Pygal是Python可視化包，來生成可縮放的矢量圖形檔案
生成的其實是一個xml檔案，需要用你的web浏覽器來打開
下面舉一個模拟擲骰子的例子
模拟投擲一個六面骰子
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @Author: Clarence
# @Date: 2018-03-24 14:40:28
# @Last Modified by: Clarence
# @Last Modified time: 2018-03-24 14:41:51
"""
有可能大家在使用的時候會hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')儲存到檔案中會報錯
pygal ValueError: Invalid PI name 'b'xml''
stackoverflow大神解答:
Try running pip install --upgrade pygal. If it doesn't help use pip list --outdated
or pip list to check the installed versions (pygal version should be at least 2.0.11).
Edit your post and include the output as text (use Ctrl+Shift+C to copy from the terminal).
可以直接在dos中輸入pip install --upgrade pygal
Collecting pygal
Downloading pygal-2.4.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl (127kB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 133kB 353kB/s
Installing collected packages: pygal
Found existing installation: pygal 1.7.0
Uninstalling pygal-1.7.0:
Successfully uninstalled pygal-1.7.0
Successfully installed pygal-2.4.0
這樣就更新成功了
"""
from die import Die
import pygal
# 建立一個六面骰子
die = Die()
# 擲幾次骰子，并将結果存儲在一個清單中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
result = die.roll()
results.append(result)
# 分析結果
frequencies = []
for value in range(1, die.num_sides + 1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)
# 對結果進行可視化
hist = pygal.Bar()
hist.title = "Results of rolling one D6 1000 times."
hist.x_labels = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6']
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "Frequency of Result"
hist.add('D6', frequencies)
# 實際上會生成一個xml檔案，大家浏覽器可以打開或者直接用IDE打開
hist.render_to_file('die_visual.svg')
下面模拟同時投擲兩個六面篩子繪制機率密度圖像
"""
同時投擲兩個骰子
"""
import pygal
from die import Die
# 建立兩個六面骰子D6
die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die()
# 投擲篩子多次，并将結果存儲到一個清單中
results = []
for roll_num in range(1000):
result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
results.append(result)
# 分析結果
frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result + 1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)
# 可視化結果
hist = pygal.Bar()
hist.title = "Results of rolling two D6 dice 1000 time."
hist.x_labels = [str(i) for i in range(2, max_result + 1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "frequency of Result"
hist.add("D6 + D6", frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('dice_visual.svg')
下面模拟同時投擲一個6面骰子和一個10面骰子
"""
建立一個6面骰子和一個10面骰子，投擲5000次
"""
import pygal
from die import Die
die_1 = Die()
die_2 = Die(10)
results = []
for roll_num in range(50000):
result = die_1.roll() + die_2.roll()
results.append(result)
frequencies = []
max_result = die_1.num_sides + die_2.num_sides
for value in range(2, max_result + 1):
frequency = results.count(value)
frequencies.append(frequency)
hist = pygal.Bar()
hist.title = "Results of rolling a D6 and D10 50,000 times."
hist.x_labels = [str(i) for i in range(2, max_result + 1)]
hist.x_title = "Result"
hist.y_title = "frequency of Result"
hist.add('D6 + D10', frequencies)
hist.render_to_file('different.svg')