Education is related to individuals and thousands of households, and the three-foot podium is the national fortune. In ancient times, do you know how famous teachers improved the quality of teaching? What do they value most in education?
To learn the skills, you must specialize and not be greedy
Yan Zhitui (531 – c. 597) was a famous writer, family educator, and thinker during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He attaches great importance to children's education, with particular emphasis on early education. He believes that people must study all their lives, they should cherish time, and they must "teach early" in their early years, and teenagers must not "lose their opportunities." He supports talent education, but opposes low-level fun extracurricular talent education.
Portrait of Yan Zhitui
An important part of Yan Zhitui's family education is to educate children to aspire and establish a lofty ideal of life. In the Qi Dynasty, there was a scholar who taught his son to learn foreign languages and talents such as pipa, which was beyond reproach, but this scholar taught his son to learn talents in order to rely on the powerful and bend to seek officials in order to gain fame and fortune. This kind of vulgar extracurricular talent cultivation was regarded by Yan Zhitui as low-minded, and he repeatedly warned his children and grandchildren not to follow suit.
In addition to requiring his descendants to master the study of scriptures and literature and history, Yan Zhitui also vigorously advocated the study of the knowledge of a hundred schools. He asked future generations not only to learn all the agricultural, industrial and commercial skills that are conducive to survival, but also to know about medicine, music, arithmetic, calligraphy, chess, archery, painting, etc., not only for the sake of livelihood, but also to enrich leisure. He believes that learning some medicine is of great benefit to daily life and can save lives in urgent moments; for the art of piano, he believes that the ancient masters, many hobbies, "enough to enjoy".
In teaching, Yan Zhitui advocates erudition while emphasizing the specialization of knowledge learning. He once recorded two "Lang Wushi" in "Saving Trouble", just like the current parents, who reported to their children for extracurricular tutoring classes, piano, calligraphy and painting, ball games and everything else, and the result was that they were not proficient in everything. Yan Zhitui advocates that learning must be specialized, and we should not be greedy and waste a lot of time and money.
Famous teachers pay special attention to moral cultivation
Wang Tong (584–617) was a famous educator and thinker at the end of the Sui Dynasty. Born in a Confucian family, he was influenced by the Confucian idea of "Xiu Qi Zhi Ping" from an early age, and formed a strong sense of social responsibility and a sense of meritorious service. After Wang Tong finished writing the "Continuation of the Six Classics", he became famous all over the world, and students from all over the world came from afar to learn from him the way of assisting the king and governing the government.
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Wang Tong ran schools in The Yellow Cheek Mountain and Bainiu Creek, with thousands of people under his door, and the creek where he taught was also known as "Wang Confucius Creek". Many of his students later became the pillars of the Sheng Tang Dynasty, including Wen Yanbo, Du Yan, Du Ruhan, Chen Shuda and other founding heroes of the Tang Dynasty, and Wei Zheng, Fang Xuanling, Li Jing, and Li Mi all consulted and studied with Wang Tong, and were influenced by it.
Wang Tong attaches great importance to the transformation and development of teaching materials and teaching methods. He wrote a lot of works in his lifetime, and in addition to his reclusive professors, he "continued to have nearly a hundred categories of Kong's Six Classics", providing students with a large number of auxiliary reading materials for scripture. These textbooks add his new insights to the ideological content, paying special attention to the changes brought by historical changes to many aspects of society, and after reading them, they can broaden their minds and delve into learning from multiple angles. Wang Tong pays attention to teaching according to aptitude and eclecticism. For different students, at different times and places, his speech and argument will change, and they will be explained from person to person, and the effect is very good.
Wang Tong also proposed a method of moral cultivation that exhaustively. He attaches great importance to the education and teaching of moral cultivation and proposes relevant principles and methods. He emphasized that the purpose of education is to seek the Tao, not to seek profit, "the learning of the gentleman is in the Tao, and the learning of the villain is in the interest." He asked students to become morally upright people with lofty ideals and ambitions. He believes that education is to make all words and deeds conform to nature, conform to heavenly reason, and cultivate a complete personality.
The teacher leads the students to swim in the rivers and mountains
Hu Yu (993-1059) was a famous educator in the Northern Song Dynasty, who lived in Andingbao, Shaanxi Province, and was known as Mr. Anding. Hu Yan repeatedly failed to pass the examination, desperately wanted to do science, and made a living by teaching in Wuzhong. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Jinghu of Song (1034), Fan Zhongyan moved to Suzhou and founded "Su Xue", hiring Hu Yan as a professor. In the second year of the Qing calendar (1042), Hu Yu was invited by Teng Zongyu to take charge of the Huzhou Fuxue, and for 9 years in Huzhou, he taught well, and the rules he set were also adopted by the imperial court as the Taixue Law.
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Hu Yan has a strong sense of responsibility as a teacher, cares for and loves students, and "regards all students as their children." Ouyang Xiu praised him as "the most prepared method of teaching." Hu Yan's teaching in connection with reality makes book knowledge easy to understand, and enables students to know how to use theoretical analysis to solve practical problems. Hu's educational methods are flexible and diverse, and he combines collective classroom teaching with individual guidance outside the classroom. His lectures were high-pitched, his instructions were clear, and the students admired him. He often talked with students, first let them talk about their learning experience, and then help them determine right and wrong; or ask a question, let the students think and answer first, and then expound their own views; or point out the political affairs of the imperial court at that time and let the students analyze.
Hu Yu taught students to broaden their horizons, pointing out: "Scholars only guard one township, but they are stuck in one song, and they are stingy and humble. It is necessary to travel in all directions, to see the human condition, the customs of the north and the south, the weather of the mountains and rivers, and to hear and hear widely, it is beneficial to scholars. In order to guide students to go out and broaden their horizons and swim in the great rivers and mountains, Hu Yan once led students in Huzhou to tour Guanzhong, climb high and look far, and truly feel that the majestic mountains and rivers in the north are very different from the beautiful scenery in the south.
Hu Yu not only guides students to study, but also guides them to exercise, rest and play. He set up archery halls and music halls in Huzhou Prefecture, and students learned archery and music in addition to their own majors. When Hu Yu was in Taixue, he taught his students that if they were not well fed or sedentary, they were all injured by their flesh and qi, and when they practiced shooting, throwing pots, and swimming. In the evening after each big and small exam, he let the students gather in Shoushan Hall, play music and sing, and do not disperse until the second change (about 21:00 to 23:00).
"Learning is based on changing temperament", which is a very important point of view in ancient education in China. Hu Yu pays special attention to teaching students to develop good manners and demeanor. He "leads by example" and sets an example for his students with his own practical actions. The students who have been educated by Hu Yu have good cultivation and are very influential in society. Ouyang Xiu once commented: Hu's protégés, along with their people,are virtuous and foolish, all follow the rules of grace, and their speech and demeanor can be known as mr. disciples without asking. The most famous of Hu Yu's disciples was the Northern Song Dynasty master of science, Cheng Yi, who also said: "All scholars from Mr. Anding, their mellow and easy qi, can be seen." ”
Education is better than blue
Yan Yuan (1635–1704) was a thinker and educator in the early Qing Dynasty. The main connotation of Yan Yuan's practical education ideology is "practice, practical text, substance, and practicality", similar to our quality education today.
Yan Yuan attaches the greatest importance to the study of the Six Arts. He believes that "it is important to learn from the six arts". This means that the Six Arts are the foundation of practical learning. With the body, you can strengthen the body, cultivate sentiments, and noble morality; when used in the world, you can unite the family, govern the country, and peaceful the world.
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Yan Yuan not only teaches students the knowledge of the six arts in the classroom, but also often participates in practical training outside the classroom with students. In actual teaching, it is also possible to soberly treat the learning effect. Once, Yan Yuan led students to the wild for an archery competition. He fired six arrows in a row, and the arrows hit the bullseye, and the students cheered from the side. After the students who participated in the competition finished shooting one by one, Yan Yuan found that the best among the students only shot two arrows. The students all praised the teacher as a "sharp archer", but Yan Yuan was not happy, he preferred that Qing was better than blue, so that he could inherit the art of learning. The students suddenly realized, secretly determined, and tried to catch up with the teacher. Later, the student Li Yuan became a famous scholar, who inherited and developed Yan Yuan's doctrine, and their ideas became known as the Yan-Li School.
When Yan Yuan presided over Zhangnan Academy, he made an attempt to reform the education of the academy. He advocated giving students the freedom to play and allowing their individuality to be asserted. Yan Yuan and the students worked together to "discuss soldiers and farmers, distinguish between business and the present and the ancient", "learn etiquette, song and poetry, study books, lift stones, distance, boxing", etc., and conduct comprehensive education on morality, intelligence and physique for students. It can be seen that at that time, similar weightlifting and boxing projects were included in Yan Yuan's list of quality education.
Yan Yuanping also attaches great importance to etiquette education, he said: "There is no chaos in the world, and etiquette is regarded as chaos." There is no rise or fall of the homeland, and etiquette is regarded as the rise and fall. Once, Yan Yuan's youngest disciple, Ou Heng, was playing sparrow in class, and Yan Yuan severely criticized his approach. But Ogen was young and naughty, indifferent to the teacher's criticism, and later climbed up the tree to catch the sparrow that escaped from the classroom. Yan Yuan, seeing the situation, angrily told him that the decaying wood could not be carved, and asked him not to come to school again. Later, Yan Yuan regretted saying something serious to the students, and took the students to Ogen's house to apologize for his attitude, and gave a meaningful repentance class there.
(Source in the text: Baidu Encyclopedia)
Column Editor-in-Chief: Gong Danyun Text Editor: Peng Wei
Source: Author: Liu Yongjia