背景: centos7 和 6的重大改變
對于系統管理者而言,系統的服務管理是一件很日常和很重要的工作,而7在6的基礎上有了很大的改變,就連指令都完全不一樣了。是以要擁抱變化,學習7是如何進行服務的管理和控制的。
system和systemctl的初探
Systemctl是一個systemd工具,主要負責控制systemd系統和服務管理器。
Systemd是一個系統管理守護程序、工具和庫的集合,用于取代System V初始程序。Systemd的功能是用于集中管理和配置類UNIX系統。
在Linux生态系統中,Systemd被部署到了大多數的标準Linux發行版中,隻有為數不多的幾個發行版尚未部署。Systemd通常是所有其它守護程序的父程序,但并非總是如此。
【第一步】
檢視systemd的版本
# systemctl --version
systemd 219
+PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ -LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN
檢視程序是否存在
ps -ef | grep [s]ystemd
注意:systemd是作為父程序(pid=1)運作的
分析systemd的啟動程序
# systemd-analyze
Startup finished in 639ms (kernel) + 931ms (initrd) + 12.432s (userspace) = 14.003s
分析各個程序啟動發費的時間
#systemd-analyze blame
分析啟動時候的關鍵鍊
systemd-analyze critical-chain
重要:Systemctl接受服務(.service),挂載點(.mount),套接口(.socket)和裝置(.device)作為單元。
列出所有服務可用單元
systemctl list-unit-files
(200多個)
列出所有運作中的單元
systemctl list-units
列出失敗的單元?
systemctl --failed
列出某個單元是否啟動
# systemctl is-enabled crond.service
enabled
或者
# systemctl is-enabled crond
檢查某個單元或服務是否運作
# systemctl is-active crond
active
# systemctl status crond
這個資訊更詳細
############################# 控制服務 ############################
列出所有服務(包括啟用的和禁用的)
systemctl list-unit-files --type=service
(120+)
以httpd為例
yum install httpd
會生成以下檔案
/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service
Linux中如何啟動、重新開機、停止、重載服務以及檢查服務(如 httpd.service)狀态
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:httpd(8)
man:apachectl(8)
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl start httpd
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-10-23 00:48:43 CST; 3s ago
Main PID: 26811 (httpd)
Status: "Processing requests..."
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─26811 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─26812 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─26813 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─26814 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─26815 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
└─26816 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
Oct 23 00:48:17 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Oct 23 00:48:33 Centos7-node2 httpd[26811]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qua...ssage
Oct 23 00:48:43 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl reload httpd
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
注意:
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
在loader中第一個disabled表示系統啟動是否自啟動,為非自動。 第二個不知道幹嘛
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-10-23 00:48:43 CST; 3s ago
Active 表示服務是不是在運作
如何激活服務并在啟動時啟用或禁用服務(即系統啟動時自動啟動服務)
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl enable httpd
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service.
禁用
systemctl disabled httpd
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl disable httpd
Removed symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/httpd.service.
使用systemctl指令殺死服務
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl kill httpd
Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2016-10-23 00:56:59 CST; 1s ago
Process: 26901 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE)
Main PID: 26869 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec"
Oct 23 00:51:38 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Oct 23 00:51:53 Centos7-node2 httpd[26869]: AH00557: httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for Centos7-node2
Oct 23 00:51:53 Centos7-node2 httpd[26869]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qua...ssage
Oct 23 00:52:03 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Oct 23 00:56:59 Centos7-node2 kill[26901]: kill: cannot find process ""
Oct 23 00:56:59 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: httpd.service: control process exited, code=exited status=1
Oct 23 00:56:59 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state.
Oct 23 00:56:59 Centos7-node2 systemd[1]: httpd.service failed.
注意:Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sun 2016-10-23 00:56:59 CST; 1s ago
這個的failed表示的是kill掉的?
########################## 使用Systemctl控制并管理挂載點 #################3
[root@Centos7-node2 ~]# systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount
UNIT FILE STATE
dev-hugepages.mount static
dev-mqueue.mount static
proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static
sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static
sys-kernel-config.mount static
sys-kernel-debug.mount static
tmp.mount disabled
挂載、解除安裝、重新挂載、重載系統挂載點并檢查系統中挂載點狀态
systemctl start tmp.mount
systemctl status tmp.mount
systemctl reload tmp.mount
在啟動時激活、啟用或禁用挂載點(系統啟動時自動挂載)
# systemctl is-active tmp.mount
# systemctl enable tmp.mount
# systemctl disable tmp.mount
在Linux中屏蔽(讓它不能啟用)或可見挂載點
# systemctl mask tmp.mount
ln -s '/dev/null''/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
# systemctl unmask tmp.mount
rm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
#################### 控制系統運作等級 ##################
啟動系統救援模式
# systemctl rescue
Broadcast message from root@tecmint on pts/0(Wed2015-04-2911:31:18 IST):
The system is going down to rescue mode NOW!
進入緊急模式
# systemctl emergency
Welcome to emergency mode!After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view
system logs,"systemctl reboot" to reboot,"systemctl default" to try again
to boot intodefault mode.
列出目前使用的運作等級
注意:init 1也是可以使用的
# systemctl get-default
multi-user.target
注意:who -r 也是可以檢視的
啟動運作等級5,即圖形模式
# systemctl isolate runlevel5.target
或
# systemctl isolate graphical.target
啟動運作等級3,即多使用者模式(指令行)
# systemctl isolate runlevel3.target
# systemctl isolate multiuser.target
設定多使用者模式或圖形模式為預設運作等級
# systemctl set-default runlevel3.target
# systemctl set-default runlevel5.target
重新開機、停止、挂起、休眠系統或使系統進入混合睡眠
# systemctl reboot
# systemctl halt
# systemctl suspend
# systemctl hibernate
# systemctl hybrid-sleep
對于不知運作等級為何物的人,說明如下。
Runlevel 0 : 關閉系統
Runlevel 1 : 救援?維護模式
Runlevel 3 : 多使用者,無圖形系統
Runlevel 4 : 多使用者,無圖形系統
Runlevel 5 : 多使用者,圖形化系統
Runlevel 6 : 關閉并重新開機機器
注意:在centos7 中仍然可以使用init 0 關機 init 6 啟動。
本文轉自殘劍部落格51CTO部落格,原文連結http://blog.51cto.com/cuidehua/1864579如需轉載請自行聯系原作者
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