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Wen / Book Voyage 2020.6.18
Do you want to treat drug addicts, especially celebrities, with a stick? Isn't there much to "give him a chance"?
People in different places may have different answers to this question. But in China, there is a standard answer to this question.
Whenever someone dares to show a little sympathy for drug addicts, there will be a large number of netizens "going back to 1,840 years" to teach him to be a man. The Opium War opened up China's modern history and is an indelible collective memory of the Chinese nation. In recent years, countless law enforcement officers have fallen on the front lines of drug control, and countless families have been torn apart by drugs and their derivative crimes.
As for drug addicts, many people's views and personal experiences should be: Of course, I also want to sympathize and forgive, but this kind of person comes out of the drug rehabilitation center, and it does not take long to relapse, and it always affects the people around me. In people's minds, drug addicts are often associated with other illegal and criminal acts.
All of this makes "whether [celebrity] drug use should be forgiven" a topic in China that needs no discussion or discussion.
What many people may not know is that China's close neighbor, Japan, also holds a similar attitude to us to treat "bad artists" with drug problems. People who are contaminated with drugs are ostracized by society in Japan, and are even said to have "no qualifications to be human beings."
Why does Japan have no historical background, but it also hates drugs? In fact, one of the important sources of this social mentality is a public service announcement film from the 80s. We'll tell the story behind this; by the way, let's discuss whether to give drug addicts a "chance."
< h2 class = "rich_media_title" > artist who bumped into the muzzle of a gun on the eve of anti-drug day</h2>
The International Day Against Drugs on June 26 is getting closer and closer, and in recent days, artists have been exposed for drug use, which has been hotly discussed by the public.
On June 3, Kam, a well-known talk show actor in Xiaoguo Culture, was criminally detained for drug use and suspected of accommodating others to take drugs. He was also marijuana smoked by two of his friends, both of whom belong to the Laughing Fruit Culture company and were placed in administrative detention for 10 and 5 days. On June 24, Cam was indicted.
On June 23, the Beijing News revealed that actress Niu Mengmeng was controlled by the police for drug abuse in May. After the news came out, Niu Mengmeng denied it on Weibo and posted a record of doing live broadcasts at home, which made people suspect that the incident was "reversed". But on June 24, police in Beijing's Daxing District reported confirmation that Niu Mengmeng had been dealt with for drug use, and that the drug she had encountered was "methamphetamine" (methamphetamine). Niu Mengmeng was detained again that afternoon.
As soon as the two consecutive artist poisoning incidents came out, netizens' attitudes towards the artists involved were thoroughly critical and merciless. Although Kam has brought laughter to people, as soon as the matter came out, the sound of "goodbye" came and went. At the same time, clips containing recordings of his performances have mostly been edited or taken off the shelves.
However, the "reversal" process of Niu Mengmeng's involvement in poison is more dramatic. At the beginning, Niu Mengmeng denied being infected with drugs, and some netizens thought that she might have been wronged, so they turned back and said that the "heart shock report" was "unscrupulous media". At the same time, the "Beijing Anti-Drug" agency account also forwarded the news of the Beijing News on the same day, but then revised several times, oscillating between "open" and "hidden", which also had a certain impact on people's mentality.
If Niu Mengmeng is really "wronged" by the media, then netizens will naturally express anger at the corresponding media and institutions, because being accused of drug use is really a weight that artists can't bear.
In fact, to be honest, when evaluating many hot events, netizens now must find out the party they think needs to be responsible, and then show a fierce attitude of "not killing enough civilian indignation". In some cases, some people question that the catharsis of this sentiment is a "chicken killing with a cattle knife" overkill, but few people will think that there is anything wrong with being so harsh on drug artists - well done!
If a person is contaminated with drugs, if he is an ordinary person, he may only need to silently bear the consequences for himself and his family. But if this man is a public figure, he will fall into the abyss of doom.
Celebrity drug abuse occurs in all countries in the world, but the punishment for drug use against them is different, Europe and the United States are loose, while Asian countries are more stringent, Japan and South Korea from the government to the people are the same as China's "zero tolerance" attitude.
In Japan, when celebrities take drugs, the industry's spontaneous resistance is more effective than the law. The entire entertainment industry can be banned without time limits, and the advertisements, movies, TV series, and variety shows that have been filmed before will not be played, completely making them "disappear" in the entertainment industry.
In November last year, Hideya Sawajiri (沣尻エリカ), who starred in film and television works such as "One Liter of Tears", was arrested for drug abuse, and big names such as Pepsi And Procter & Gamble who came to her for endorsements stopped advertising and cleared up their relationships.
Chinese audiences familiar with Noriko Sakai, Oshio Gaku, Ande sei tanaka, etc. are all completely farewell to their acting careers because of drugs. Among them, Noriko Sakai even starred in the TV series 10 years ago by major television stations have been suspended, related commercial endorsement activities have been cancelled, and the manufacturers who were forced to go offline advertising claimed from her. Subsequently, all Japanese producers, TELEVISION stations, etc. blacklisted Noriko Sakai.
At the end of 2009, Sakai expressed to the media that she must completely quit drugs and start her life again, and she hoped to change to a nursing profession. But according to DARC, a Japanese non-governmental drug relief public welfare organization, "no one can easily rehabilitate from drugs." It is only through participation in self-help groups that efforts to return to normal life can it be expected to be insulated from drugs. Otherwise, nursing work and childcare work will not be done well. ”
Noriko Sakai endorsed an advertisement for Panasonic in the 1990s
Moreover, because Japanese society is very collectivist, not only themselves, but also their families must be punished for drug-contaminated characters. If it is a headline, the family should also apologize when they are interviewed, saying that they have caused trouble to society, just as we now hear people say " sorry to occupy public resources " .
You must know that Japan is a relatively developed economy, and its own drug problem is actually not as serious and urgent as that of developing countries such as China and the Philippines. China's harsh approach to the drug problem has its own historical and social reasons, but Japan does not have the same reason. What prompted the Japanese to adopt the same intolerant attitude toward drugs as China?
<h2 class= "rich_media_title" > a horror PDT that scares children into crying</h2>
In the 1970s and 1980s, Japan used television advertising to educate the public on a large scale about the dangers of drugs. Japan's "Government Broadcasting News", that is, government propaganda films, "public advertising agencies" and "Japan Non-governmental Broadcasting Alliance" have launched some very impressive advertisements.
The so-called non-governmental broadcasting agencies, that is, commercial broadcasting institutions other than NHK, japan mainly has 6 radio and television station simulcast networks, and the coordinating agency of these 6 is the Democratic Broadcasting Federation. The plot of the anti-drug advertisement released by the Democratic Broadcasting Federation is as follows:
⚠ Please note: The following videos, images, and text captions may cause discomfort
When a nail is smashed down onto a glass plane, and when the nail is smashed deep into the plane, many cracks will appear.
On closer inspection, this glass plane is actually a silhouette of a person, and the nails are nailed and broken is the head, which is a metaphor for drugs that start to affect people from the brain.
As the nail of the drug entered, the figure became fragmented and fell down into pieces. The line says:
"Sweet temptation? Moments of joy? Drugs can cause irreversible and permanent damage to a person's body. Are you giving up on drug use? Or do you give up being an individual? ”
Compared with other anti-drug advertisements in the same period, the version of the DEMOCRATIC BROADCAST has become a childhood shadow for many children, and putting this advertisement before the TV station says "good night" at night will make them cry in the middle of the night. By the 1990s, this batch of horrific ads was no longer airing.
Japan is not the only one who adopts a "resort to fear" approach to drug abuse and discourages it in the mass media. At that time, public service advertisements in the United States, Hong Kong and other places also used terrible psychological reactions to try to achieve the purpose of dissuading falling objects, staying away from railway crossings, and paying attention to traffic safety. The horror of these public service advertisements can be said to have reached the point of becoming urban legends.
After these ads were played for a while, people re-evaluated their utility results and found that there was something different from what they expected. Moderate fear can forbid people from doing certain things, but excessive fear can backfire.
People completely avoid the topic because they absorb the fear of excess, which also makes them miss the opportunity to absorb the real message of public service advertisements. A good public service announcement should play a role in reminding people and fully absorbing the information in it. But if it's too frightening to be seen, it's putting the cart before the horse.
So in fact, you can find that the recent period of public service advertisements have adopted a clear, bright or touching performance approach, in short, they do not belong to the type of those who cannot open during working hours (NSFW). Far away are the Australian subway to teach people to stay off the track of "Stupid Death Method", and the Vietnamese health department's douyin divine song "Handwashing Song" against the new crown virus.
The same is the anti-drug advertisement, Hong Kong's performance method has also changed from the serious "can not be one, can no longer" to "hard!" Oh take! (Roughly meaning "stand firm, don't follow the trend of drug use"), propaganda away from drugs, not because of the seduction between peers and hooked, is the real "cool" and "personality".
Public service advertisements should have only one purpose, that is, to facilitate the dissemination of ideas. Although content that is too fearful will also be easy to spread, its effect is generally not as good as those popular ads that can form "viral marketing".
Therefore, this change is not so much that public service advertisements have become more humane, considering psychological factors, but rather by the laws of viral marketing on the Internet, and seeking a more funny way to convey information.
However, the anti-drug advertisement of the Democratic Broadcasting Federation has not easily entered history. In fact, it is its sentence "whether to give up drug addiction or give up being a person" that has sparked the debate that continues to this day.
<h2 class="rich_media_title"> "is no longer human, then give up on yourself"</h2>
In the more than a decade since the slogan "Do you give up drug use, or give up being a person", the frequent broadcast of television stations has formed a reinforced impression in people's minds, and has also affected the punishment of drug crimes in Japan and the subsequent process of returning drug users to society.
Artists arrested for drug problems in Japan are subject to cutting out footage from films they shoot — japanese and Chinese censorship systems are not the same, which is a very serious punishment for that.
The Japanese Wikipedia concludes that:
Outside of Japan, people like Robert Downey Jr. became drug addicts at some point in their lives, reformed after going to prison, or became the world's best actors. But the Japanese people have branded drug addicts with a shameful mark that cannot be forgotten. ”
In Japan, even without these public service announcements, the fight against drugs has never stopped. In recent years, the main reason for the improvement of the drug epidemic in Japan is the intensification of the aging state of the country, the number of young people who are easily exposed to drugs and are fashionable is decreasing, and the attitude of the "Heisei generation" towards life has become more "Buddhist", and the probability of violence and love, marriage, etc. has also been reduced. During the new crown pneumonia, Japan's underworld fights must honestly wear masks, and a row of Yamaguchi group uncles behave like kittens.
However, the controversy is that although drugs can cause serious harm to people, and although drugs can threaten people's families, they are not serious enough to "expel drug users", that is, crimes do not lead to death. This statement that "once you take drugs, you are not worthy of being a person" also deprives those who have been deeply trapped in a dilemma from the quagmire and become a person again.
In 2001, sociologist Shinji Miyadai and writer Seiji Fujii argued that the expression "renunciation of being human" was a human rights issue. It indiscriminately lists all illegal drugs of different degrees of harm as prohibited substances that "make people no longer human", and they are incurable wastes, even at the minimum level of knowledge.
For example, in the public mind and seeing the same crimes are drug use, allowing others to use drugs, but Cam is contaminated with addictive and relatively mild toxic marijuana, niu Mengmeng is playing with methamphetamine, and its harm is still very different. With parts of the United States and Canada even beginning to pilot the legalization of cannabis, more harmful drugs such as methamphetamine have never been sought to "legalize."
In 2017, Nikkei's Japanese edition of National Geographic interviewed Toshihiko Matsumoto, a drug-dependent treatment specialist at Japan's National Psychiatric-Neuromedicine Research Center, who told a more thought-provoking story.
Matsumoto said the propaganda ads that aired on television in the 1980s "are the problem in themselves."
"This could have been an effective education for drug prevention, but it also caused tragedy." People addicted in this country will be a tiny minority of 'a handful' and will be considered 'non-human'. ”
In 2002, Mr. Matsumoto went to a juvenile training school (similar to the "work school" in China) and saw the so-called "crime boys". A teenager entered because of drug use, and Matsumoto asked him, "Have you been educated on drug abuse prevention?" The teenager said:
"The policeman came to our school to give a lecture, and he said: If you can't quit drugs, can you still call a human? My dad was detained for drug use. I thought, ah, that's what it looks like. My dad wasn't human anymore. Well, a guy who is not a human, the child born is certainly not a human being. ”
Teenagers self-defeatingly seek out bad boy organizations and start taking drugs. Although schools have developed prevention education that is well-intentioned, the result has been to push high-risk children into more dangerous situations.
In Mr. Matsumoto's experience, drug addicts are socially "expelled" so much that they don't even know why they want to quit, after all, no one accepts them after quitting. This is a mechanism that succeeds in keeping most people away from drugs, but brings some people closer to drugs, and it also means that there is something wrong with society's treatment of addictive drugs.
The founder of darc, the above-mentioned drug rehabilitation mutual aid organization, Yangjiang Ueoka, accused the public service advertisement of cracking down on drug users even more than the impact of the drug itself. A society that lacks understanding and tolerance will destroy their lives more completely than the physical harm caused by drugs.
TBS TV commentator Chika Ogi (Ogimi) edited the Guidelines for Reporting addictive drugs and received a 2017 ministry of health, labor and welfare. The Guidelines argue that drug dependence is a rehabilitative disease, and the expression "drug addicts are not human" negates the personality of people with dependence and should not be used. The Guidelines also hold that the placement of compulsory drug rehabilitation institutions in prisons or with punitive implications will maintain a high level of relapse after leaving the premises.
<h2 class = "rich_media_title" > reintegrate addicts into society: it's hard, but it must be done</h2>
With the reliance of entertainers and athletes on drugs making a splash in the mass media, and addictions such as gambling and alcoholism have also become hot topics, what is the real problem?
In June 2019, Dr. Toshiaki Tokioka, who was a lecturer at the Showa University School of Medicine's Psychiatric Lecture, raised the topic of "How Addiction Treatment Is On Track?"
Dr. Tokioka says addiction is "a pathological state in which you can't control your desires" and, more specifically, the ability to control in the brain is destroyed. In other words, addiction is a "disability/disease of the brain."
In recent years, people have increasingly seen what was originally seen as a problem of personal willpower, attention, and personality as a disease. Addiction, like depression and ADHD, has entered the ranks and helped to study them in a more scientific and detailed manner.
Addicts have experiences using dependent substances to address things like "depression, anxiety, and loneliness." Repetitive self-harm (e.g., wrist cutting, having sex with random multiple people, etc.) is a similar mechanism. Tokioka said many addicted people feel that "it is difficult to live" and "lonely." It was pointed out that
"Those who cannot depend on people have to rely on something other than man."
Showa Dai-Osan Hospital, where Tokioka is located, is a psychiatric specialty hospital, and 20% of patients received in 2015 had addiction at the same time, and 27% of those with severe self-harm tendencies also had addiction.
He believes that if there is a health hazard, even "abuse" that does not meet the diagnostic criteria for "addiction" needs treatment. "Abuse" is defined as "incorrect usage", so the occasional use of drugs or dangerous drugs, etc., is even acceptable.
In addition, the number of people suffering from "gambling addiction" or "Internet addiction" is increasing today. Sometimes, people go to the outpatient department to complain that it is a "ramen addiction" or a "love addiction", even in the case of "this is obviously not an addiction", if the doctor wants to see a doctor, the doctor should make a judgment every time.
A woman in her 20s was hospitalized for another mental illness, sex addiction, so she used the hospitalization program.
"Honestly, I don't know how much hospitalization would help prevent her from having sex with random people, but being able to interact with other equally confused people who 'can't quit even if I want to quit' makes her less isolated anymore." After being discharged from the hospital, she also continued to return to the outpatient clinic for medical treatment. ”
There is no right treatment for quitting various addictions, and the main thing that can be done at present is cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interview mechanisms. The medical staff is responsible for relieving the physical and mental discomfort caused by withdrawal, talking to patients in depth to understand their problems, and discussing how to refuse the invitation of their friends in the future so as not to repeat the same mistakes. It's also important to talk to self-help groups like DARC or Alcoholics.
"'Finding people who can go far together' is more effective than paramedics. I want them to continue to do as many treatments as possible and know that there are many treatments after discharge. ”
Importantly, by intervening in the causes of addiction, patients can no longer use dependent substances. At the scene of diagnosis and treatment, the doctor shows full affirmation of the patient, a positive attitude, listens to the patient's voice, and expresses the willingness of "whenever you are welcome to come again"; and also shares the wonderful things that the patient himself does not realize.
What if a drug-dependent patient uses an illegal drug? Tokioka's answer may also go against our instincts.
"The doctor's duty of confidentiality is much heavier than the reporting obligation, at least no doctor has reported drug use in the consultation. During treatment, those who already know that it is an addiction do not need a urine test. By ensuring that 'we don't report to the police' or 'we don't talk to our families without my permission,' we ensure that patients continue to be treated and treated, with early detection, early treatment, and early recovery. ”
"If we report 1 patient, 100 patients don't want to be tested." What if I'm reported? The psychology of 's spreads, which means that those who have already seen the doctor are unable to consult medical staff during the most painful reuse. Guarantees that secrets are not revealed to anyone will thus prevent harm to the health of the public. ”
"Of course, if there is any harm or forced use by others, it should also be reported."
Tokioka also expressed his interest in "Do you give up taking drugs or do you give up being a person?" " dissatisfaction. He said:
"Able-bodied people, and even people who assist people with addictions, often don't have addictions themselves. However, you need to understand that you are not addicted to it because of the life environment, the strength of relatives and friends, and not just your personal strong willpower. Instead, people with addictions are first tempted by the environment, or live in harsh environments, and they can rely on various ways to survive, and we can learn a lot from them. ”
<h2 class = "rich_media_title" > an effective detoxification policy, provided that the drug is acknowledged as factual</h2>
There is a view that illegal drugs should be severely punished. Based on his own experience and historical lessons, Tokioka disagreed with this.
The 1980s were a period of harsh punishment in the United States, but the problem was far from being solved, but instead promoted dependence and abuse. The famous Prohibition Act illustrates the consequences of severe penalties for illegal drugs (alcohol). The cost of justice, such as investigations, trials and prolonged imprisonment, is much higher than the cost of treatment. As a result, the United States provides "mental health courts," including "drug courts," and provides forced treatment rather than harsh punishments.
In addition, the policy currently known as "drug harm reduction" is being promoted globally, and its purpose is to recognize and tolerate the fact that temporary drug use exists for those who are temporarily unable to fully rehabilitate themselves, and to provide the necessary assistance to prevent further harm and to minimize the ultimate harm caused by drugs. This includes:
Expand testing for drug users for hepatitis B, HIV and other viruses in order to detect cases early, treat them in a timely manner, and prevent re-transmission to others;
The drug centre provides clean needles and provides drug addicts with strictly confidential information registration and tracking that is not linked to the police and is strictly confidential to avoid infection;
Provide ancillary drugs such as methadone that are less toxic, have some addiction, but are easy to go down the road to withdrawal. At the same time, because it is a low-hazard alternative to oral administration, it can also replace high-risk intravenous injection.
Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), a drug-replacement maintenance therapy for opioid addicts such as heroin, is one of the most widely used and effective treatments. In 2004, in the face of the then growing drug abuse problem and the AIDS epidemic, China opened the first eight MMT pilot clinics in five provinces. The evaluation results show that the MMT clinic has a significant effect in reducing drug abuse and its illegal and criminal acts among drug users, and reducing high-risk behaviors related to AIDS transmission.
Since 2006, the number of MMT clinics in China has increased rapidly, and by the end of 2016, 789 drug maintenance treatment clinics (including 29 mobile drug vehicles) and more than 600 extended drug treatment points have been set up in 29 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) across the country, with 162,000 people in treatment and more than 453,500 people treated, basically covering areas where opioid addicts are concentrated. However, in the past decade or so, the drug abuse characteristics of drug addicts have changed, and the abuse of new drugs is more serious, posing a potential threat to the efficacy of methadone maintenance treatment.
In Taiwan, the local regulations adopted in May 2008 reflect a major change in the basic thinking of drug rehabilitation policies, adopting the concept of "treatment is better than punishment, medical treatment before justice" for drug users, and identifying drug users as "sick criminals" with the dual characteristics of "patients" and "prisoners". Law enforcement advocates that the corrections process should consist of three stages:
physiological withdrawal, which refers to the removal of physiological dependence on drugs;
Psychological counseling, which assists patients in relieving their psychological dependence on drugs and learning skills to change their behavior, which takes months or even years;
Social rehabilitation, which assists patients to stay away from high-risk environments that trigger drug addiction, maintain a state of no longer using drugs, and aim to restore their family, social and professional functions.
Like the rest of the world, China is working to use alternative therapies to reduce the social harm caused by drugs, step by step, rather than one-size-fits-all. This is based on acknowledging the objective facts of the existence of drug circulation, rather than closing one's eyes and listening, and if I can't see it, it means that the problem does not exist.
Providing methadone and clean syringes to recognize the victimization and illness status of drug users are all controversial measures. Some people can't see that these dark sides of society have always existed, and think that they should be uprooted and physically extinct. However, the adoption of such an attitude, compared with the adoption of the "drug harm reduction" policy, is certainly the actual social benefit caused by the latter.
<h2 class= "rich_media_title" > artists who use drugs are "expelled"? </h2>
Each country has its own national conditions. For China, seeking to establish the strictest anti-drug system in the world and establishing a social trend of the whole people against drugs is the current national condition of China and the consensus of most Chinese.
The legendary "bad artists" may have other types of problems, such as tattoos, cheating, etc., but this is difficult to compare with the severity of drug use. You could argue that it's not quite logical, but show business itself is an industry that appeals to emotions, where people are more intolerant of certain mistakes than others, and people are more fanatical about one star than others, which is actually full of consistent irrationality.
Given that the performing arts industry is an extremely competitive industry in China, and the lack of new opportunities due to the impact of the epidemic, it is completely reasonable to let drug-related artists never step into the show business circle for life. After all, other people have more than these artists have the plus of not sticking to drugs, which can realize the metabolism of the show business circle and give more newcomers the opportunity to shine.
However, this does not mean that after they were expelled from the show business, they were disqualified from being human beings. Even if he is caught stealing "Che Guevara", he naturally has the right to engage in a legitimate profession and start over after he is released from prison. If you don't deserve to be a person if you take drugs, then why not sentence all drug addicts directly to death and give them a hard time?
Artists are public figures, and every word and deed has a public demonstration effect. But anyone going from obscurity to public figure also needs a learning process. For example, it is only when we see the Tong Zhuo incident really happen that we suddenly realize that there is no reason for an artist at this height to understand; or at least his agent has not fulfilled his responsibility to help him screen for opportunities or warnings.
Therefore, compared with the "consumers" at the end of the drug chain, after careful investigation to find out why these people are so easy to contaminate drugs, what is the source and transmission chain behind it, so that further law enforcement is probably more important.
In the Japanese media report on Sawajiri's drug abuse, it was also mentioned that some drug dealers specifically went to find artists and used various methods to make them addicted to drugs, because for drug dealers, artists originally had money, and after the news of their arrest came out, they could also indirectly promote their "products" through the media and tell addicts the new name of their drugs, which was extremely bad.
Society should allow drug-addicted entertainers to return to the social division of labor in a suitable way. But at the same time, they should not be allowed to continue to be their public figures as usual.
They must use their remaining influence on fans to give the society, especially the teenagers, the right example, and they can do some work in promoting anti-drug in the form of their own words. As witnesses of events, they can also play a unique role that no one else can.
At the same time, China also lacks influential non-governmental organizations for drug rehabilitation and mutual assistance, and artists who generally have a certain economic foundation before the incident can naturally become active contributors to such social organizations.