精彩的现代农业牧业6:橄榄油，橄榄的种植，收获和加工

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In today’s video, we show you the production process of olive oil from the moment the sapling is planted to the bottling of the finished product. Saplings are planted according to the type of plantation. It is most frequent every day to find intensive and super-intensive olive plantations. In intensive plantation, trees are planted at distance of 6X6 meters apart. Also to isolate the olive trees and improve the passage of air between them, The difference with super-intensive plantations is that trees are kept in a hedge shape, Up to 2000 olive trees per hectare are achieved, while the intensive does not exceed 600 per hectare, 在今天的视频中，我们向您展示了从树苗种植到成品装瓶的橄榄油生产过程。根据种植类型种植树苗。通常最常见的是密集型和超密集型橄榄种植园。在密集种植中，树木种植间距为6X6米。此外，为了隔离橄榄树并改善它们之间的空气流通，与超密集种植园的区别在于，树木保持树篱形状，每公顷可种植多达2000棵橄榄树，而超密集种植不超过每公顷600棵，

For the pruning of these hedge-like trees, special super intensive Olive Harvesters are used. They have the exact shape to perfectly shake the trees while sorting olives from leaves. These independent machines have a continuous unloading capacity. The larger fruit collection surface minimizes olives falling to the ground. Thanks to its large harvesting tunnel, this harvester manages to adapt to the different size of trees and trucks in super-intensive plantation. Through advanced sensor system, they achieve high precision in machine guidance. It’s all managed through a control panel and cameras from the cabin. In intensive plants, pruning is still performed manually, and the mechanical harvest is limited to every single plant, Works will sort fruits from leaves and branches afterward. There are several manual methods from more traditional plans like using material on the ground and dropping all the fruits there. It’s quicker than the hand-picking method, but it needs more space between trees. All pickers wear gloves to prevent cuts or minor wounds while working. The life expectancy of olive trees in super-intensive plans is approximately 13 or 20 years while in the intensive ones they can reach 40. 为了修剪这些树篱状的树木，使用了特殊的超密集型橄榄收获机。它们的形状可以完美地摇动树木，同时将橄榄从树叶中分离出来。这些独立机器具有连续卸载能力。较大的水果收集表面将橄榄掉落到地面的可能性降至最低。由于其巨大的采伐隧道，该采伐机能够适应超密集种植园中不同大小的树木和卡车。通过先进的传感器系统，他们实现了高精度的机器制导。这一切都是通过控制面板和机舱内的摄像机来管理的。在密集型植物中，修剪仍然是人工进行的，机械收获仅限于每一株植物，之后，工作人员将从树叶和树枝上分拣果实。有几种来自更传统的农场的人工方法，比如在地面上使用材料，并将所有的水果掉落在那里。它比手工采摘方法快，但需要更多的树间距。所有采摘工人都戴上手套，以防止工作时割伤或轻微受伤。在超密集计划中，橄榄树的预期寿命约为13年或20年，而在密集计划中则可达到40年。

Spain is the first producer of olives in the world, Since 2014, Spain’s olives production rose 15%,year on year totalizing 9176929 metric tons. The second on the list is Italy, with 1945324 metric tons. Olives are the most extensively cultivated fruit crop in the world. Olive oil is produced by grinding olives and extracting the oil by mechanical or chemical means. Green olives usually produce more bitter oil. Overripe olives can produce oil with fermentation defects, so for good extra virgin olive oil care is taken to make sure the olives are perfectly ripened. The olives are ground into a paste using large millstone, following the traditional method. The olives paste generally stays under the stones for 30 to 40 minutes. A shorter grinding process may result in a more raw paste that produces less oil and has a less ripe taste. After grinding, the olive paste is spread on fiber disks which are stacked on top of each other in a column. Pressure is then applied onto the column to separate the vegetal liquid from the paste. Traditionally the oil was shed from the water by gravity, as oil is less dense than water. This process has been replaced by centrifugation. The centrifuges have one exit for the watery part and one for the oil. Olive oil should not contain significant traces of vegetal water as this accelerates the process of organic degeneration by microorganisms. Sometines the produced oil will be filtered to eliminate remaining solid particles. Labels may indicate the fact that the oil has not been filtered, suggesting a different taste. No-filtered oil has seen a growth in demand, in line with consumers’ needs for products that are perceived to be less processed.

西班牙是世界上第一个橄榄生产国，自2014年以来，西班牙的橄榄产量同比增长15%，总计9176929公吨。排名第二的是意大利，1945324公吨。橄榄是世界上种植最广泛的水果作物。橄榄油是通过研磨橄榄并通过机械或化学方法提取橄榄油而生产的。绿橄榄通常产生更苦的油。过熟的橄榄可能会产生带有发酵缺陷的油，因此，要获得优质的特级初榨橄榄油，必须小心确保橄榄完全成熟。按照传统方法，用大磨石将橄榄磨成糊状。橄榄酱通常在石头下停留30至40分钟。较短的研磨过程可能会导致产生较少油和较不成熟味道的较粗糊状物。研磨后，将橄榄膏涂抹在纤维盘上，纤维盘以柱状堆叠在一起。然后将压力施加到柱上，以将植物液体与糊状物分离。传统上，油是通过重力从水中脱落的，因为油的密度低于水。这一过程已被离心机所取代。离心机有一个出口用于含水部分，另一个用于油。橄榄油不应含有明显的植物水分，因为这会加速微生物的有机降解过程。在某些情况下，产出的油将被过滤以去除剩余的固体颗粒。标签可能表明油未经过滤，表明味道不同。根据消费者对加工较少的产品的需求，没有过滤油的需求出现增长。

视频种展现的是西班牙的橄榄农场及橄榄油的加工过程，本人曾经在2015年左右去过土耳其Izmir(伊兹密尔)的橄榄油产区参观橄榄树种植园及橄榄油加工厂，留下的最大记忆是在橄榄油的最后生产环节是过滤，其中要用到木制纤维，他们都是在中国进口这种材料的。