This article is an intensive reading of Chinese history serial 224, "Five Dynasties History" serial 04 (click on the blue character to view the previous part), welcome to watch.
In the 40 years that Zhu Liang and Li Jin fought for dominance in the north, a new group of separatists rose throughout the south. They also fought in dogfights, but on a lesser scale than in the North.
More importantly, they are generally more attentive to economic problems and are able to pursue policies conducive to the resumption of productive development. In this article, we will talk about the situation in several areas of the south.
01. Wu and southern Tang
In the last years of the Tang Dynasty, the social economy of Jianghuai and Zhejiang was seriously damaged. Clan towns, generals, mutants, and some wandering armed groups fought for cities and land, and fought chaotic wars in the north and south of the great river.
The situation in the north and south of the great river gradually stabilized in the early years of the 1890s, with Yang Xingmi occupying Jianghuai and Qian Wei occupying two Zhejiang provinces, forming Wu and Wuyue in the Ten Kingdoms. They have all introduced a number of pro-production measures and promoted the recovery and development of the southeastern economy.
The Wuyue Qian clan surrendered to the Song Dynasty in 978 AD and actually existed for more than 80 years. Wu Hou was peacefully replaced by the Southern Tang Dynasty, without war in the middle, and was destroyed by the Song in 975 AD, in fact, it was more than 80 years.
Therefore, the five generations are chaotic, but the southeast is relatively stable, and the southward shift of China's economic center of gravity has further developed compared with the late Tang Dynasty.
Let's first introduce Yang Xingmi as a person.
Yang Xingmi was a native of Hefei, Luzhou, who had participated in a local peasant uprising in his early years, had been captured by officers and soldiers, and was fortunate not killed; later he was recruited as a soldier and became a captain, because he was oppressed by the superiors, he took the lead in rebellion, occupied Luzhou, and claimed that the eight battalions knew the soldiers and horses. At this time, Huang Chaobing entered Guanzhong, and where the Tang Dynasty government could control the local affairs in Huainan, it had to admit the fait accompli and worship Yang Xing as a history of Luzhou assassination.
Yang Xingmi is tall, lifts a hundred pounds, and is said to be able to walk 300 miles a day. When he first started his army, he and Tian Fu, Tao Ya, Liu Wei, Liu Jin, Xu Wen and other close brothers, known as the Thirty-Six Heroes, these people have the atmosphere of reckless and heroic, and they are different from the old generals of the army for generations, and their origins and experiences are different.
Yang Xingmi, seeing that the time was ripe, sent an army to counterattack, captured Sun Ru in a battle, and killed him. From then on, Yang Xingmi centered on Yangzhou and based on the Jianghuai region. The Tang government appointed him as the emissary of Huainan Jiedushi.
Although it was still 10 years before Yang Xingmi was crowned King of Wu by the Tang Dynasty, Wu of the Ten Kingdoms had in fact appeared.
This low-born separatist, having seen with his own eyes the fact that there is insufficient grain and grass and that the people's hearts and minds cannot be sustained, has absorbed a little lesson. His main policy was to recruit exile and rest with the people. Within a few years, agricultural production in the Jianghuai region gradually resumed.
Yang Xingmi himself lived frugally and did not change because of success. Once, he inspected Sizhou (泗州, in present-day southeast of Sihong, Jiangsu, a city that had been submerged at the bottom of Hongze Lake since 1680) and was very unhappy when he supplied hao luxury to The General Tai Mao.
After leaving the city, Tai Meng found patched clothes in the bedroom and sent someone to catch up and return them. Yang Xingmi smiled at the messenger, "When I was young, I was poor and lowly, and I didn't dare to forget my roots. ”
It was clear that he had deliberately left this garment behind in order to educate Tai Meng. Don't forget this, this is the basic style of a founding entrepreneur.
Although Yang Xingmi straddles both sides of the Yangtze River, his center of gravity is in the north of the river, and the hub is Yangzhou.
After cleaning up the surrounding area of Henan, Zhu Wen took a fancy to This place where Yang Xingmi was located. In 897, Zhu Wen sent Ge from Zhou and Pang Shigu to lead a large army, cross the Huai River, and march south.
Pang Shigu went south from Xuzhou and soon reached Qingkou. Qingkou, west of present-day Huaiyin, Jiangsu, was the mouth of Surabaya (Qingshui) into Huai, and was the throat of north-south traffic. From this south, straight to Yangzhou, located along the canal, there is no obstacle. If the battle is won, Huainan will be owned by the Zhu family.
In the face of the menacing Bian army, the Wu army commanded and ordered the embankment to release water, and finally defeated the crowd (30,000 to 70,000 people) with a small number of people, completely defeated the Bian army, beheaded Pang Shigu and more than 10,000 generals, and won a decisive victory.
The other way, Ge Congzhou, had already suffered a small setback earlier, and after receiving the news of Shigu's defeat, he retreated north in a hurry. The Huainan soldiers took advantage of the victory to pursue, and won another great victory.
Although the Wu army was victorious, Zhu Wen did not give up. Moreover, Yang Xingmi is not good at economic recovery. Therefore, the situation in the state of Wu actually did not really get better until Xu Zhihuan was in power (that is, Li Fu, the founding emperor of the Southern Tang Dynasty).
In the second year of Tang Tianyou (905), Yang Xingmi died, and his son Yang Wo took the throne, and military power was in the hands of Zhang Hao and Xu Wen.
Let's talk about Li Fu, the founding monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty, that is, Xu Zhiyan.
Xu Zhihuan, the righteous son of Xu Wen, the prime minister of the State of Wu, was said to have his original surname of Pan, and later changed Wu to Southern Tang, made himself emperor, changed his name to Li Fu, and claimed to be a descendant of Tang Xuanzong. This is a misnomer, in fact he was an orphan during the war, from a humble origin, and personally tasted the pain of wartime exile.
Xu Zhichen (Li Fu) once said to his subordinates: "I grew up in the army, and seeing the military disasters suffered by the people, it is really terrible, so I can't bear to talk about fighting anymore!" ”
This statement seems to be heartfelt, and indeed reflects the voice of the people at that time. The war he condemned was indeed an unjust warlord melee.
He ruled the state of Wu for nearly 20 years (10 bc when his righteous father Xu Wen was alive), plus 5 years as emperor, for a total of 25 years (918-943).
Xu Zhihuan's confidante, Yuzhang Ren Song Qiqiu, was earlier a fallen xiushi, so poor that he could not even afford to buy paper and pencil. Xu Zhihuan had something to discuss with him.
The system established at the beginning of the Wu Kingdom, Tian Fu all collected copper coins, and there was also Dingkou money, which also received cash money. After Xu Zhiyan came to power, Song Qiqiu advocated the abolition of Dingkou money and the change of field taxes to grain in kind. At that time, the market value of each silk was 500 yuan, and he suggested that one silk be offset by the original tax of 1700 yuan.
As soon as this article came out, the courtiers talked about it a lot, and they all thought that the government's losses were too heavy. Qi Qiu said, "Where there are people who are rich, but the country is poor!" ”
Xu Zhihuan considered his suggestion and exclaimed, "This is really the best strategy for persuading farmers!" "The resolute implementation of this policy has encouraged the production enthusiasm of farmers.
As a result, the wasteland around Jianghuai was soon filled with crops, and the sericulture industry also developed greatly. Later, Xu Zhihuan also forbade the purchase of the children of good people as slaves.
Judging from the above, the policies of Wu and the early years of the Southern Tang Dynasty were undoubtedly extremely beneficial to agricultural production.
02, Wu Yue
Next, let's talk about Wu Yue Qian.
Wu Yueqian was also from a very humble origin. He has beautiful writing, which is likely to be a post-official, in his early years he was a salt merchant in Lin'an, Hangzhou, who was proficient in boxing and courage, and his ability to shoot arrows and make canals was not bad. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, he was thrown into the local armed forces under Dong Chang and made small contact with Huang Chao's vanguard troops.
Soon, Dong Chang made the History of Hangzhou Assassination, formed the armies of the counties under his command into eight "capitals", and sent Qian Hao to be the commander of the capital (commander-in-chief). In the second year of Guangqi (886), Dong Chang captured Yue Prefecture (present-day Shaoxing) and handed over Hangzhou to Qian. The zhen navy made Zhou Bao push the boat along the water and appointed Qian Wei as the military commander of Quanzhi Hangzhou.
In the third year of Guangqi (887), Zhou Bao collapsed due to a mutiny, and Qian Wei took him to Hangzhou, and at the same time took advantage of this opportunity to send troops to compete for the three prefectures of Run, Chang, and Su to expand his sphere of influence. In the same year, Zhou Bao died in Hangzhou, and the cause of death was illness or being killed by Qian Wei, and it is difficult for posterity to determine.
When Qian Wei captured Runzhou, he captured Xue Lang, the mastermind of the mutiny, and he killed Xue Lang to sacrifice Zhou Bao to show respect for the commander. His actions were decent and brought him a good reputation.
Wu Yue was a weak country, at least not a very strong country. Qian's Wu Yue army and Yang Xingmi's Wu army fought many battles, running, Chang, and Su prefectures, and finally only one place in Suzhou was retained. Later Liang Kaiping's two to three years (908-909) of the defense of Suzhou was fought very hard, and Qian Wei spent a huge sacrifice to save Suzhou through internal and external attacks. Later, Wu Yue tried to advance into Changzhou, but finally achieved nothing.
Qian and his descendants had a consistent policy of paying tribute to any Central Plains dynasty. During the Later Liang Dynasty and tang dynasty, the poet Luo Yin was in Qian Wei's shogunate and advised Qian Wei to raise an army to beg Liang, and if this did not work, he would divide Hangzhou and Yue, build his own name, and not claim to Zhu Wen.
What Luo Yin said was reasonable, but Qian Wei only considered reality, and he respected Luo Yin's character, but refused to adopt his ideas. Qian Was changed to Yuan Tianbao in the second year of Later Liang Kaiping (908), which was only used in the territory and was not used when dealing with the Central Plains Dynasty. In his later years, he changed his name to Yuan Bao da and Bao Zheng, but he never claimed the title of emperor.
Qian Wei knew that the two Zhejiang provinces had limited troops, and did not want to get involved in a dispute that was irrelevant and in fact impossible. He competed with the State of Wu for the Su and Chang areas, the purpose of which was also to preserve the existing situation, and he did not have the ambition to expand vigorously.
Qian's thinking should come from his father's teachings.
According to records, Qian Wei served as a festival envoy in his hometown, crowned the queen, and was very proud to change the old homeland to "Yijin Army", and when Yijin returned to his hometown, he also draped the place where he played when he was a child with splendid embroidery. He was very satisfied with this achievement. His father Qian Kuan was still there, and the old man saw this lively situation, but he was extremely worried, and said to him: "My family has been farming for generations, no one has ever been an official, you are so noble and prominent, I am afraid that there will be some disaster in the future that will affect the whole family!" Since then, Qian Wei has converged and become cautious.
Therefore, Wu Yue's founding purpose was formulated on the basis of this ideology. When Qian Wei was dying, he also took "Good Deeds in the Central Plains" as a testament.
Qian Wei also did some commendable things in the territory.
Building a sea pond is the first good thing. The tide along the Qiantang River in Hangzhou is extremely strong, and in order to ensure the nearby farmland, it is necessary to build a strong embankment. Because the embankment is easy to collapse, qian wei pays attention to improving the construction technology.
At that time, the working people created a method of using huge bamboo several inches long, cutting it and weaving it into bamboo cages, loading stones, throwing them into water, and then using many giant trees, layer by layer, on the beach to form a solid foundation. Qian Wei adopted this method, causing the Qiantang River to defend the sea stone pond, which was a great deed for the benefit of future generations.
The monarchs of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, people often only remember their names, do not remember much of the fa, temple number, but the title of King QianWusu is spread on the word of mouth because of the sea pond, which is much stronger than any stone or iron stele.
The water conservancy project in Wuyue is not only a sea pond. Chang'anYan in Wuyi, Zhejiang Province, irrigates more than 10,000 acres of land; Dongqian Lake In Ningbo, shitang, so that the lake water can be irrigated 500,000 mu; Dajian Lake in Yuezhou can also be irrigated with more than 9,000 hectares.
03. Former Shu
Sichuan was another region with economic development in the five generations. Its status can be on a par with the two Zhejiang provinces of Jianghuai and Zhejiang in the southeast. In the five dynasties, there were two Shu states in Shu, namely the Former Shu established by Wang Jian and the Later Shu established by Meng Zhixiang.
The history of the Wang clan of Former Shu dates from 903 when Wang Jian was enfeoffed by Tang and was destroyed by The Army of Li Cunxun of Later Tang in 925, but only 23 years. However, as early as 891, Wang Jian had already captured Chengdu and divided one side, in fact, for more than 30 years.
Wang Jian died in 918 at the age of 72. During the 28 years of his reign, except for the period of grass creation, Shuzhong was economically prosperous and culturally developed, and it was a prosperous and developed region.
Wang Jian, like Yang Xingmi, Xu Zhihuan, and Qian Wei, was also a low-born Xinxing Fanzhen. Originally the son of a baker in Wuyang, Xuzhou (present-day Henan), he learned boxing and courage in his youth, engaged in cattle slaughter, donkey theft, and salt trafficking, ate lawsuits, and fled to the mountains. Later, he joined the Caizhou Zhongwu Army and was promoted from soldier to captain. In the early 1980s, he was promoted to the head of the capital and commanded 1,000 men and horses.
Wang Jian is very politically minded. He believed that although the imperial court was weak and incompetent, the use of soldiers needed this signboard very much, otherwise people's hearts would be easily scattered.
Xichuan Jiedu made Chen Jingxuan, and his brother Tian Lingzi (Tang Yizong entered the province of Neishi and changed his surname to Tian, when Tang Yizong was in the province of Inner Servants, he fled to Chengdu due to unpopularity), was a representative of the decadent forces at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and Tang Zhaozong, who ascended the throne in March of the first year of Wende (888), had always hated the eunuch Tian Lingzi, and Wang Jian took advantage of this to state Chen Jingxuan's crimes and requested to send troops to fight.
The Zhao Sect sent Wei Zhaodu, the chancellor, as a marshal, and Wang Jian justifiably waged a war to annex The Territory of Xichuan.
Tian Lingzi and Chen Jingxuan were stationed in Chengdu. On the one hand, Wang Jian helped Wei Zhaodu to besiege Chengdu, and on the other hand, he attacked the prefectures of Mei, Jian, Zi, Shu, and Ya, and recruited rebels, and his strength increased greatly.
In the second year of Da Shun (891), Wei Zhaodu's army in Chengdu had reached 3 years, but it was still impossible to defeat it. The imperial court decided to withdraw its troops. Wang Jian was very dissatisfied, thinking that the great achievement would be accomplished, and it was a pity to abandon it. His aide Zhou Itch persuaded him to ask Wei Zhaodu to return to the dynasty and attack Chengdu alone, and after conquering it, he relied on it and saved trouble.
Wei Zhaodu was a civilian official, but Wang Jian could not build it, so he had to go back. As soon as he left the Sword Gate, Wang Jian sent troops to guard the pass and did not allow any army from the east to enter.
At this time, there was a shortage of food in Chengdu, and parents could not support their children, so they had to let them live on the streets. The military and the people bully the weak, and criminal incidents occur one after another. Chen and Tian wanted to use torture to maintain order, and in addition to beheading, they also used methods such as cutting off waists and slashing obliquely. Helpless people are not afraid of death, and no method has any effect. The officials and people all wanted to go out of the city and surrender, Chen and Tian grabbed and killed, even the same people who had not planned to kill them, and countless people died.
Wang Jian wanted his soldiers to attack the city with death, and like many warlords, used greed to stimulate them. He said to the soldiers: "Chengdu is as prosperous as a flower brocade, breaking the city, the children of the golden veil, take whatever they want, and make official positions in moderation, and everyone takes turns to do a good job!" ”
Wang Jian said this in his mouth, but in his heart he had another plan. From the bottom of society, he understands the difficulty of starting a business and understands the suffering of the people. When he wanted to establish a career in Bashu, he paid attention to the historical events of Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang in establishing the Shu Han Dynasty, and imitated their deeds.
Conquering Chengdu is only the beginning of Wang Jian's entrepreneurship. Xichuan also refused to surrender, and yang Sheng, the defender of Pengzhou (present-day Peng County), resisted particularly fiercely. Wang Jian attacked the city with his troops, but he could not fight it for several months.
Wang Jian entered the city of Chengdu, affirmed discipline, and when he attacked Pengzhou, the army was no different from the bandits. Every morning, the battalions sent hundreds of men to search the mountains, rob the refugees and divide the old and weak women into slaves. The proceeds of the captivity were taken first by the officers, and the rest was divided equally among the soldiers.
There was a new Jinren Wang Xiancheng, who was originally a scholar, and could not find a way out in the chaotic world, and became a soldier. He asked the general Wang Zongkan to tell him about the stakes and the stakes, saying that the first was to make people think of Yang; second, if the city knew that there were few soldiers in the camp and the attack was prominent, it would be defeated. Wang Zongkan felt that he was right, so he asked what should be done. Wang Xiancheng immediately drafted a document submitted to Wang Jian, proposing: Prohibit captivity; recruit the people; set up a Zhao'an village to take in refugees; gather the captive population for their families to claim; and encourage the peasants to resume production.
Wang Jian saw the document, was very happy, and ordered it to be complied with.
Order outside Pengzhou gradually returned, but the defenders inside the city continued to resist. In the first year of Qianning (894), it was only by relying on this method proposed by Wang Xiancheng to build the "Dragon Tail Road" close to the city wall that the city was broken.
The so-called "Dragon's Tail Road" is an earthen slope, and the closer to the city wall, the higher it is, it is equivalent to climbing the stairs of the city. Wang Jian's soldiers rushed up the city wall from the slope and beheaded Yang Sheng.
The Battle of Pengzhou lasted 3 years, and many people died outside the city.
Later, Wang Jian annexed Dongchuan and conquered Zizhou in the fourth year of Qianning (897), and from then on he occupied the entire Bashu region.
When Wang Jian used the army, like many warlords at that time, he recognized a large number of dry sons, in addition to several nephews. These sons and nephews followed Wang Jian to start a business, and there were not a few who acted arrogantly and violently.
When Wang Jian had territory, he paid attention to restraining those who did not abide by the law and discipline or were suspected of being stubborn, and severely punished those who did not abide by the law and discipline or were suspected of being sloppy. For example, his nephew Wang Zongyu fought with him from an early age and had an extremely loyal attitude. Once, his men were punished by Chengdu Yin Cuiyin for a small mistake. Zong Yu was furious and went to Wang Jian to file a complaint. Wang Jian, a local magistrate who supported law enforcement, rebuked Zong Yu.
Wang Zongdi, whose real name was Hua Hong, was the most powerful general under Wang Jian, and because he was quite popular with the army, he gradually became jealous of Wang Jian. Chengdu Fu built a mansion gate, paintings on the door, bright red color, people nicknamed "Painting Red Building".
"Painting Red" was close to Hua Hongyin, and some people used this to create rumors, and Wang Jian listened to the rumors and summoned him to rebuke them. He said negatively, "Shuzhong has been peaceful, and the Great King wants to kill the heroes, which will not hinder the overall situation!" Wang Jian saw his arrogant attitude and killed him.
However, there are also people who do have great mistakes, but they are safe, such as his nephew Wang Zongshou, because Wang Xiancheng wanted to report his mistakes, he killed this meritorious minister who had already achieved the history of the assassination of Kuizhou without authorization. Wang Jian knew that it was just a fire.
Wang Jian consolidated his position, so he took the opportunity of Zhu Wen's tang dynasty and announced in September of the fourth year of Tang Tiantuo (907) that he would not recognize the Liang Dynasty and declared himself emperor in Chengdu.
In the third year of the former Shu Wucheng (910), Wang Jian issued an edict exhorting Nongsang, citing the example of Zhuge Liang of the Shu Han Dynasty "closing off the people and raising troops after ten years", so that local officials were concerned about agricultural production and lightened the people's burden.
He had a text admonishing the prince, listing the matters that should be noted. Such matters are: personally try cases, do not let anyone be wronged, and do not let anyone escape the punishment they deserve; do not be proud and complacent; do not believe the words of villains; do not covet the pleasures of hunting; appease the people and treat soldiers kindly.
These are obviously the political lessons he has summed up. He instructed the prince that he must read this text frequently and not forget it, and said that only by doing these few things could he keep the society.
The residents of Chengdu, the jincheng city, were inevitably troubled when Wang Jian besieged the city, and soon after, it still restored its prosperous appearance. The famous Shu brocade is still a local specialty.
Wang Jian also has a characteristic, that is, he attaches special importance to scribes and treats the famous courtiers of the Tang Dynasty with kindness.
We don't know how much Wang Jian's closeness to the scribes has gained, but judging from the political experience he summed up, he should have benefited a lot. These people have rich cultural knowledge and have also played a positive role in the development of Shu Chinese. The great poet Wei Zhuang and the legendary author Du Guangting are among the representative figures.
In his later years, Wang Jian once changed the name of the country to Han, and soon after, he was still called Shu. He died in the fourth year of Later Liang's reign (918), and Later Liang was nearing death. The situation in Shu is not very good.
About half a year before Wang Jian's death, he overheard the sound of Prince Wang Yan and the kings fighting cocks and shouting, and sighed: "I have experienced hundreds of battles to fight this situation, can this generation hold on!" ”
He had already realized that Wang Yan could not keep his teachings. Wang Yan was his youngest son. His Book of Training was written for the first prince Yuan. In the third year of Shu Yongping (913), Yuan Ji and the Privy Counsellor sent Tang Dao to fight against each other, and armed conflict occurred. Tang Daozhao was killed, and after the conflict stopped, Yuan Ji appeared, and as a result, he was also killed by the guards.
Wang Jian was very saddened by the death of Yuan Bing, but he still listened to the advice of his subordinates and finally decided that the prince was "chaotic".
After Wang Jian's death, the temple number was Gaozu, and people often called the first lord. Wang Yan was the lord of the Former Shu Dynasty. The titles of the two generations are the same as those of Liu Bei and Liu Chan of the Shu Han Dynasty.
Wang Yan was originally named Zong Yan, and the word "Zong" was removed after he took the throne.
Wang Yan was 18 years old when he ascended the throne, and the following year, he changed his name to Yuan Qiande. He was handsome in appearance, quick in thought, and quite talented, but he was only a clumsy disciple, not the material for An Bang Dingguo.
In the first year of the former Shu Xiankang (925), the later lord traveled to Qin Prefecture (present-day northwest of Tianshui, Gansu). Pu Yuqing's advice was extremely earnest. After the Lord's favorite minister, Han Zhao, saw the anger and scolded: "When the Lord returns, let the jailer ask you word by word!" ”
However, after the Tang soldiers had already moved, the Hou lord did not go to Qinzhou and fled back to Chengdu. Han Zhao did not have time to judge Pu Yuqing, and was first killed by the general Wang Zongbi. Wang Zongbi killed Hou Lord's favorite, and after surrendering to Tang, he was still killed by Guo Chongtao.
After the Later Lord surrendered to Tang, the entire clan was sent north. The following year, the Chang'an clan was killed, and At the time, Wang Yan was only 26 years old.
04. Nanping and Nanchu
The two lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the area around Jiangxi were extremely chaotic at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and there were many small warlords, often occupying a state's territory, just like a tu emperor. Between them, there was frequent war. It was not until after the founding of the Later Liang State that the situation of annexation gradually stabilized, and roughly Jiangxi was acquired by the Yang clan of the Wu state, and two states appeared in the two lakes, one by one, the Jingnan Gao clan and the Chu state Ma clan.
The rulers of Jingnan (also known as Nanping and Northern Chu) and Chu (also known as Southern Chu and Machu) did some useful work for social and economic development.
Let's first introduce a few small warlords from the mainland. They were Zhong Chuan of Hongzhou (present-day Nanchang), Lu Guangchou of Qianzhou (present-day Ganzhou), Duhong of Ezhou (present-day Wuchang), and Chengwei of Jiangling.
From the first year of Tang Guangqi (885), Lu Guangchou held qianzhou and claimed to be a retainer. He wanted to rely on the Central Plains regime to preserve his territory, and obtained the Zhennan Army appointed by Zhu Wen to stay behind. After Zhong Kuangshi and Wei Quanyi were destroyed by Wu, he could not but be perfunctory to Wu.
After Lu Guangchou's death, Tan Quanbo became the manager. Quansheng had wisdom and courage, but his strength was weak, and Qianzhou was finally broken by Wu Bing in the fourth year (918) of Liang Zhenming. Tan Quanbo was captured in Guangling and died soon after. Jiangxi was now all owned by the State of Wu.
Du Hong and Cheng Wei were two separatists along the Yangtze River. Du Hong was a native of Ezhou, and when he was a teenager, he worked as a wanderer (actor), and later organized the Tutuan Army in the local area, and he served in the army as a general. In the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), he led troops to occupy Yue Prefecture, and two years later entered Ezhou, claiming to be the queen of Wuchang. The Tang government had no choice but to appoint such a thing. The following year he had to take Ezhou, Cheng Wei took Jiangling.
Cheng Wei, a native of Qingzhou, drunk and murderous when he was young, went into exile in the jianghu, and worked as a monk. Later, he was put into the army of Emperor Qin of Cai Prefecture and changed his name to Guo Yu. After Zhu Wen annexed Qin Zongquan's territory, Cheng Wei was sent to Jiangling and then fled to Luocao. Later, he surrendered to the Jingnan Tang army and became a junior officer. His boss saw him fierce and wanted to kill him. He united a thousand men and fled to the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River.
In the first year of the Guangqi Dynasty (885), Cheng Wei occupied Guizhou (present-day Zigui), and only then did he have a small piece of land, calling himself the Assassin History. In the first year of Wende (888), he also occupied Jiangling.
Chengwei's territory was as large as Yuzhou (present-day Chongqing) in the west, and its scale was not very small. His actions are also quite desirable. In ancient times, Jiangling was always the center of north-south transportation, and at the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was repeatedly destroyed by wars and was extremely damaged. At the time of Chengwei's entry, there were only 17 households. He appeased the exiles and rewarded Nongsang, which, more than 10 years later, increased to 10,000 households.
Cheng Wei is a warrior, but when interrogating cases, he can strive to be informative so as not to be wronged. Among the soldiers of the late Tang Dynasty, he was a rare figure. The Tang dynasty government appointed him as the envoy of Jingnan Jiedushi, and he only restored his original name.
If Cheng Wei can protect the border and the people, and do a good job in relations with the Central Plains government and the surrounding princes, it is likely that he will have a long-term land and pass it on to his descendants. We only need to look at the situation of the later Jingnan Gao clan to know that it can be done. However, he had ambitions, and with the geographical location of Jingnan and several enemies, he preferred to use force and expand, and finally led to the defeat and death of the soldiers- in 903, Yang Xingmi, who was defeated by the State of Wu, threw himself into the water and died.
Zhu Wen did not want Jingnan to be owned by others, and also sent troops to attack. In 906, the Bian army captured Jingnan, so they appointed the adopted son Ofan Zhu Youran's adopted son Gao Jixing (also changed his surname to Zhu at this time) as Jingnan Jiedu, and in 907 he was officially appointed as the emissary of Jiedu.
Gao Jixing has made great contributions to the recuperation of the people around Gangneung. When the Hunan soldiers entered Jiangling, they plundered on a large scale, and the place was destroyed. When Gao Jixing arrived at his post, "after the fire, the well withered away", and the situation was very bad. He put a lot of thought into it, beckoning the exile, and the place gradually regained its vitality.
The reason why Gao Jixing was able to save one side was that there were many places where he could rely on the strategist Liang Zhen. Liang Zhenyuan was a native of Yizheng (present-day southwestern Xinjin) in Yinzhou in central Shu, and was a jinshi in the late Tang Dynasty and lived in Luoyang. After the founding of the Later Liang Dynasty, he planned to return to his hometown, passing through Jiangling and being retained by Gao Jixing. He refused to take office and participated in the discussion only as a guest. He called himself a "former jinshi", and Gao Jixing often called him "ancestor". His proposition only had one article, "protecting the border and the people, and doing good to the imperial court", but this one was indeed the best policy for Jingnan.
After the Later Tang dynasty destroyed Liang, Gao's staff advised Ji Xing, who chose to surrender, to enter the dynasty, but Liang Zhen did not approve. He cited two reasons: First, Tang had ambitions to annex the world, and Jingnan was heavily garrisoned, and he was still afraid that it would be difficult to protect, let alone enter the DPRK; second, Gao Jixing was an old general of the Liang Dynasty, and if Tang regarded it as an enemy country, there was a danger of being detained.
Gao Jixing did not listen, and later he only had to return to China because he left early, and he would be detained later.
After The Later Tang destroyed Former Shu, Gao Jixing was greatly nervous, but Liang Zhen was very calm, he said: "When the Tang Lord wins Shu, he must be more proud, and there is nothing to be afraid of. ”
Judging from these two events, Liang Zhen is indeed a man of outstanding wisdom.
After Gao Jixing surrendered to Tang, he was given the title of King of Nanping, so Jingnan was also called Nanping. The vassal status of this country is also clearly expressed in this regard.
Chu's founding predates Jingnan, and it is a local force that has metamorphosed from Sun Ru's rogue armed clique. Its founder, Ma Yin, really underwent some experience in the great social changes at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
Ma Yin (马殷), a young man from Xiling in Xuzhou, was a carpenter in Xiling, Xuzhou, who enlisted in the army and participated in the war to suppress Huang Chao, and later went south with Sun Ru's army, and his status gradually rose. After Sun Ru's death, most of the army surrendered to Yang Xingmi, and the remaining part pushed Liu Jianfeng as the leader and entered Jiangxi and Hunan to the west. Ma Yin was the vanguard of this army.
Liu Jianfeng gained Tanzhou (潭州, in modern Changsha) to have a fixed territory and stop wandering. Soon, Liu Jianfeng was killed by his subordinates, and the general Push Ma Yin was the leader. At this time, it was the third year of Tang Qianning (896). Ma's division of Hunan began at this time.
Ma Yin was an envoy to the Wu'an Army at the end of the Tang Dynasty. After the founding of the State of Liang and the appointment of Ma Yin as the King of Chu, there was the name of Chu. Ma Yin reigned for 35 years, nominally serving as a vassal of Tang, Later Liang, and Later Tang, and in fact was an independent separatist.
Ma Yin won Hunan and consulted with the courtier Gao Yu on the policy of establishing the country. Gao Yu advised him to respect the imperial court in the Central Plains and obtain knighthood; to truce the army and the people, to develop production, and to accumulate strength.
Gao Yu was a native of Yangzhou, probably a scribe that Ma Yin and Sun Ru had received when they were in Huainan.
Ma Yin accepted his proposition and advocated making tea, planting mulberries, and raising silkworms, so that the people could replace money with draperies when paying taxes, which greatly promoted the peasants' family textile industry. This is the same as the method of Xu Zhiyu and Song Qiqiu of the Wu Kingdom, and both focus on recuperation.
Ma Yin paid special attention to the development of commerce and collected commercial taxes. He maintained tributary relations with the Central Plains Dynasty, and he was able to set up mansions to sell tea in The Capital Division and in the prefectures of Xiang (present-day Xiangyang), Tang (present-day Tanghe), Ying (present-day Zhongxiang), and Fu (today's Gate), and obtain huge profits. In this regard, because the State of Wu was opposed to the Central Plains, it could not be done.
The products in Hunan are particularly worth mentioning porcelain. Hunan Changsha kiln pioneered colorful porcelain. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Fifth Dynasty, the porcelain-making industry in Changsha and Hengyang continued to develop. In the tombs of the five generations, many bowls, plates and other utensils were excavated, mostly white porcelain, glaze white in the blue, thin tire fine. Changsha kiln products have been unearthed at home and abroad, and the local products bought by merchants are obviously quite a lot.
In this way, Hunan's agriculture, handicrafts, and commerce have all developed, and the people's livelihood and the government's fiscal revenue are relatively abundant. Therefore, the evaluation of Chu by the history books is still good.
05, Min and Southern Han
The establishment of Fujian was directly related to the peasant uprising. During the great peasant revolt at the end of the Tang Dynasty, there was a butcher Wang Xu in Henan, who gathered his troops and attacked Gushi. Gushi County official Wang Chao was born into a peasant family, with the character xinchen and the wisdom and courage of both. He and his brother Wang Zhenzhi joined Wang Xu's army and became a military academy.
Wang Zhenzhi was the founder of the future State of Min.
Wang Chao led the troops, and his discipline was extremely strict, which not only won the hearts of the soldiers, but also won the support of the people of Fujian. He knew that the soldiers were thinking of their hometown and claimed to take the group back to Gwangju. This is actually very difficult to do, the road is far away, the Central Plains are in ruins, and it is difficult for an army without a rear to maintain for a long time. Wang Chao's words were aimed at calming the hearts and minds of the army. His actual plan was to occupy a piece of land and let everyone settle down.
Coincidentally, quanzhou stabbed Shi Liao Yanruo to be violent, and the residents heard that Wang Chao's military discipline was strict, so they asked him to go on a crusade. In the second year of Guangqi (886), Wang Chao conquered Quanzhou and made this place a base area. He recruited scattered peasants, reduced their enlistment, and formed a new local force while reorganizing the army.
Later, the Wang clan occupied all of Fujian, and the State of Fujian had actually appeared, but Wang Chao's identity was only that of the Tang Dynasty's Fujian Observation Envoy and the Mighty Army Jiedushi Envoy. After Wang Chao's death, Wang Zhenzhi succeeded him as an official. In the third year of Later Liang Kaiping (900), Zhu Wen was known as the King of Min, and only then did he have the name of the State of Min.
Wang Zhenzhi ruled for 28 years until the death of Tang Tongguang in the third year (925).
Brother Wang rose in the middle of the rebel army, had a better understanding of the sufferings of the people, and lived a more frugal life. Wang Zhen knew that as the King of Min, his clothes were torn, so he put on a patch and put them on. He was not greedy for fame, and some people advised him to call himself emperor, saying: "I would rather be an open door emissary than an emperor who closes the door." ”
They paid attention to the selection of magistrates, the reduction of conscription, and the rest of the people. During the more than 30 years of their reign, Fujian has always maintained conditions suitable for the development of production.
The Wang brothers paid special attention to coastal commerce. They exempted themselves from heavy commercial taxes and encouraged maritime trade. In Fuzhou and Quanzhou, ships come and go frequently, and since then they have become important commercial ports along the southeast coast. In ancient times, many overseas imports were valuable goods such as spice treasures. Wang Yanbin, Wang Zhenzhi's nephew, has been in Quanzhou for nearly 30 years, developing maritime trade. People call him "Zhao Bao Shilang".
Wang Zhenzhi also treated the scholars and doctors who were living in Fujian with kindness, and the establishment of schools also played a beneficial role in the development of Fujian culture. When Tang Zhaozong was the prime minister, Han Wei and many others went into exile in Fujian, relying on the protection of the Wang clan, and they were quite at home at that time.
From Fujian to the south, part of Guangdong and Guangxi, there is the Southern Han of the Liu clan. Unlike Wu, Wuyue, Chu, Min, and Former Shu, the Southern Han Dynasty was not a reckless hero, but a local governor at the upper levels.
The ancestor of Liu Yin, the founder of the Southern Han Dynasty, moved from the north to Quanzhou because of his business. Liu Yin's father, Liu Qian, abandoned businessmen and officials, went to Guangzhou to become a general, and climbed to the upper echelons of society. He married The Niece of Wei Zhou as his wife. Wei Shi is a famous family, and Wei Zhou himself has served as the prime minister. Liu Qian matched this high relative, and his social status rose a step.
Liu Qian later served as the Assassin of Fengzhou (封州, in modern Deqing, Guangdong), and after his death, Liu Yin succeeded him to his official position. In the third year of Qianning (896), Li Zhirou, the Xue king of the Tang Dynasty, went to Guangzhou to serve as an envoy to the Qing Navy, but was rejected by the rebel generals. Liu Yin suppressed the rebel generals and protected Li Zhirou from entering Guangzhou.
From this time on, Liu Yin was actually already a "Nan Batian".
However, in history, Liu Yin was either used as an emissary or Liu Yin's brother Liu Zhi as emperor, as the first year of the Southern Han Dynasty. The former was the first year of Tang Tianyou (904), and the latter was the third year of Later Liang Zhenming (917).
Judging from the facts described above, the rule of the Southern Han Dynasty was a local force arising from the combination of rich merchants, famous people, and bureaucratic landlords.
Liu Yin was once made the King of the South China Sea by Zhu Wen. After his death, his brother Liu Zhi (chu name Yan) took the throne, and when he saw that the Central Plains were troublesome, he became the emperor himself, and the name of the country was first called Dayue, and then changed to Han.
The rule of the Southern Han Dynasty did not have any reform. The reason for this is simple: although the peasant rebel army at the end of the Tang Dynasty once entered Guangdong, it quickly withdrew, and the impact was not large. The Tang army did not fight a major battle with the rebel army in this area, and the damage of the war was not obvious. This local force, which emerged from the upper echelons of the ruling class, acted in full accordance with the old rules and did not think at all of the need for revolution.
On the contrary, from the perspective of the upper echelons of the ruling class of the Tang Dynasty, when the sea was boiling, Lingnan was a safe "paradise", and many people migrated south to take refuge, and those who were originally officials in Lingnan also settled here. This has played a positive role in spreading the culture of the Central Plains. But on the other hand, it has made Lingnan the region where the old tradition is most powerful.
The facilities of the Southern Han regime, with only one thing certain, were to promote maritime trade. Liu Jia was originally a wealthy merchant in the South China Sea, and Brother Liu Yin called the king the empress, and his greed developed even more, and he tried his best to collect the treasures of the South China Sea. This kind of commerce was purely in the service of the luxurious life of the rulers, but the increasing prosperity of the port of Guangzhou was a good thing after all.
During the reign of Liu Zhi of the Southern Han Dynasty, there was a major event that could not be left untouched. Jiaozhou (present-day northern Vietnam) was originally the Southern Han Jing Navy. In 937, Jiedu had Yang Tingyi killed by the tooth general Jiao Gongxian. The following year, The Tooth General Wu Quan attacked and killed Gongxian. The Lord of the Southern Han Dynasty, in the name of the Shu Jiao clan, wanted to defeat Wu Quan and sent his own son as an emissary of Jiedushi. In 939, Wu Quan defeated the Southern Han army and declared himself king. This was the beginning of the Wu Dynasty in Vietnam.
The southern states listed above were the main separatist forces south of the Huai River in the Qinling Mountains at the end of the Tang Dynasty and the Later Liang Dynasty. In fact, the situation in these decades is very complicated, and in many places there have been large and small separatists, and they have disappeared from time to time.
When we look at the situation in these small countries, we can roughly get two clearer impressions.
First, the southern half of the country, in the mid-1880s and 1990s, or after several years of war, recovered and developed relatively quickly; or remained in a relatively stable state without major damage.
Secondly, the rulers of the nations, who are able to implement a number of pro-production measures, almost all rise from below. Their origins and experiences are distinct from those of the great warlords of the North.
We are not solipsists, and we cannot look at problems exclusively from the point of view of origin. In fact, there are quite a few soldiers whose origins are similar to Yang Xingmi, Xu Wen, Xu Zhihuan, Qian Wei, Wang Jian, Wang Chao, Wang Zhenzhi, Ma Yin, and so on, who specialize in doing bad things, rampant for a while, and then perish immediately.
The strength of Yang Xingmi, Xu Zhihuan and others lies in the fact that when they reach the moment of being the head of a party, they are somewhat wary of psychology and can learn from the tremendous social changes they have personally experienced. Therefore, they all feel that they must do a better job in politics, so that the social economy can be restored and developed, so that the peasants can barely survive.
On the contrary, the great warlords of the Central Plains, such as Zhu Wen and The Shatuo nobleman Li Ke, used their fathers and sons to open their teeth and dance their claws in the blood sea of the vast number of peasants, developing their strength and improving their status. They are becoming more and more arrogant and more and more stupid, thinking that force can overwhelm everything and can get everything. So they simply don't want to do anything that's good for production.
Such a ruler is bound to perish quickly. Zhu Liang collapsed, and the Later Tang Dynasty established by Li Cunxun could not last long!
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The content of this article is compiled from the "Five Dynasties History" of the Chinese reading book "Classic Chinese General History" jointly created by China International Broadcasting Publishing House and "Reading History".
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