This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history in series 143, and the "History of the Three Kingdoms" is serialized in 13 series, welcome to watch.
Cao Cao retreated to the north after the defeat at the Battle of Chibi, realizing that he did not yet have the conditions to annex Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and that only through hard work could he achieve a final victory by making his own strength far greater than theirs. Therefore, he is committed to strengthening and consolidating internally.
Militarily, he adopted a policy of focusing on defense and supplementing by offense. We should strengthen our defenses against the strategically important areas that were already in our hands, such as Xiangyang and Fancheng, which bordered Liu Bei in the south, and Hefei and Shouchun, which bordered Sun Quan in the east, and never give up easily; and in the areas of Guanxi (including Guanzhong and Longyou) and Hanzhong that had not yet been controlled, we should strive to keep control in our own hands in order to consolidate the rear.
01, divisive Ma Chao Han Sui
In the spring of 211, Cao Cao began a military campaign to Kansai. He ordered the lieutenant Zhong Xuan (钟繇) and the general Xiahou Yuan (夏侯元) to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and march into Guanzhong. At that time, Guanzhong was still in a state of division and division, and the main forces occupying this area were Ma Chao and Han Sui.
Ma Chao, Zi Mengqi, Fufeng Maolingren; Han Sui, Ziwen Yue, Jincheng people.
Since Ma Chao and others were still nominally accepting the imperial court's feudal officials and being controlled by Cao Cao, if they suddenly sent troops to attack them, it would be unfavorable to Cao Cao in public opinion. Therefore, Cao Cao claimed to be attacking Zhang Lu in Hanzhong.
Cao Cao knew that Guanzhong was a necessary place to send troops to Hanzhong, and when marching into Guanzhong, Ma Chao, Han Sui, and others must suspect that they were going to attack them, so they raised troops to rebel. At this time, when they were attacked, they were "famous".
In March 211 (the sixteenth year of Jian'an), Cao Cao ordered Zhong Xuan to lead an army from Luoyang and sent Xiahou Yuan and others from Hedong Commandery to join Zhong Xuan.
When Ma Chao, Han Sui, and others learned of Cao Cao's dispatch to Guanzhong, they really thought that Cao's army was going to attack them, so they joined forces with the guanzhong generals Hou Xuan, Cheng Yin, Yang Qiu, Li Kan, and Cheng Yi, and 100,000 horses gathered at Tongguan.
Cao Cao sent Cao Ren and other overseers to march west, and because the Kansai soldiers were fierce, he ordered the generals to temporarily "hold the wall and not fight with it". In July, he personally went to the front to direct the operation.
In August, Cao Cao went to Tongguan to confront Ma Chao and other Kansai allied forces. At this time, some of Cao Cao's subordinates said: "The Kansai soldiers have strong combat effectiveness, and they are accustomed to fighting with spears, which is not easy to deal with." Cao Cao said: "The initiative in combat is in our hands, not in the hands of Ma Chao and Han Sui." Although Kansai Bing is good at using spears, we can tell him that he can't play this advantage. Wait and see! ”
Cao Cao first gathered his large army outside Tong pass, fought against Ma Chao and others, pinned the main force of the Kansai coalition army on the front, and then used the method of attacking from the flank to detour back to the area north of Weishui to fight.
Ma Chao and others were anxious for a decisive battle. In order to seduce them, Cao Cao set up many suspicious soldiers, and then secretly carried troops into Weishui with boats and boats and built a pontoon bridge. At night, Cao Cao was surprised by the enemy, crossed the Weishui River through the pontoon bridge, and camped on the south bank. Ma Chao learned that the leading troops sneaked into Cao Ying in the middle of the night, but failed and suffered heavy losses. Ma Chao knew that he was not Cao Cao's opponent, so he asked Cao Cao for peace, but was refused.
In September, Cao Cao's army crossed the Weishui River. Ma Chao and other challenges many times, Cao Jun can not stand out. Ma Chao, Han Sui, and others saw that the situation was unfavorable, and sent emissaries to Cao Cao to make peace. Cao Cao pretended to agree, accepted Jia Xu's plan, and took advantage of the opportunity of meeting before the battle to make peace, trying to break up the relationship between Ma Chao and Han Sui.
On the day of the meeting between the two sides, Han Sui went out on horseback to meet Cao Cao. Since they are old acquaintances. When Cao Cao talked to Han Sui, he talked about the past, not about the military; at the same time, he shook hands, laughed, and acted very affectionate. After Han Sui returned, Ma Chao and others asked Han Sui, "What did Cao Cao say?" Han Sui replied, "I didn't say anything." Ma Chao and others became suspicious.
A few days later, Cao Cao wrote another letter to Han Sui, deliberately altering it as if it were changed by Han Sui. The letter said: "You participated in the uprising, but you were forced by others, and I hope you will come here soon." Ma Chao and others read the letter and became even more suspicious of Han Sui.
Then, Cao Cao suddenly launched an attack. Ma Chao and others were defeated because they suspected Han Sui and did not join forces with him. Cheng Yi and Li Kan were killed, Yang Qiu fled to Anding (present-day Zhenyuannan, Gansu), Liang Xing withdrew to Baocheng (鄜城, southeast of present-day Luochuan, Shaanxi), Ma Chao and Han Sui fled to Liangzhou, and most of Guanzhong was occupied by Cao Cao.
02, Cao Cao talked about the great victory of Weinan
The Great Victory of Weinan was another major victory in the process of Cao Cao's annihilation of the crowd, in which Cao Cao once again demonstrated his military talent. After the war, some generals did not understand Cao Cao's use of troops this time, and asked him: "At first, Ma Chao and others guarded Tongguan, and there were not many enemies in Weibei, so our army did not cross the river from the east of the river to attack Feng Yi, but instead concentrated its forces on Tongguan, and it took some time to cross the river to the west. ”
Cao Cao replied, "At the beginning, the enemy was guarding Tongguan, and although there were not many enemies in Weibei, if we sent troops to the east of the river, the enemy would inevitably increase its troops to guard the crossings of the Yellow River." In this way, it was difficult to cross the West River (a stretch of the Yellow River from north to south between present-day Shanxi in Shaanxi). Therefore, I concentrated my forces on Tongguan and drew all the enemies to the southern line of Tongguan, and the defense of the West River was even more empty. In this way, Xu Huang and Zhu Ling's second generals easily captured the West River. Because of the containment of two armies, the enemy could not stop our army at the West River and continue to cross the river. Later we crossed the Weishui River and set up strong camps, and the enemy challenged them and ignored them, making them unable to win; later they cut up the land and asked for peace, and obeyed them, in order to make them relax their guard. Finally, taking advantage of the enemy's unpreparedness, concentrating his forces, and making a surprise attack, this is the so-called lightning that cannot cover his ears. The way of using soldiers is ever-changing, and we cannot stick to the rules. ”
The generals understood the reasoning and nodded their heads and said yes.
In addition, at the beginning of the war, Cao Cao was very happy to learn the news that the enemy's soldiers and horses were gathering at Tongguan one after another. In this regard, some generals also wondered, why the more enemies, the happier they are. After the war, Cao Cao also explained this: "Guanzhong is very large, and if the armed forces resist by risk, they must be pacified one by one, and it is impossible to do it without a year or two." They are gathered together, although they are numerous, but they do not have a unified command, they disagree with each other, and they can be annihilated in one fell swoop. It's much easier than eating them one by one, so I'm happy. “
After listening, the generals once again expressed their admiration for Cao Cao. From here, we can see that Cao Cao did not consider the problem only from the perspective of the campaign, but from the strategic perspective of destroying all the enemies in Guanzhong.
During Cao Cao's western expedition to Guanzhong, Tian Yin and Su Bo of Hejian (河間; southeast of present-day Xianxian County, Hebei) led a peasant revolt that spread to the prefectures of You and Ji. So Cao Cao abandoned his plan to personally pursue Ma Chao, and in the first month of 212, he left Xiahou Yuantun in Chang'an and returned to Shiye City himself.
03, Xiahou Yuanding Guanxi
In 213, Ma Chao regrouped the Qiang and Hu forces and attacked some parts of Longyou (龍右, in present-day Gansu and northeastern Qinghai), capturing Jicheng (冀城, in modern Gangunan, Gansu) in Hanyang Commandery , and killing Shi Weikang of Liangzhou. King Qian of Qi also raised an army in response to Ma Chao in Xingguo (興国, southwest of present-day Zhuanglang, Gansu).
Xiahou Yuan led his troops to rescue Jicheng, but was defeated by Ma Chao and returned to Chang'an. Soon, Wei Kang's subordinates Yang Fu and Jiang Xu attacked Ma Chao. Ma Chaocheng was confronted by the city, and the officials in the city closed the city gates and killed Ma Chao's wife. Ma Chao was in a dilemma. Xiahou Yuan also sent Zhang Gao to lead the infantry to attack, and Ma Chao lost the battle, so he had to lead his cousin Ma Dai to defect to Zhang Lu in Hanzhong.
After Ma Chao defected to Zhang Lu, Xiahou Yuan took advantage of the situation to eliminate the hostile forces in Guanzhong and Longyou.
At this time, Han Sui and Wang Qian, who were stationed in Jincheng (present-day northwest of Lanzhou, Gansu), united again and recruited more than 10,000 cavalry of the Qiang and Hu tribes. Xiahou Yuanxian led his troops to defeat Han Sui. Han fled to Xiping (西平, in modern Xining, Qinghai) and was later killed by his men. Xiahou Yuan then took advantage of the victory to besiege Xingguo. King Huan's subordinates surrendered, and he himself abandoned the city and fled, defecting to Ma Chao.
In addition to Ma Chao, Han Sui, and Wanwan, there was also a Tu Emperor in Longyou, named Song Jian. He concentrated some troops at Yuhan (枹汉, in present-day Northeast Linxia, Gansu), proclaimed himself the "King of Heshou Pinghan", set up hundreds of officials, and became Emperor Tu. Although the power of this "country within a country" is not large, its reign is not short, and it has lasted for more than thirty years. After Xiahou Yuan had pacified tens of millions, he was ordered by Cao Cao to destroy the Tu Emperor.
In less than four years, Cao Cao eliminated the hostile forces in the Kansai region one by one, and Liangzhou was basically controlled by Cao Cao. Cao Cao redefined the division of the prefecture and established Yong prefecture (雍州), which was under the jurisdiction of Yong Prefecture (雍州), from Sanfu (京兆尹), Zuo Fengyi (左丰翊), and Right Fufeng (右扶風), which corresponded to the area of present-day central Shaanxi) to Longxi (陇西, in modern Longxi County, Gansu).
In 219, the armed forces occupying the four counties of Hexi—Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye, and Wuwei (present-day northwestern Gansu)—sent Cao Cao "hostages" for help. In 220, Cao Pi used his troops to incorporate the four counties of Hexi under his direct rule. At this point, all of Liangzhou fell into the hands of Cao.
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The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Three Kingdoms" of the China International Broadcasting Publishing House's China Reader's "Classic General History of China".
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