With the confirmation of Cao Cao's Gaoling Tomb, some villagers in Pengshan Lotus Village said that after liu Bei's tomb, the unsolved cases such as whether Zhang Fei's tomb was real and when Zhang Fei's head "went home" have also become hot topics of concern among netizens.
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Regarding the tomb of Zhang Fei, there are many folk versions, some people say that it is in Zhuo County, Hebei Province, where Zhang Fei was born; Some people say that it is in Yunyang County, Chongqing; Some people also said that Zhang Fei's tomb is in the Han Huan Hou Ancestral Hall on the West Street of the ancient city where He "worked" in Langzhong, etc., where is Zhang Fei's cemetery? The day before yesterday, Liu Xiancheng, deputy director of the Langzhong Famous City Research Association, said that Zhang Fei was buried in Langzhong and his head was buried in Yunyang. In this regard, Shen Bojun, a professor at the Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences and an expert on the culture of the Three Kingdoms, believes that zhang Fei's statement that Yunyang was buried in Langzhong should not be controversial.
However, what is surprising is that Liu Xiancheng said that Zhang Fei was actually a "Confucian general" who could write and martial arts, and his calligraphy and painting were very famous at that time, and he was a representative of the popular "eight-point calligraphy" during the Three Kingdoms period.
What's going on? Is the reckless image of Zhang Fei depicted in the history books by successive generations wrong? Uncover the truth, let's restore a real Zhang Fei.
Chasing the roots of "visiting" Zhang Fei is a beautiful man who can write and fight?
The statue of Zhang Fei is peculiar, and the people give the emperor treatment
In front of the Marquis Of Langzhong Han Huan Ancestral Hall, there is a "Zhangba Snake Spear" and a "war drum", which is said to be the treasure of the town shrine here. In the Zhang Fei Temple, Zhang Fei's image is amazing: a 4.5-meter-high statue of Zhang Fei's tattooed emperor, Zhang Fei wearing a yellow robe, wearing a crown, sitting on a precarious position, and a polite and polite person, in front of the statue stands Wenchen Maqi and the martial general Zhang Bao, which sets off Zhang Fei's majesty.
The year in which Zhang Fei's tattooed imperial statue was first sculpted is now impossible to verify. In people's minds, Zhang Fei was an illiterate warrior. But in the Langzhong Zhang Fei Temple, why did Zhang Fei become an "emperor"?
Liu Xiancheng, deputy director of the Langzhong Famous City Research Association, analyzed that Liu Chan posthumously honored Zhang Fei as "Huan Hou", and ordinary people could not distinguish between wang and hou, and during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the local Daotai wrote the Jiaqing Emperor, praising Zhang Fei as the "Huanhou Emperor", and the Jiaqing Emperor then named Zhang Fei "Huanhou Emperor", which may be the reason why the people of Langzhong made Zhang Fei an imperial statue, but the specific reason for Zhang Fei's "title of emperor" needs to be further examined.
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Snake spear as a pen, Meng Zhang Fei is a calligrapher
In people's eyes, Zhang Fei must be a brave and fierce warrior. In fact, Zhang Fei's ability is not only that, some historical records such as the "Three Kingdoms Chronicle" and other historical records, he can also write poetry and paint. What is even more surprising is that he is also a good calligrapher. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that Zhang Fei defeated Cao Cao's famous general Zhang Guo with fewer victories. Rejoicing in his victory, he even used stone instead of paper, and zhangba snake spear as a pen, and wrote two lines of "Li Ma Ming" in large characters on the Eight Mountains to show his merits and shame on Cao Jun.
In the 1980s, in a television advertisement that often appeared on Sichuan television, the mighty and brave Zhang Fei waved the Zhangba spear in his hand and sang: "Maoshan wine, drink a sip, the spirit is shaky, single-handedly fight Zhang Gao..." Also sang the story of Zhang Fei's battle against Zhang Gao. According to the "Jisheng of Youdi" compiled by Wang Xiangzhi during the Southern Song Dynasty, "The Eight Mountains, seven miles northeast of (Qu) County, are one mile away from the unzattered, and there is often smoke on it, hence the name." The canal river rings on three sides, turning south from north to east, up the mountain a trail, only one person and one ride, the south side is a cliff, the mountain is dangerous.
According to legend, after Zhang Fei defeated The famous general Zhang Gao under Cao Cao, he was so self-satisfied that he used the spear of Zhangba to chisel two lines of letters on the stone wall of Mount Bameng: "General Han flew, led tens of thousands of elite soldiers, and the first of the great thieves, Zhang Gao, was in Bameng, and immediately leming." That is, the "Eight Mo Cliffs" recited by later generations, also known as "Zhang Fei Li Ming".
So, where is this "Li Ma" stele written by Zhang Fei, which has a history and is recorded? Nowadays, there is a piece of the Stele Forest on Jinping Mountain in Langzhong City.
As for why Zhang Fei had a "literary atmosphere," Liu Xiancheng, deputy director of the Langzhong Famous City Research Association, said that the historical Zhang Fei himself was a "Confucian general" who could write and fight, and Zhang Fei was not "Mang Zhang Fei" at all, and his calligraphy and paintings were also very famous at that time, and they were also representatives of the "eight-point calligraphy" popular during the Three Kingdoms period.
Kind eyebrows, no beard, Zhang Fei may be a beautiful man
To say that Zhang Fei's appearance, the image in the film and television drama is really not half matched with beauty. However, in 2004, the cultural relics department found a stone figure on Zhang Feiying Mountain in Jianyang, Sichuan Province, which gave some experts and scholars a new view of the appearance of Zhang Fei, a famous general of the Three Kingdoms.
It is said that the statue is about four meters high and more than three meters wide. According to local legend, this is a special sculpture of Zhang Fei in the Tang Dynasty craftsmen in honor of the "Five Tiger Generals" Zhang Fei. The "Zhang Fei" has kind eyebrows, thick ears and thick lips, and does not have a beard on his face, which is very different from the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and the image of Zhang Fei in people's minds. The Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology has done special measurements and appraisals for the head portrait, and found that the stone statue was indeed built in the Tang Dynasty. As for whether it is Zhang Fei, although archaeologists have not given an answer, the discovery of the stone statue has forced people to re-examine Zhang Fei's true face. In the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Liu Bei's "big earlobes and shoulders, hands over knees", Guan Yu's "beautiful hair", "good looks" and so on have been described in more detail, but Du Du has not mentioned Zhang Fei's appearance, which cannot but be said to be a strange phenomenon. Because of this, Luo Guanzhong has more room to play. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he exaggerated Zhang Fei's image with pen and ink, saying that Zhang Fei was "eight feet long, with a leopard head and ring eyes, swallow jaws and tiger whiskers, and a sound like thunder, like a galloping horse." "Living off is another Zhong Kui." In the drama, Zhang Fei not only has a leopard head ring eyes and a swallow jaw and tiger whiskers, but also adds a black face to Zhang Fei, which is completely out of the needs of artistic creation.
Zhang Fei had two daughters, both of whom were married to the empress dowager Liu Chan. To be able to become an empress, in ancient times when the beauty of the queen concubines was exquisite, their appearance should at least be considered good. Therefore, some scholars believe that their father, Zhang Fei himself, will not be far behind. However, due to the lack of historical records, whether it is in the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" or Zhang Fei in Jianyang Zhang Feiying Mountain, which one is Zhang Fei's true appearance? This is a mystery to be solved.
Historical records
Zhang Fei likes to draw beautiful people and write cursive
Many years ago, Deng Tuo said in the article "Talking about Zhang Fei's Calligraphy and Painting": "China's calligraphers are not limited to literati, and there are many martial artists, such as Yue Fei and Zhang Fei."A reader read it and wrote to ask: "Zhang Fei is eight feet long, leopard head rings, swallow jaws and tiger whiskers, sound like thunder, like galloping horses, a roar of Changsaka slope, drinking the bridge water backwards, how can he be a calligrapher?" For such a question, Deng Tuo cited several records of Zhang Fei's calligraphy in ancient books to support it.
The earliest record of Zhang Fei's calligraphy is found in the "Record of Swords" by Tao Hongying of Liang during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He wrote: "Zhang Fei first worshiped the Marquis of Xinting and appointed himself as a smith to refine Chishan iron for a knife. Ming Yue: Marquis of Xinting, Shu General also. Later, he was killed by Fan Jiang and stabbed him to Wu. This "Xinting Hou Daoming" is Zhang Fei's calligraphy work.
In the twenty-eighth volume of the Records of Famous Places in Shuzhong records the story of Bameng Mountain in Qu County, Shunqing Province, and Liu Jixing believes that the author of the "Famous Scenic Spots in Shuzhong" is Cao Xue, a Ming Dynasty philologist and former Sichuan rightist who participated in politics, who had both cultural and political status at that time, and his record should be credible.
In the "Notes on the Three Kingdoms Chronicle of the Manuscript" written by Zhao Yiqing of the Qing Dynasty, quoted from the "Minutes of Fang Public Opinion", it is also said that "there is Le Shi Yun under the mountain of Ba Mao Mountain: the Han general Zhang Fei led tens of thousands of people, and the first Zhang Gao of the Great Thief, Li Le Shi. Gai Zhang Fei's own book also".
In the Ming Dynasty's "General Record of Dan Lead", there is also a record of Zhang Fei's calligraphy: "Fuling has Zhang Fei Diao Dou Ming. Its writing is very work, and the flying book is also. Zhang Shihuan Shiyun: The hero of the world is only Yuzhou, and Ah Qi does not wear a heavenly vendetta. Mountains and rivers divide the three kingdoms; The cosmic prestige is eight spears. Jiang Shang Ancestral Hall Chang Yan Jianpei; The human fight is seen in the silver hook. The empty Zhuge Qin Chuan table, the left side of who reverted to Liu". "Fei Suo Shu Ye", indicating that this inscription is Zhang Fei's book.
In his youth, Lu You once had the soaring ambition of "going on the horse to strike crazy Beard, getting off the horse to draft the army book", but he did not expect that Zhang Fei had really done it for him as early as the Three Kingdoms era. Yuan Wuzhen's "Zhang Yide Ancestral Hall" poem is written in the cloud: "Guan Hou satirizes the Zuo clan, and the car rides more gongshu." Although the culture and martial arts are different, the ancients tasted more than enough. The horizontal spear thinks of the wrist strength, and the image is afraid and difficult. This means that Zhang Fei's calligraphy is very accomplished, and even the famous calligraphers of the Three Kingdoms, Zhong Xuan of the State of Wei and the Imperial Statue of the State of Wu, are not comparable to him.
In ancient times, calligraphy and painting often did not separate families. Zhang Fei not only has excellent calligraphy works, but also loves to paint, especially beautiful people. According to the Ming Dynasty Zhuo Erchang's "Interpretation of the Painting Essence": "Zhang Fei ... Happy to paint beautiful people, good cursive. "There are still survivors of Zhang Fei's calligraphy, but unfortunately, the original handwriting of Zhang Fei's paintings has not yet been discovered, which is also a small regret of history."
"Geophysical detectives" confirm that Zhang Fei's burial in Langzhong should not be controversial
The general outline of Zhang Fei's tomb is intact
It has always been said that Zhang Fei was buried in Langzhong and buried his head in Yunyang, but it is unknown when the claim was brought up. Professor Shen Bojun, an expert on the culture of the Three Kingdoms of the Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, said that according to historical records, Zhang Fei stayed in Langzhong for 7 years, and after being killed, his head was taken to Yunyang by his subordinates and buried by the Yunyang people, but there was no reason for his body to be taken away. Based on the ancient official burial system, there should be no controversy in the burial of Zhang Fei's body.
Zheng Yongde, director of the Langzhong Chinese Management Department, agreed with the fact that the tomb of Zhang Fei was buried in the tomb of Zhang Fei on the Phoenix Mountain in Yunyang County, Chongqing, and he also hoped that the two Zhang Fei temples would be "good for Qin and Jin" and that Zhang Fei's head and body would be placed together as soon as possible, so that Zhang Fei would "unite his body and head".
Zheng Yongde said that experts used "geophysical exploration technology" to conduct a comprehensive "geophysical exploration" of Zhang Fei's cemetery, and after detection, according to the geomagnetic field reflection data, a general outline of the structure of the cemetery was outlined, and the preliminary judgment was that the tomb in the cemetery had structures such as tomb doors, tomb passages, left and right ear chambers, and burial chambers. At the same time, it was also found that there were two more obvious "reactions", and the "disturbance" phenomenon was determined at the mouth of the tomb, which confirmed the traces left by a group of people when they excavated the grave more than 40 years ago; Another "disturbance" point is in the northeast corner of the tomb, where there is an early (Ming and Qing) "disturbance" phenomenon.
Zheng Yongde said that Zhang Fei's cemetery has received much attention over the centuries, and modern geophysical exploration technology has confirmed that in addition to the two "disturbance" points, all the original appearance of Zhang Fei's cemetery still exists, which fully confirms that Zhang Fei's tomb is intact.