<h1>During the Xinhai Revolution, Zhang Zhongduan, a Japanese student, secretly returned to Kaifeng from Wuhan and deployed in the provincial capital Kaifeng to launch a revolution, and also assassinated Qi Yaolin, the newly arrived inspector of Henan. </h1>
As a result, the operation failed, more than 50 people were arrested, but 11 people, led by Zhang Jongduan, were executed, while the others were released through various operations. Yuan Shikai, who is also a native of Henan and as the prime minister of the cabinet, why did he refuse to let Zhang Zhongduan and others go during the period of the Peace Conference between the North and the South?
Zhang Zhongduan
<h1>Many of the people involved in the uprising have some background</h1>
Zhang Zhongduan and others were arrested on the night of December 22, 1911, and executed two days later.
Because Zhang Zhongduan and others had already joined the League, they were called party members by the Nanjing side. After learning the news, the Nanjing side sent a telegram to the Henan government on December 27 asking: Why punish the party members?
Henan's reply was: Knife bandits plotted rebellion.
How did Zhang Zhongduan become a bandit? How did this Zhang Zhongduan, who graduated from the law department of Chuo University in Japan and was famous for founding Henan magazine and a student in Japan, be sentenced to death as a bandit?
In an article of January 5, 1912, the Shanghai Minli Bao said: "On the third day of the third day of the first month, more than 50 people were arrested and tortured, all of whom were tortured and tortured as bandits. At six o'clock in the morning of the fifth day of the first month, Ximen was pushed out and shot eleven people. ”
After Zhang Zhongduan and others were arrested, Qi Yaolin, the governor of Henan, immediately sent a telegram to the Qing court cabinet (on the fourth day of the first month): Last night, many bandits and party members were seized in various places in Chengguan, as well as ordnance and other pieces. There are people in the academic community. The Office is now reviewing the audit office.
This telegram can show that Qi Yaolin does not dare to make a claim, and he also clearly points out that "there are people in the academic circles", these people are still very background, and some of them are inextricably linked to Yuan Shikai. According to Li Shoukong's "Henan and the Xinhai Revolution," more than fifty people were arrested that night, and more than four hundred people were likely to be arrested.
Who are the people in academia? Qinyang native Du Yan (Youmei), who also studied in Japan, no doubt knew Zhang Zhongduan, and after his return, he served as the first director of the Henan Consultative Council, before he and the former deputy speaker Yang Yuanmao (Mian Zhai) had sought Henan independence, because of the failure of the matter and fear of disaster. After he learned of the incident in the provincial city, he immediately organized a group of gentry to meet Qi Yaolin and request the release of Zhang Zhongduan and others.
Inspector Qi Yaolin came to Henan after Bao Di resigned, in fact, his appointment was part of Yuan Shikai's personnel layout. Inspector Qi arrested these revolutionaries, but he was still hesitating.
<h1>Second, even Yuan Shikai's side is engaged in revolution</h1>
In fact, the people around Yuan Shikai also participated in the action. In fact, at that time, everyone did not have a very clear definition of whether Henan was engaged in independence or republicanism, and it was reasonable for other provinces to engage in independence, and it was reasonable for the gentry to engage in independence.
Yuan Shikai's industrial assistant, Wang Xitong, a native of Jixian County, recalled in his "Self-Narration of Suppression" that his son Wang Zeshiki had also participated in the plan, but was "spared at that time." Exactly how he was exempted, he did not record.
Wang Xitong may not have participated in the rescue at that time, but his influence in the political circles of Yu Province cannot be ignored. Another of his sons, Wang Zexuan, graduated from Japan in the same class as Zhang Zhongduan and returned to Shanghai to participate in the Northern Expedition of the League. Zeng Zhaowen (a native of Xinyang who had been secretary of the League) was captured by the Beiyang Army, and at wang Xitong's suggestion, Zeng Zhaowen was able to return south (at that time, before Qi Yaolin came to Henan, many people also suggested that Yuan Shikai appoint Zeng Zhaowen as the governor of Henan).
Shen Zhubai (Ming Fu), who was arrested, was a scholar in what Inspector Qi had called. Shen Zhubai also traveled east to Japan, and after returning to China, he served as the general office of Zhongzhou Public School and the inspector of the Henan Tixue Envoy Office. Before the incident, he was tasked with connecting with the political and academic communities. His father, Shen Xuanzhao, was in Renzhi County, Xiangcheng, Henan, Yuan Shikai's hometown, and had an old friendship with Yuan Shikai. When Shen Zhubai was 25 years old, he had met Yuan Shikai with his father. Yuan Shikai also invited him to serve as a staff member.
Shen Zhubai
For these reasons, Shen Zhubai was not executed. Xu Yanlin, a Kaifeng man who graduated from the Tokyo Military Police School in Japan, recalled in "A Brief Introduction to the Kaifeng Uprising in Xinhai" that Shen Zhubai and Zhou Weiping "went for the powerful in Beijing" (Zhou Weiping was also a Japanese student).
<h1>Three Zhang Zhongduan is not only a lack of contacts</h1>
Zhang Zhongduan was the leader of the Kaifeng uprising and the commander-in-chief of the Henan Revolutionary Army. At that time, Chai Degui still wanted to be the commander-in-chief, but he was rejected by Zhang Zhongduan. Later, when Yang Mianzhai was elected, Yang Mianzhai thought that he was weak and refused.
Zhang Jongduan was not released, probably because he was the core leader of the operation and he had few connections, especially because he did not know any "powerful people in Beijing". Liu Ma Qingxia is considered to be his good friend (Liu surname is her husband's family name), and the Ma family is a famous family in the late Qing Dynasty. According to reports, she once took out 300 pieces of ocean and asked Zhang Wenzhi, a member of the Provincial Advisory Bureau, to rescue Zhang Zhongduan, who said that the matter was serious, and he himself could not do anything about it, and needed her second brother Ma Jizhang to come forward.
Before the Wuchang Uprising, Ma Jizhang was a Hubei chashi, and through Ma Qingxia's introduction, Zhang Zhongduan threw himself as an aide. Zhang Zhongduan's plan for the Uprising in Kaifeng, he at least knew. At that time, Ma Jizhang was still in Anyang, not far from the Huanshang Village where Yuan Shikai lived, and Yuan Shikai had invited him out of the mountain. When Ma Jizhang learned of Zhang Zhongduan's arrest, he immediately sent a telegram to Yuan Shikai, who was already serving as prime minister in Beijing, to intercede.
Yuan Shikai's reply was: The chief of the punishment of the bandits in the Yuanyuan has been approved, and I dare not change it easily.
For Beijing, Zhang Zhongduan must die.
Four Zhang Zhongduan intended to die quickly
The deaths of Zhang Zhongduan and 11 others were extremely tragic, and they were asked to confess that they were bandits, and they could not be called revolutionaries, because of the beginning of the north-south discussions, in principle, the Qing court could not hunt down revolutionaries.
The Minli Bao described the situation during the interrogation: the elbow was tapped with a hammer, and the flesh and bones were broken and the blood was dripping. Zhang Zhongduan and others have admitted truthfully that if they continue to torture them, they will certainly think that they are bandits and then stop, and the cruelty has been extreme.
So how were the charges of Zhang Zhongduan and others adjudicated? According to reports at the time, Zhang Zhongduan and others were sent to the Fu bureau camp office, where they were interrogated by Shang Zuolin, a staff officer of the fu bureau, Zou Daoyi, a patrolman, Lü Yaoqing, the prefect of Kaifeng, and Shu Linji of Zhixian County, Xiangfu County.
Questioner: If you lead bandits to gather a crowd and set fire to riot, if you do not admit it, you will be punished with a great punishment.
Zhang Zhongduan resolutely refused to admit it, and as a result, he was hit by forty large boards.
Zhang Zhongduan said: Ru thinks that why I am waiting for others, that is, what kind of people, will have their own public opinion in the future.
Q: What is Ru's position?
A: Chief of Staff of the Henan Military Government.
He also asked how many people in the same party there were? Answer: Except for the Manchu slaves and traitors, they are all in the same party.
Who is the leader? That is, I am also. Zhang also said: I am dead and it is advisable to do so, and I hope that Er and others will take care of the Han compatriots and release the rest of the people.
He also asked Zhou Weiping: During the armistice period, how dare Ru and others riot? Zhou A: Henan is not within the scope of the war. This truce was indeed a cunning ploy by the Court, but the Nationalist Army fell into its own hands. Ru waited but knew that he was a Manchu slave, and he did not know that if yu Ting, who was directly subordinate to the second province of Henan, was sold to outsiders, where would Ru wait to be an official?
This kind of judgment is purely self-talk, and Zhang Zhongduan and others intend to die quickly. Sure enough, on December 24, Qi Yaolin, the governor of Henan, made the decision to immediately execute these revolutionaries.
(To be continued)