Designing a questionnaire survey 設計一份問卷調查
When designing a questionnaire, there are several ways you can approach the study 在設計問卷調查時，你有幾種方法可以進行研究:
Use closed questions (fixed choice of answers), to generate data for easy analysis.
Use open questions (space to write any answer) for more detailed individual answers.
Keep questions and instructions clear and easy to understand.
Ask purposeful questions to help find information needed for the study.
Pre-code closed questions for quick analysis of the answers.
Carry out a pilot study first, a test run, making changes if needed.
Use attitude scales to test strength of feeling.
使用封閉式問題（固定的答案選擇），以産生資料，便于分析。
使用開放性問題（可寫任何答案的空間），以獲得更詳細的個人答案。
保持問題和訓示的清晰和易懂。
提出有目的的問題，以幫助找到研究所需的資訊。
預先對封閉式問題進行編碼，以便對答案進行快速分析。
首先進行試點研究，進行試運作，如果需要的話，進行修改。
使用态度量表來測試感覺的強度。
Strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires 問卷調查的優勢和劣勢
| Strengths: 優勢 | Weaknesses 弱點: |
| Many people can be tested quickly. It is easy to generate quantitative data and easy to analyse. 許多人可以快速接受測試。容易産生定量資料，容易分析。 | Social desirability - people say what they think looks good. 社會期望性--人們說他們認為好看的東西。 |
| Used to collect large amounts of data about what people think as well as what they do! 用于收集關于人們的想法以及他們的行為的大量資料! | People may not tell the truth, especially on sensitive issues. 人們可能不說實話，特别是在敏感問題上。 |
| Convenient - researcher does not need to be present as answers can be mailed so respondent has time to consider answers. 友善--研究者不需要在場，因為答案可以郵寄，是以回答者有時間考慮答案。 | If researcher is present then this may affect answers. Also, postal surveys may have low response rate. 如果研究人員在場，可能會影響答案。另外，郵遞調查的回複率可能很低。 |
| Can quickly show changes in attitudes or behaviour before and after specific events. 可以迅速顯示特定事件前後的态度或行為的變化。 | Difficult to phrase questions clearly, you may obtain different interpretations of questions. 難以清楚地表述問題，你可能得到對問題的不同解釋。 |
Interviews 采訪
Interviews are face-to-face conversations, these can be unstructured, apparently informal chats, or they can be formal, structured interviews with pre-determined questions. For example, clinical tests used in psychiatry.
Interviews are recorded for later, in-depth analysis.
訪談是面對面的交談，可以是無組織的、明顯是非正式的聊天，也可以是正式的、有結構的訪談，有預先确定的問題。例如，精神病學中使用的臨床測試。
訪談被記錄下來，以便日後進行深入分析。
Strengths and weaknesses of interviews 訪談的優勢和劣勢
| Strengths 優勢: | Weaknesses 弱點: |
| Detailed information can be obtained and avoids oversimplifying complex issues. 可以獲得詳細的資訊，避免将複雜的問題過度簡化。 | Difficult to analyse if unstructured and qualitative in nature. 如果是非結構性的和定性的，則難以分析。 |
| Greater attention to individual's point of view this is important in clinical psychology. 更加關注個人的觀點，這在臨床心理學中很重要。 | Time-consuming, expensive. 費時、費錢。 |
| Unstructured, casual interviews may encourage openness in answers. 非結構化的、随意的訪談可以鼓勵開放性的回答。 | Possible interviewer effects. For example, people affected by attractiveness of interviewer! 可能的采訪者效應。例如，人們受到采訪者吸引力的影響。 |
Qualitative data analysis 定性資料分析
Research can be described as quantitative or qualitative. 研究可以被描述為定量或定性的。
Quantitative research: Gathers data in numerical form and is concerned with making 'scientific' measurements. Quantitative data analysis uses a barrage of inferential statistical tests.
Qualitative research: Gathers information that is not in numerical form. For example, diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews and unstructured observations.
定量研究：以數字形式收集資料，并關注進行 "科學 "測量。定量資料分析使用大量的推斷性統計測試。
定性研究：收集非數字形式的資訊。例如，日記、開放式問卷、非結構化的訪談和非結構化的觀察。
Qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level, and to find out, in depth, the ways in which people think or feel.
Analysis of qualitative data is difficult and requires accurate description of participant responses, for example, sorting responses to open questions and interviews into broad themes.
Quotations from diaries or interviews might be used to illustrate points of analysis.
定性研究對個人層面的研究很有用，可以深入了解人們的思維或感受方式。
對定性資料的分析是困難的，需要對參與者的反應進行準确的描述，例如，将對開放性問題和訪談的反應整理成廣泛的主題。
可以用日記或訪談中的引文來說明分析的要點。
Expert knowledge of an area is necessary to try to interpret qualitative data and great care must be taken when doing so, for example, if looking for symptoms of mental illness.
Accurate descriptions of individual behaviour patterns might be crucial to diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of a person with a mental disorder.
試圖解釋定性資料時，需要有某一領域的專家知識，而且在這樣做時必須非常小心，例如，如果尋找精神疾病的症狀。
對個人行為模式的準确描述可能對精神障礙患者的診斷、治療和後續治療至關重要。