A-Level | 地理 Geography
CIE A-Level地理的考生将學習以下主題：
：水文和河流地貌、大氣和天氣、岩石和風化
：人口、移民、結算動态
：熱帶環境、沿海環境、危險環境、熱幹旱和半幹旱環境
：生産、地點和變化、環境管理、全球互相依存、經濟轉型
本文将為大家總結講解AS階段的的主要内容，以下内容全是幹貨！！！
核心自然地理學
Paper 1 Core Physical Geography
1
Hydrology and fluvial geomorphology
水文和河流地貌
輸出：蒸發、蒸散和河流排放。
蓄水：截流、土壤水、地表水、地下水、管道蓄水。
水流：地上——直流、幹流、地表流和管道流。
地下——滲透、滲濾、穿流、地下水和基流。
地下水：地下水位、地下水、補給水和泉水。
Outputs: evaporation, evapotranspiration and river discharge.
Stores: interception, soil water, surface water, groundwater, and channel storage.
Flows: above ground – throughfall, stemflow, overland flow, and channel flow.
below ground – infiltration, percolation, throughflow, groundwater, and baseflow.
Underground water: water tables, ground water, recharge, and springs.
水文圖的組成部分（風暴和年度）。對水文曲線的影響。
氣候：降水類型和強度、溫度、蒸發量、蒸騰量、蒸散量和前期水分。
流域特征：大小和形狀、排水密度、土壤的孔隙率和滲透性、岩石類型、坡度、植被類型和土地利用。
Components of hydrographs (storm and annual). Influences on hydrographs.
Climate: precipitation type and intensity, temperature, evaporation, transpiration, evapotranspiration, and antecedent moisture.
Drainage basin characteristics: size and shape, drainage density, porosity and permeability of soils, rock type, slopes, vegetation type, and land use.
管道流程
侵蝕：磨損/腐蝕、溶解、氣蝕和液壓作用。
負載運輸：牽引、跳躍、懸浮和溶液。
沉積和沉降：Hjülstrom 曲線。
河流流量：流速和流量、流動模式（層流、湍流和螺旋）和 thalweg。
通道類型：直的、編織的和曲折的。
地貌：蜿蜒曲折（河崖、點酒吧、牛轭湖）、淺灘和水池序列、瀑布、峽谷、懸崖、洪泛區、堤壩和三角洲。
Channel processes
Erosion: abrasion/corrasion, solution, cavitation, and hydraulic action.
Load transport: traction, saltation, suspension, and solution.
Deposition and sedimentation: the Hjülstrom curve.
River flow: velocity and discharge, patterns of flow (laminar, turbulent and helicoidal), and thalweg.
Channel types: straight, braided, and meandering.
Landforms: meander (river cliffs, point bars, oxbow lakes), riffle and pool sequences, waterfalls, gorges, bluffs, floodplains, levées, and deltas.
通過土地利用變化（砍伐森林、植樹造林、城市化）、取水和蓄水來改變集水區流量和蓄水量以及引導流量。
河流洪水的原因和影響；預測洪水風險和複發間隔。預防和改善河流洪水包括：
· 預報和警告
· 硬工程——水壩、矯直、堤壩和導流溢洪道
· 軟工程——洪泛區和流域管理、濕地和河岸保護以及河流恢複。
案例研究：候選人必須研究最近的河流洪水事件，顯示洪水的原因、對人和環境的影響，并評估減少洪水影響的嘗試。
Modifications to catchment flows and stores and to channel flows by land-use changes (deforestation, afforestation, urbanisation), abstraction and water storage.
The causes and impacts of river floods; prediction of flood risk and recurrence intervals. The prevention and amelioration of river floods to include:
· forecasts and warnings
· hard engineering – dams, straightening, levées and diversion spillways
· soft engineering – floodplain and drainage basin management, wetland and river bank conservation and river restoration.
Case study: candidates must study a recent river flood event showing the causes of the flood, impacts on both people and the environment, and evaluate attempts to reduce the impact of the flood.
2
Atmosphere and weather
大氣和天氣
影響晝夜能量收支的因素：入射（短波）太陽輻射、反射太陽輻射、地表和地下吸收的能量、反照率、顯熱傳遞、長波輻射、潛熱傳遞——蒸發、露水和傳回地球的吸收能量。
Factors affecting diurnal energy budget: incoming (shortwave) solar radiation, reflected solar radiation, energy absorbed into the surface and subsurface, albedo, sensible heat transfer, longwave radiation, latent heat transfer – evaporation, dew and absorbed energy returned to earth.
輻射的緯度模式：過量和不足。大氣轉移：風帶和洋流。
溫度、壓力和風帶的季節性變化：緯度、陸地/海洋分布和洋流的影響。
The latitudinal pattern of radiation: excesses and deficits. Atmospheric transfers: wind belts and ocean currents.
Seasonal variations in temperature, pressure and wind belts: the influence of latitude, land/sea distribution, and ocean currents.
大氣水分過程：蒸發、冷凝、當機、熔化、沉積和升華。
降水的成因：對流、空氣的鋒面和地形擡升以及輻射冷卻。降水類型：雲、雨、冰雹、雪、露水和霧。
Atmospheric moisture processes: evaporation, condensation, freezing, melting, deposition, and sublimation.
Causes of precipitation: convection, frontal and orographic uplift of air, and radiation cooling. Types of precipitation: clouds, rain, hail, snow, dew, and fog.
溫室效應增強和全球變暖：證據、可能原因和大氣影響。
案例研究：候選人必須研究顯示人類活動對氣候影響的城市區域：溫度（熱島）、濕度、降水和風。
The enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming: the evidence, possible causes and atmospheric impacts.
Case study: candidates must study an urban area which shows the effects of human activity on climate: temperature (heat island), humidity, precipitation and winds.
3
Rocks and weathering
岩石和風化
構造闆塊的性質及其全球格局。
闆塊邊界的類型：發散的（建設性的）、保守的和收斂的（破壞性的）。
過程及相關地貌：海底擴張、俯沖、褶皺造山、海洋
山脊、海溝和火山島弧。
Nature of tectonic plates and their global patterns.
Types of plate boundaries: divergent (constructive), conservative and convergent (destructive).
Processes and associated landforms: sea floor spreading, subduction, fold mountain building, ocean
ridges, ocean trenches, and volcanic island arcs.
實體（機械）風化過程：凍融、加熱/冷卻、鹽晶體生長、
壓力釋放（擴張）和植被根系作用。
化學風化過程：水解、水化和碳化。
影響風化類型和速率的一般因素：氣候、岩石類型、岩石結構、
植被和救濟。
影響風化類型和速率的具體因素：溫度和降雨量（珀爾帖圖）。
Physical (mechanical) weathering processes: freeze-thaw, heating/cooling, salt crystal growth,
pressure release (dilatation), and vegetation root action.
Chemical weathering processes: hydrolysis, hydration, and carbonation.
General factors affecting the type and rate of weathering: climate, rock type, rock structure,
vegetation, and relief.
Specific factors affecting the type and rate of weathering: temperature and rainfall (Peltier diagram).
3.3 Slope processes 斜坡過程
斜坡過程，每個過程發生的條件和對斜坡的影響。
群衆運動：起伏、流動、滑動和跌落。
斜坡上的水和泥沙運動：雨水和地表徑流（水洗和小溪）。
Slope processes, conditions under which each occurs and effects on slopes.
Mass movement: heaves, flows, slides, and falls.
Water and sediment movement on slopes: rainsplash and surface runoff (sheetwash and rills).
人類活動對邊坡穩定性的影響：增加穩定性和降低穩定性。
修改斜坡以減少群衆運動的政策：釘紮、網、分級和植樹造林。
案例研究：候選人必須研究人類活動對斜坡的影響，以顯示對斜坡的影響
斜坡的穩定性，并評估減少群衆運動的嘗試。
The impact of human activities on the stability of slopes: increasing stability and decreasing stability.
Strategies to modify slopes to reduce mass movements: pinning, netting, grading and afforestation.
Case study: candidates must study the impacts of human activity on slopes showing the effect on
the stability of the slope, and evaluate attempts to reduce mass movement.