Ferdinand Tonnies 提出的，小社群，聯系建立在家庭羁絆上面，擁有共同目标信仰，和互動合作建立信任。在一個大的社會環境中，現代城市，是對舊時代的這種羁絆建立的侵蝕。那是一個比起互助，更是一個自利的環境，接觸是沒有人情味的，表面化的。
P33
Gemeinschaft: community that is based on the bonds of family and social groups such as the church. Small-scale communities tend to have common goals and beliefs, and interactions within them are based on trust and cooperation.
In large-scale societies such as modern cities, the division of labor and mobility of the workforce have eroded traditional bonds.
Relationships in such societies are more impersonal and superficial, and based on individual self-interest rather than mutual aid.
Marx Weber 是一個主張事物運作追尋着合理化的社會學大佬。
P43
Because the primary goal of rationalization is to get things done efficiently, the desires of the individual are subservient to the goals of the organization, leading to a loss of individual autonomy. Although there is a greater degree of interdependence between people as jobs become more and more specialized, individuals feel that their worth in society is determined by others rather than by their own skills or craftsmanship. The desire for self-improvement is replaced with an obsessive ambition to acquire a better job, more money, or a higher social status, and creativity is valued less than productivity.
合理化為核心。主要目的是把事情高效率完成。個人的願望是在組織目标之下的，個人的自治療拳是失去的。社會進入到每個人互相專業化的完成任務，這價值感從自我能力和匠心，轉移到了他人身上，依靠他人來證明自己的價值幾何。（這就像，沒有了平台，沒有了公司，自身的價值。。）
個人能力的提升，匠心精神，對個人更好的追求，被，得到更好的工作，更好的金錢，更高的社會地位，所替代。比起創意力，生産力被看作更重要的點。
In Weber's view, this disenchantment is the price modern society pays for the material gains achieved by bureaucratic rationalization. The social changes it causes are profound, affecting not only our system of morality but also our psychological and cultural makeup. The erosion of spiritual values means our Social actions are instead based on calculations of cost and benefit, and become a matter more of administration than moral or social guidance.
在Weber看來，物質追求中誕生的關療注意是被合理化的。這社會的變化不僅是廢話廢話。精神心靈上的追求被侵蝕，花在這上面的時間精力也被算計着成本和得失。（與其思考那麼多，不如去幹活/賺錢）
Individual behaviour had evolved from emotional, traditional, and value-based social actions to “instrumental action” —-action based on the assessment of costs and consequences.
人們的行為變化到了，從情感上，傳統上，舊價值觀社會行為，轉變到了有目的的行為，要被成本和後果計算過一遍，才能是最佳的行為。
Weber predicted the endurance, and global triumph of the capitalist economy over transitional models as a result of rationalization. >Marx’s interpretation of the inevitability of historical change (classes crashed to one).
Weber預測到了資本力的堅毅和全球勝利，因為這是“合理化”的。馬克思的無法阻擋的曆史變動并沒有發生（前面文章有介紹）
Materialism + nationalization → soulless “iron cage”
物質化+合理化 ——>讓人成為了，失去了靈魂，隻為更多利益行事的鐵籠，靈魂無法自由。
P47
Charles Wright Mills, criticizing organized labor for collaborating with capitalists and thus allowing them to continue to oppress the workforce.
這位老兄批判，那些打勞工為老闆說話，結果讓勞工集體利益繼續受壓榨。（這是很自然的事，因為不為老闆說話，自己就會失去工作，而因為工業工廠，流水線上的技術含量低，随時都能換人下。）
He maintained that by the mid 20th century the US middle classes, alienated from the processes of production, had become divorced from traditional values, such as pride in craftsmanship, and dehumanized by ever-increasing rationalization. In his view, they were now “cheerful robots” —finding pleasure in material things, but intellectually, politically, and socially apathetic — without any control over their circumstances.
工業化的勞作者們，從完整的創造物品過程中隔離開（流水線，一個步驟的小職員），變成⚙️的人們，無法得到匠心追求，生命掌控力下降，失去了對精神提升，全身心隻能沉迷于于在物質上的快樂。對智慧，蒸之，社會無動于衷。
….想想創業起步的話，什麼都得過手，那可怕的生命力。。。但在競争如此激烈的環境下，又會太難了。
#社會學##英文#