英語複合句中,很多從句往往相當于一個副詞,充當句子狀語。根據從句意思,可以劃分出不同類型的狀語從句。比較狀語從句是關于事物間的比較,有兩者之間的比較,也有三者以上的比較。比較狀語從句主要運用于形容詞和副詞的原級、比較級及最進階的句子之中,通常由as或than引起,這類從句和大多數狀語從句不同,它們不修飾動詞,而是修飾as,so,less,more等副詞,或其他比較級的詞。
一、常見引導詞
比較狀語從句引導詞包括:
as...as(和......一樣);
not as/so...as(和......不一樣);
than(比);the more...the more...(越......越......)等。
中間使用形容詞或副詞,說明事物的特性。
如果是同級之間比較,也就是兩者在某一方面是相同的,這時用形容詞或副詞的原級。常用句式為:
as…as(和……一樣);
not so(as)…as …(和不一樣);
如果是兩者之間比較,一方比另一方在某方面更勝一籌,則用形容詞或副詞的比較級。常用句式為:more…than(更);
如果是三者以上的比較,那麼其中必定有某一個比其他有優勢,那就是其中“最....”樣的,這時用形容詞或副詞的最進階。常用句式為:
the most…in/of,
the + 形容詞+est…of/in。
注意在使用最進階的時候,一定要明确限定比較的範圍,可用of或in引出來。of是表示它是其中一個,in表示限定在某個空間或時間範圍内。
二、用法比較
比較狀語從句從某種角度上說,它也是一種方式狀語從句。
1、as...as...
例如:
He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep.
他醒來得和入睡一樣突然。(第一個as是副詞,第二個as 是連詞。)
I have never seen so much rain as (it) fell that February.
我從未見過像那個二月那麼多雨。(否定結構常用so…as, 也可用as...as)
The girl is as innocent as she is pretty.
那個女孩既漂亮又天真。
as 連接配接的比較狀語從句常常省去與主句相同的部分,隻留下相比較的部分。
例如:
she is as sly as a fox.
她像狐狸一樣狡詐。
He is as strong as an ox.
他身體強壯如牛。
Your shoes are not so stylish as my shoes.
你的鞋子不如我的時尚。
也可以說成:Your shoes are not so stylish as mine.
注意:倍數 + as + adj/adv + as, 和......的幾倍一樣。
I spent three times as much as you did, so I finally passed the exam.
我學習花費的精力是你的三倍,是以我最終通過了考試。
若涉及數量或程度,還可以用:
as + much + 不可數名詞 + as 或者
as + many + 複數名詞 + as 的結構
例如:
Americans eat twice as many vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.
今天的美國人每人吃的蔬菜的種類是他們在1910年吃的兩倍。
再比如:
as fast as a hare,動如脫兔;像野兔一樣快;
as brave as a bear,像熊一樣英勇;
as free as a bird,像小鳥一樣自在;
as neat as a new pin,非常整潔;
as quiet as a mouse,非常安靜;像老鼠一樣安靜;
as big as a house,像房子一樣大。
2、than
例如:
The youth of today are better off than we used to be.
今天的年輕人比我們過去的境況要好。
The lesson is more difficult than I expected it to be.
這一課比我原想的要難得多。
than 連接配接的比較狀語從句常常省去與主句相同的部分,隻留下相比較的部分。
There were more casualties than that was reported.
實際傷亡人數比報道的要多。
也可以說成:
There were more casualties than reported.
I know you better than he (knows you).
我比他更懂你。
也可以說成:
I know you better than him.
此外還有:the more ... the more... “越...... 就越......”
例如:
The busier she is, the happier she feels.
她越忙越覺得快樂。
The more he learns, the more he wants to learn.
他學得越多越想學習。
The harder I work, the greater progress I will make.
我越用功,進步就越大。
3、according as ,“根據......的方式,視......而定。”
例如:
They will be praised or blamed according as their work is good or bad.
給他們的賞罰将視乎他們工作的好壞來決定。
They are paid according as how well they work.
按工作情況的好壞給他們發工資。
4、in proportion as,“随着......的增加或減少。”(表示兩個事物之間的比例關系,其中一個事物的變化會導緻另一個事物的相應變化。)
例如:
In proportion as the sales increase the profit will rise.
銷售量增加利潤也成比例地增加[随着銷售量的增加,利潤也會相應地增加]。
Men are happy in proportion as they are virtuous.
人之幸福與德行成正比。
5、The most…in/of,“最......”
例如:
This book is the most interesting of the three.
這本書是三本中最有趣的。
6、the + 形容詞+est…of/in,“最......”
例如:
This road is the busiest street in our city.
這條路是我們城市最繁忙的街道。
7、no more than,“隻不過(嫌少的意思)”
例如:I have no more than two pens.
我隻有兩支筆。
The company employs no more than a couple of dozen people.
這個公司頂多雇用了幾十個人。
If you've been asked for an interview you are probably on a short list of no more than six.
如果通知你去面試,你就很可能上了不超過6人的候選名單。
The restaurant was no more than a glorified fast-food cafe.
這地方美其名曰餐館,其實隻不過是個快餐店而已。
Some places were no more than glorified pubs.
一些地方名字叫得好聽,其實不過是酒館而已。
Unhappily, he had done no more than pay lip service to their views.
不幸的是,他對他們觀點的支援隻是口惠而實不至。
8、not more than,“不如.....”(前者不如後者);不超過
例如:
Jack is not more diligent than John.
傑克不如約翰勤奮。
He was a kid really, not more than eighteen or nineteen.
他實際上還是個孩子,最多不過十八九歲。
9、one of the +形容詞最進階+ 名詞(複數) …之一(用于最進階)
例如:
Han Mei is one of the best students in our school.
韓梅是我們學校最好的學生之一。
This is one of the most commonly used methods.
這是最常采用的方法之一。
It is one of the greatest roles she has played.
這是她所扮演過的最重要的角色之一。
It was one of the hardest things I ever did.
這是我做過的最難的事情之一。
She was one of the greatest minds of her generation.
她是她那一代人中最聰慧的人之一。
This family is one of the most deserving cases.
這是最應當得到幫助的一戶人家。
She was one of the best tennis players of her generation.
她是同輩中最出色的網球運動員之一。
She is one of the most influential figures in local politics.
她是本地政壇舉足輕重的人物。
It is one of the safest cars in the world.
這是世界上最安全的車型之一。
That was one of the happiest moments of my life.
那是我一生中最快樂的一段時光。
三、總結:
(一)同級比較,使用形容詞(adj.)或副詞(adv.)的原形。
重點句型:
1、as + adj/adv + as, “ 和......一樣”。
2、not as (so) + adj/adv + as,”和...... 不一樣”。
3、倍數 + as + adj/adv + as,“和......的幾倍一樣”。
(二)不同級比較,使用形容詞(adj.)或副詞(adv.)的比較級或最進階。
重點句型:
1、adj/adv 比較級 + than,“比......更”
2、the more ... the more... ,“越...... 就越......”
3、as 和 than連接配接的比較狀語從句常常省去與主句相同的部分,隻留下相比較的部分。