Preliminary Examination", "Open Dujiangyan", etc. Completed the open project of Xihua University, "Research on flood control efficacy and safety of Aquarius Mouth" and "Interpretation of Historical Materials of Diexi Earthquake Collection". He has won the Sichuan Provincial Government Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award once and the Chengdu Municipal Government Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award four times.
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