一、isa指针结构
union isa_t
{
isa_t() { }
isa_t(uintptr_t value) : bits(value) { }
Class cls;
uintptr_t bits;
#if SUPPORT_PACKED_ISA
// extra_rc must be the MSB-most field (so it matches carry/overflow flags)
// nonpointer must be the LSB (fixme or get rid of it)
// shiftcls must occupy the same bits that a real class pointer would
// bits + RC_ONE is equivalent to extra_rc + 1
// RC_HALF is the high bit of extra_rc (i.e. half of its range)
// future expansion:
// uintptr_t fast_rr : 1; // no r/r overrides
// uintptr_t lock : 2; // lock for atomic property, @synch
// uintptr_t extraBytes : 1; // allocated with extra bytes
# if __arm64__
# define ISA_MASK 0x0000000ffffffff8ULL
# define ISA_MAGIC_MASK 0x000003f000000001ULL
# define ISA_MAGIC_VALUE 0x000001a000000001ULL
struct {
uintptr_t nonpointer : 1;
uintptr_t has_assoc : 1;
uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor : 1;
uintptr_t shiftcls : 33; // MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS 0x1000000000
uintptr_t magic : 6;
uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;
uintptr_t deallocating : 1;
uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc : 1;
uintptr_t extra_rc : 19;
# define RC_ONE (1ULL<<45)
# define RC_HALF (1ULL<<18)
};
# elif __x86_64__
# define ISA_MASK 0x00007ffffffffff8ULL
# define ISA_MAGIC_MASK 0x001f800000000001ULL
# define ISA_MAGIC_VALUE 0x001d800000000001ULL
struct {
uintptr_t nonpointer : 1;
uintptr_t has_assoc : 1;
uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor : 1;
uintptr_t shiftcls : 44; // MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS 0x7fffffe00000
uintptr_t magic : 6;
uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;
uintptr_t deallocating : 1;
uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc : 1;
uintptr_t extra_rc : 8;
# define RC_ONE (1ULL<<56)
# define RC_HALF (1ULL<<7)
};
# else
# error unknown architecture for packed isa
# endif
// SUPPORT_PACKED_ISA
#endif
#if SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA
# if __ARM_ARCH_7K__ >= 2
# define ISA_INDEX_IS_NPI 1
# define ISA_INDEX_MASK 0x0001FFFC
# define ISA_INDEX_SHIFT 2
# define ISA_INDEX_BITS 15
# define ISA_INDEX_COUNT (1 << ISA_INDEX_BITS)
# define ISA_INDEX_MAGIC_MASK 0x001E0001
# define ISA_INDEX_MAGIC_VALUE 0x001C0001
struct {
uintptr_t nonpointer : 1;
uintptr_t has_assoc : 1;
uintptr_t indexcls : 15;
uintptr_t magic : 4;
uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor : 1;
uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;
uintptr_t deallocating : 1;
uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc : 1;
uintptr_t extra_rc : 7;
# define RC_ONE (1ULL<<25)
# define RC_HALF (1ULL<<6)
};
# else
# error unknown architecture for indexed isa
# endif
// SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA
#endif
};
分析:
1.我们知道,实例对象的isa指针指向该对象所属类的类对象;类对象的isa指向其元类对象;
2.真机为arm64架构,模拟器和mac电脑为x86架架构,以下以arm64为例讲解;
3.在64位系统下,指针所占字节为8个即64位;
4.在arm64之前,isa就是一个普通的指针,存放着类(元类)对象的地址;之后,则需要&
ISA_MASK掩码,才能获取到类(元类)对象的地址,此时isa指针为一个共用体,存储的信息不局限于类(元类)对象的地址;
5.存储信息介绍:

其中,shiftcls结构体成员变量(33位)用来存储类(元类)对象的地址;
二、类(元类)对象的地址取值原理——位域
1.结构体支持位域运算
//代码
struct bs {
unsigned a : 9;//如果超过位域范围(511),则只取范围内的值,其他位(高位)丢弃
unsigned b : 4;
unsigned c : 3;
}bit, *pbit;
void test1()
{
bit.a = 512;//超过位域范围报警告
bit.b = 10;
bit.c = 7;
NSLog(@"%d,%d,%d\n", bit.a, bit.b, bit.c);
pbit=&bit;
pbit-> a=0;
pbit-> b&=3;
pbit-> c|=1;
printf("%d,%d,%d\n ",pbit-> a,pbit-> b,pbit-> c);
}
//输出
2019-10-08 18:22:37.051464+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[1966:248996] 0,10,7
0,2,7
Program ended with exit code: 0
//分析
1)unsigned即无符号整型,占4个字节;结构体中成员变量所占内存相互独立且连续;
2)以a为例,所占位数为9位即0b111111111(十进制511),所以a的取值范围0~511,如果是512(二进制0b1000000000),由于只取低9位(000000000),所以取出值为0;
3)按位与&:两个都为1运算结果为1,否则为0;按位或|:两个都为0运算结果为0,否则为1;
2.参照isa,共用体套用结构体,一个char字符(一个字节)存储多个BOOL值并制定存储位置
2.设置类属性BOOL值(setter and getter)
//Person
#import "Person.h"
//mask即掩码,表示二进制数(0b开头)
#define TallMask (1<<0) //表示1左移0位:0b 0000 0001
#define RichMask (1<<1) //表示1左移1位:0b 0000 0010
#define HandsomeMask (1<<2) //表示1左移2位:0b 0000 0100
//拓展:10<<3即在10对应的二进制数后添加3个0
@interface Person()
{
char _saveBox;
}
@end
@implementation Person
- (instancetype)init
{
if (self = [super init]) {
//用一个字节来存储三个变量:从最右往左依次为Tall、Rich、Handsome
_saveBox = 0b00000101;
}
return self;
}
/*思路
0000 0101(_saveBox)
|0000 0001(掩码)
---------
0000 0001(赋值tall为1)
0000 0101
&1111 1110(掩码取反)
---------
0000 0100(赋值tall为0)
1.如果赋的值为1,则按位或;
2.如果赋的值为0,则掩码先取反,后按位与;
*/
- (void)setTall:(BOOL)tall
{
if (tall) {
_saveBox |= TallMask;
} else {
_saveBox &= ~TallMask;
}
}
- (void)setRich:(BOOL)rich
{
if (rich) {
_saveBox |= RichMask;
} else {
_saveBox &= ~RichMask;
}
}
- (void)setHandsome:(BOOL)handsome
{
if (handsome) {
_saveBox |= HandsomeMask;
} else {
_saveBox &= ~HandsomeMask;
}
}
/*思路
0000 0101
&0000 0001
---------
0000 0001(取出tall值)
1.按位与,用掩码取出_saveBox中特定位;
2.结果>=1,取反为0,再取反为1;同理,为0则双取反后为0;
*/
- (BOOL)isTall
{
return !!(_saveBox & TallMask);
}
- (BOOL)isRich
{
return !!(_saveBox & RichMask);
}
- (BOOL)isHandsome
{
return !!(_saveBox & HandsomeMask);
}
@end
//Student
#import "Student.h"
@interface Student()
{
/*思路
1.用一个结构体来存放变量;
2.结构体支持位域:按先后顺序,一个char字符一个字节(0b0000 0000),从最右至左依次为tall、rich、handsome;
*/
struct {
char tall : 1;//用一位来存储
char rich : 1;
char handsome : 1;
}_tallRichHandsome;
}
@end
@implementation Student
- (void)setTall:(BOOL)tall
{
_tallRichHandsome.tall = tall;
}
- (void)setRich:(BOOL)rich
{
_tallRichHandsome.rich = rich;
}
- (void)setHandsome:(BOOL)handsome
{
_tallRichHandsome.handsome = handsome;
}
- (BOOL)isTall
{
return !!_tallRichHandsome.tall;//非0(包括负数)取反为0
}
- (BOOL)isRich
{
return !!_tallRichHandsome.rich;
}
- (BOOL)isHandsome
{
return !!_tallRichHandsome.handsome;
}
@end
//Worker
#import "Worker.h"
#define TallMask (1<<0)//也可以左移6位,剩余位没用到
#define RichMask (1<<1)
#define HandsomeMask (1<<2)
#define ThinMask (1<<3)
@interface Worker()
{
//苹果系统设计思路
union {
char bits;//一个字节存储结构体中的所有成员变量
struct {//摆设用:位域,增加可读性
char tall : 1;//占一位
char rich : 1;
char handsome : 1;
char thin : 1;
};
}_tallRichHandsome;
}
@end
@implementation Worker
- (void)setTall:(BOOL)tall
{
if (tall) {
NSLog(@"----%c", _tallRichHandsome.bits);
_tallRichHandsome.bits |= TallMask;
} else {
_tallRichHandsome.bits &= ~TallMask;
}
}
- (void)setRich:(BOOL)rich
{
if (rich) {
_tallRichHandsome.bits |= RichMask;
} else {
_tallRichHandsome.bits &= ~RichMask;
}
}
- (void)setHandsome:(BOOL)handsome
{
if (handsome) {
_tallRichHandsome.bits |= HandsomeMask;
} else {
_tallRichHandsome.bits &= ~HandsomeMask;
}
}
- (void)setThin:(BOOL)thin
{
if (thin) {
_tallRichHandsome.bits |= ThinMask;
} else {
_tallRichHandsome.bits &= ~ThinMask;
}
}
- (BOOL)isTall
{
return !!(_tallRichHandsome.bits & TallMask);
}
- (BOOL)isRich
{
return !!(_tallRichHandsome.bits & RichMask);
}
- (BOOL)isHandsome
{
return !!(_tallRichHandsome.bits & HandsomeMask);
}
- (BOOL)isThin
{
return !!(_tallRichHandsome.bits & ThinMask);
}
@end
//main
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "Person.h"
#import "Student.h"
#import "Worker.h"
#import "Engineer.h"
struct bs {
unsigned a : 9;//如果超过位域范围(511),则只取范围内的值,其他位(高位)丢弃
unsigned b : 4;
unsigned c : 3;
}bit, *pbit;
void test1()
{
bit.a = 512;//超过位域范围报警告
bit.b = 10;
bit.c = 7;
NSLog(@"%d,%d,%d\n", bit.a, bit.b, bit.c);
pbit=&bit;
pbit-> a=0;
pbit-> b&=3;
pbit-> c|=1;
printf("%d,%d,%d\n ",pbit-> a,pbit-> b,pbit-> c);
}
void test2()
{
Person *per = [[Person alloc] init];
per.tall = NO;
per.rich = NO;
per.handsome = YES;
NSLog(@"%d %d %d", per.isTall, per.isRich, per.isHandsome);
}
void test3()
{
Student *stu = [[Student alloc] init];
stu.tall = YES;
stu.rich = NO;
stu.handsome = YES;
NSLog(@"%d %d %d", stu.isTall, stu.isRich, stu.isHandsome);
}
void test4()
{
Worker *worker = [[Worker alloc] init];
// worker.tall = YES;
worker.rich = NO;
worker.handsome = NO;
worker.thin = YES;
NSLog(@"%d %d %d", worker.isThin, worker.isRich, worker.isHandsome);
}
void test5()
{
Engineer *engineer = [[Engineer alloc] init];
// engineer.age = 12;
// engineer.level = 6;
// engineer.workers = 5;
//0b 1111 1111 1111 1111(十进制:65535)
//0b 0010 1100 1110 1101(十进制:11501)
engineer->_personalInfo.bits =11501;
NSLog(@"%d %d %d", engineer.getAge, engineer.getLevel, engineer.getWorkers);
//2019-10-08 16:42:09.612140+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[1488:127227] 7 16 8160
//
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
test1();
// test2();
// test3();
// test4();
// test5();
}
return 0;
}
//打印
2019-10-09 10:42:04.998750+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[2513:316066] 0 0 1
2019-10-09 10:42:04.999093+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[2513:316066] 1 0 1
2019-10-09 10:42:04.999122+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[2513:316066] 1 0 0
Program ended with exit code: 0
//分析(以Worker为例)
1)共用体中所有成员共同占用一块内存区,其大小等于最大那个成员所占字节数;
2)Worker中的结构体并为定义变量,编译器不会计算其内存,仅是增加可读性;
3)Worker中只有一个char型变量bits(占一个字节),故该共用体变量_tallRichHandsome也占一个字节;
4)结构体的位域限制变量的取值范围(一位:即0或1),mask掩码规定该变量存储的位置(在哪一位上);
3.设置类属性非BOOL类型(setter and getter)——限定变量值范围且指定存储位置
//Engineer
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
//位域位置(变量值存储位置)
#define AgeMask 0b00000111//最低三位存储
#define LevelMask (1<<4)//低位往高位数,第5位存储
#define WorkersMask 0b0001111111100000
@interface Engineer : NSObject
{
@public
union {
int bits;
struct {//位域范围(变量值范围)
int age : 3;
int level : 1;
int workers : 8;
};
}_personalInfo;
}
//- (void)setAge:(int)age;
//- (void)setLevel:(int)level;
//- (void)setWorkers:(int)workers;
- (int)getAge;
- (int)getLevel;
- (int)getWorkers;
@end
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
#import "Engineer.h"
@implementation Engineer
//- (void)setAge:(int)age
//{
// self->_personalInfo.bits |= AgeMask;
//}
//
//- (void)setLevel:(int)level
//{
// self->_personalInfo.bits |= LevelMask;
//}
//
//- (void)setWorkers:(int)workers
//{
// self->_personalInfo.bits |= WorkersMask;
//}
- (int)getAge
{
return self->_personalInfo.bits & AgeMask;
}
- (int)getLevel
{
return self->_personalInfo.bits & LevelMask;
}
- (int)getWorkers
{
return self->_personalInfo.bits & WorkersMask;
}
@end
2019-10-09 11:08:14.617655+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[2630:349068] 5 0 3296
Program ended with exit code: 0
//说明
1)掩码mask既可以直接用二进制(0b开头)或十六进制(0x开头)表示,也可以左移符号<<表示(一般用于位域为1的情况);
2)掩码表示所占位数:1表示占住该位,0未占;并且所占位数应当是连续的,不存在两侧为1,中间为0的情况;
三、按位或(叠加)
typedef NS_OPTIONS(NSUInteger, UIViewAutoresizing) {
UIViewAutoresizingNone = 0,
UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleLeftMargin = 1 << 0,
UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleWidth = 1 << 1,
UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleRightMargin = 1 << 2,
UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleTopMargin = 1 << 3,
UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleHeight = 1 << 4,
UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleBottomMargin = 1 << 5
};
self.view.autoresizingMask = UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleWidth | UIViewAutoresizingFlexibleRightMargin;
1.分析:在iOS中,对view的自动布局经常会用到上述代码,苹果的做法是定义个枚举且每种类型都只占不同的一个二进制位,按位或相当于设定的场景都要考虑到;
2.如下代码:
typedef enum{
YBOptionTypeNone = 0, //0b0000
YBOptionTypeOne = 1<<0, //0b0001
YBOptionTypeTwo = 1<<1, //0b0010
YBOptionTypeThree = 1<<2, //0b0100
YBOptionTypeFour = 1<<3 //0b1000
}YBOptionType;
void test6(YBOptionType option)
{
/*按位或叠加(包含多种情况),按位与取出(获得特定情况)
0b0001
0b0100
| 0b1000
----------
0b1101
& 0b0100
----------
0b0100
*/
if (option & YBOptionTypeOne) {
NSLog(@"contain YBOptionTypeOne");
}
if (option & YBOptionTypeTwo) {
NSLog(@"contain YBOptionTypeTwo");
}
if (option & YBOptionTypeThree) {
NSLog(@"contain YBOptionTypeThree");
}
if (option & YBOptionTypeFour) {
NSLog(@"contain YBOptionTypeFour");
}
}
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
// test1();
// test2();
// test3();
// test4();
// test5();
test6(YBOptionTypeOne | YBOptionTypeThree | YBOptionTypeFour);
}
return 0;
}
2019-10-22 21:55:17.154998+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[996:46994] contain YBOptionTypeOne
2019-10-22 21:55:17.155318+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[996:46994] contain YBOptionTypeThree
2019-10-22 21:55:17.155332+0800 SetAndGetsForMask[996:46994] contain YBOptionTypeFour
Program ended with exit code: 0
四、结论
1.arm64之后,isa是一个共用体类型的指针,存储内部套用的结构体中的所有成员变量;
2.根据结构体的位域来限制成员变量的值范围,用掩码来规定成员变量存储的位置,对掩码按位与运算取出特定位置的成员变量的值;
如:用bits对ISA_MASK按位与运算后,得到的是类(元类)对象的地址;
可以看到shiftcls成员变量位域为33位,所占bits变量的存储位置为:地位到高位第四位起,最低三位是空出来的
————因此,在arm64架构中,所有的类和元类对象地址二进制表示时最低三位都为0,十六进制表示时最低一位为0或8(这个用class和object_getClass去打印地址,此处不再展示了)!
3.按位与作用为在集合中取出某个特定值,按位或则将若干个特定值集合到一个值中(即所有设定场景都要考虑到);
拓展:
//计算器演示
1.模拟器为x86_64架构,64位指针占八个字节;在结构体中,自上而下的变量在isa中的存储位置为从低位到高位即计算器中下到上、左到右——这点应该没问题;
2.per实例对象曾经被弱指针指向过(现在释放了),且曾经关联过对象(现在置空),而对应的位为1即表示确实曾经被弱指针指向过(如果没有则会为0),曾经关联过对象;所以
has_assoc和weakly_referenced分别表示对象曾经被弱指针指向过和曾经关联过对象——其他变量分析以此类推;
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