开国太祖是印度版武松，成功抵抗德里苏丹，打虎英雄国在军事上有多强悍？

以下文章来源于冷兵器研究所，作者冷研作者团队

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相传，印度西高止山脉丛林中的一个少年“萨拉”曾杀死一只猛虎，从虎口下拯救了一位耆那教上师，后来这位少年的族人就以当地语言的“打”（hoy）与“萨拉”（sala）结合起来，将自己的部族和王朝称为曷萨拉“Hoysala”。而这个由印度版武松所建立的国家，却成为唯一在14世纪抵抗住了德里苏丹的印度土著王朝。那么这个王朝有何过人之处呢？

曷萨拉人崛起之时，南印度正陷入以野猪为图腾的西遮娄其王朝、以猛虎为象征的朱罗王朝和以双鱼为旗帜的潘迪亚王朝等古老而强大的南印王国的群雄混战之中。曷萨拉人作为名不见经传的山民部落，先站在西遮娄其王朝一边对抗朱罗王朝。

部落首领从遮娄其的边境酋长起家，逐步积蓄力量，先从朱罗王朝夺取土地，又摆脱了老主子遮娄其王朝的控制，随后曷萨拉王朝东征西讨，打败了潘迪亚等王国，一度在13世纪的南印度建立起自己的强权。

甚至在1336年德里苏丹南征的浪潮中，潘迪亚、卡卡提亚等南印度王国皆望风披靡，只有曷萨拉王朝成为了唯一抵抗成功的印度土著王朝，并一直坚持到了南印度毗阇耶那伽罗帝国时期。

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曷萨拉王朝鼎盛期的疆域

▲曷萨拉王朝的象征——萨拉斗虎雕塑

▲艺术繁复的曷萨拉神庙

曷萨拉王朝以武立国，几乎没有一天不发生反叛、密谋、惩罚性远征、派系斗争和与敌对王国的战争，王朝的文学家们夜以继日地用勇士文学赞颂那些为国家或社会服务乃至献身的勇士，社会把为人勇武和事主忠诚作为社会道德的最高层——一些武士会自行结社，向选定的目标竭尽忠诚，当社团效忠的主人逝世或战死时，全社的战士都要以死来尽最后的忠诚。

对许多人来说，战争不仅是残酷的厮杀，也是一项充满勇士传统、富有挑战性的事业，无数纪念性的“迦楼罗石”被树立起来，用雕刻和铭文赞美在战场上阵亡或在服役期间亡故的勇士。   

曷萨拉王朝的军队规模庞大，在12世纪末期，仅曷萨拉的对手雅达瓦王朝就号称有二十一万步骑之众。曷萨拉的壁画和雕刻描绘了步兵在战斗中的情景。步兵似乎占据了阵型的中央位置，并由骑兵掩护。步兵包括长矛手、枪兵以及刀剑手，呈现出大规模的阵列，还有成群结队的弓箭手。步兵进攻通过连续的冲锋进行，伴随着一些分散的行动。

▲曷萨拉的长枪与剑盾兵

▲曷萨拉浮雕上的步兵作战场景

刀剑在战斗中十分常见，有各种各样的形制，长度和宽度各异；有些尖宽而短，两刃刀尖呈尖锥形或圆形，有时呈叶子状；其他的则又长又平，剑尖或多或少尖锐。有些步兵刀具有几乎笔直、细长、尖锐的刀刃，而其他步兵刀具有曲线刀刃，其末端有时展开成砍刀状。长矛手似乎使用一种长约两米，刃如铁叶的竹矛，步兵也往往携带一根长约1米的小矛或标枪，既能投掷，也能刺击。   

▲不同形制的曷萨拉刀剑

刀剑手和长枪手以及部分骑兵都携带盾牌，分为圆盾和长盾两种。圆形的盾牌在其凸面上更或多或少地装饰有一条在边缘上环绕的带子或饰边，或者是圆环，或者是一朵莲花，其花冠以风格化的形式绽放，有时还有一根固定在中间的牦牛尾巴。

长形盾牌呈矩形或多边形，平坦或弯曲，装饰有简单的几何图案。

曷萨拉的盾牌十分轻便，由柳木或竹子制成，表面覆盖着水牛皮或犀牛皮。骑兵盾直径约在0.5米左右，而步兵盾可达1米以上。

弓箭则是曷萨拉王朝文物中最常见的武器，步兵和战象驭手都会使用弓箭。曷萨拉王朝似乎没有复合弓，而是普遍使用由一块木头（可能是竹子）制成的单体弓，其大小尺寸不一，有些足与一个成年人相当，可能有1.5-1.8米，最小的似乎不超过1米。箭则用竹子、芦杆制成，箭头通常如铁叶。箭袋则通过绕过胸部和肩膀的带子束在弓箭手的右肩上，方便从肩膀上取箭。   

▲曷萨拉剑盾手与弓箭手

作为印度中世纪军队，战象的地位不言而喻。大象的主要优势在于其体型和对敌人的恐惧。许多场景描绘了大象凭借体型撕裂步兵，阻挡骑兵的的情景。曷萨拉大王曾经在记载征讨朱罗的铭文里自豪地宣称王家象军组成的阵势“如大海般浩荡”。

曷萨拉的战象部队在战斗中除了会在象轿上搭载弓箭手和长矛手，战象自身甚至也会披挂厚厚的织物毯子，以获得更强的防御力，还能在上面镶嵌华丽的珠宝、钻石和铃铛，彰显拥有者的威望。

▲曷萨拉重装战象

▲战争中的曷萨拉战象

▲战斗中的曷萨拉战象

骑兵在曷萨拉军队中同样重要，曷萨拉王朝从阿拉伯商人处引进种马，与本地马种进行杂交，培养出一种具有具有阿拉伯马的特征但相对矮小健壮的南印度战马，供本地骑兵训练和征战。

但南印度曷萨拉人的马具相对于旧大陆的其他文明来说并不先进，13世纪前他们仅仅用一块覆盖在马背上的毯子作为马鞍，通过胸带来防止它们向后滑动，通过横贯马匹臀部的横带来防止它们向前滑动，并不存在利于骑兵作战的硬马鞍。只不过曷萨拉人及时引入了马镫和蹄铁，使得骑兵装备又不至于太落后于时代。

在一些描绘中，曷萨拉人用织物或皮革制成的整块马衣来保护战马的身躯甚至是骑兵的腿部，但这种“南印度重装骑兵”缺乏对马头和马颈部的防护，只能在战斗中对马腹部提供一定的防御，或者通过上面花样繁多的装饰成为贵族骑兵们阅兵时的仪式用品。   

▲曷萨拉重装骑兵

关于战斗方法，在许多曷萨拉浮雕中，出现了一些腾空冲刺的骑士，持剑挥舞，剑尖指向前方，或者手持长矛平行于马背，汹涌而来，也有一些浮雕展示了挥动剑刃，相互冲撞并猛烈碰撞，或者彼此追逐，或者冲击步兵的骑兵，展现了这一时期曷萨拉骑兵的广泛使用。

▲曷萨拉骑兵

曷萨拉骑兵使用多种类型的长矛，他们在骑行中以斜角持矛，矛尖朝下或朝上，或者在战斗中以水平姿势或静止时持矛。一些骑兵队伍装备有约1.5米的短矛，而另一些装备有2~2.5米的骑矛，浮雕中，长矛骑手既用他们的武器进行近战，也用来投掷，也有极少数骑兵使用4米左右的长矛来进行作战。浮雕中，长矛骑手既用他们的武器进行近战，又用于投射。   

骑兵也往往在马鞍上挂一把剑，以便在经过敌人附近时对其进行攻击。至于骑射手，他们似乎很少被曷萨拉军队使用。在所有出土文物中，历史学家只找到了五个描绘骑射手的形象，他们像步兵一样将箭袋背在背上，而不是系在马鞍上。南印度人似乎没有意识到骑射部队在战场上通过交替的进攻和撤退、使用不间断的箭雨来试探和削弱敌人的价值。而在同一时期，北方的印度骑兵已经深刻领悟到了这一点。

通过与北方印度的接触，曷萨拉人还引入一种新动物——骆驼，但骆驼只在军乐队中作为擂鼓手的坐骑出现。这些骆驼由一条简单的缰绳驾驭，固定在头绳或穿过下颚的环上，佩戴装饰性项圈和腿环；擂鼓放置在骆驼驼峰的两侧。

曷萨拉军队最大的改进可能还在骑兵领域，由于在南印度诸国中首先且普遍采用了马镫，引入了马蹄铁，这使曷萨拉骑手能够更有效地发起近战攻击甚至是长武器冲击，使用长矛和刀剑的曷萨拉骑兵称为了战斗中的主力，曷萨拉大王也在行政铭文记载中对马匹而不是大象投入了更多的关注，这种改进似乎标志着南印度军事历史的一个转折点。

但是，曷萨拉军队最大的不足是缺乏护甲，由于南印度炎热的天气，在浮雕中无论贵族武士还是士兵都没有穿着任何硬质或软质的护甲。其他军事装备也比较欠缺，比如弩和攻城武器，结合同时期印度中世纪的城防水平，表明攻城和守城技术可能陷入了长期的停滞状态。   

参考文献：         

Jean Deloche ：《Techniques militaires dans les royaumes du Dekkan au temps des Hoysaḷa (XIIe-XIIIesiècle)》

Chopra, Ravindran, P.N. Subrahmanian：《History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) 》

Nilakanta Sastri, K.A：《A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanaga

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（本文仅代表作者观点，不代表本号立场）

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#3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: 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div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}