【Chairman Mao's Comments on the Zhuangzi of the Sons of the Pre-Qin Dynasty】
In the history of Taoism, Lao Tzu was the originator of the mountain, and Zhuangzi carried forward and developed, and the two were called "Lao Zhuang" together, and their status was very respected.
Compared with Lao Tzu's 5162-word "Tao Te Ching", Zhuangzi's works are more abundant, with more than 80,000 words, especially those philosophical fables, subtle and profound, fascinating, known as "the philosophy of literature, the literature of philosophy", which has raised Chinese philosophical thought and language literature to a new height, and has a far-reaching impact on the fields of philosophy and literature in later generations.
Lu Xun commented: "His text is Wang Yang's opening up, his manners are all square, and the works of the sons of the late Zhou Dynasty are not able to be the first." ”
Guo Moruo also commented: "Almost half of every history of Chinese literature since the Qin and Han Dynasties has developed under his influence, and the people who are thinkers and writers are really unique among ancient Chinese philosophers. ”
Chairman Mao was familiar with the history of reading the Scriptures all his life, and he was also very familiar with Zhuangzi, especially the book "Zhuangzi", which Chairman Mao was still able to recite many chapters until his old age, and his influence on it was also very great.
First of all, Chairman Mao very much agreed with Zhuangzi's philosophical views.
When Chairman Mao was in school, he wrote the "Record of the Lecture Hall", in which he copied "Zhuangzi Getaway" and wrote down a paragraph of his own feelings: "If the accumulation of water is not thick, then his negative boat is also powerless." If the cup of water is on the top of the col, then the mustard is the boat, and the cup is glued, and the water is shallow and the boat is large. Recite the words of Si, and do not fail to sigh its righteousness. There are those who are ministers of the ancient and modern countries, and those who are successful in their grace and leisure, and those who are frustrated and lose their degrees, so they are indeed rich and vain, and their negative boats are also powerless, is it not thick? I look at hefei Li's, the real kind of thing. Its beginnings are also flat and twisted, and if it is meritorious, it is also said that the cup of water and mustard boat is also said; and its ascension to the altar to manage the friendship of the country, with failure, shame to the point of helplessness. Put the cup is glue, the water is shallow and the boat is large. Mencius said: Flowing water is also a thing, not a yingke; a gentleman's ambition is also in the Tao, and it is not a chapter. Shallow people flow, but also know the province. ”
Here, Chairman Mao very much agrees with Zhuangzi's view of "boat-water relations", he believes that all things are inseparable from conditions, which in philosophy is called "waiting", waiting is the law of nature, mastering the law, in order to grasp freedom, and without the law to talk about freedom, it is impossible to do at all.
Zhuangzi wrote in "Zhuangzi Qi's Theory of Things": "Things are nothing but others, and things are nothing but others." From the other is not seen, self-knowledge is known. Therefore, he is born out of yes, and he is also because of him. He is fang sheng zhi said also. Although, the party is born and the party dies, the party dies and the party lives; the party can not, the party cannot be; the cause is not, the cause is not, the cause is not. It is the saints who cannot help but shine on the heavens, and because they are also. Yes and no, he is also. He is also one right and wrong, this is also one right and wrong, and if there is one, is it true? And what about it? He is a mate, called the Tao Hub. The pivot begins in its ring to be infinite. Yes and one infinite, non-one infinite also. Therefore, it is said that Mo Ruoyiming. ”
This passage of Zhuangzi speaks of the existence of a relationship between "other" and "this" in all things in the world, which is actually interdependent and mutually transformed, so it is impossible to judge everything permanently, finally, and comprehensively.
Chairman Mao has learned very well after reading this passage, and his understanding is that everything is constantly changing and will develop and transform in the opposite direction.
In 1917, Chairman Mao read Paulson's "Principles of Ethics" and made a commentary: "Concept is reality, finite is infinite, time sense is transcendent time sense, imagination is thinking, form is substance, I am the universe, birth is death, death is life, present is past and future, past and future are present, small is big, yang is yin, up is down, dirty is clear, male is female, thick is thin." Qualitatively speaking, everything is one, and change is constant. I am a very high man, and I am a very lowly man. ”
This passage is obviously inspired by Chairman Mao's "Zhuangzi Qiwu Theory."
Chairman Mao was very familiar with Zhuangzi, and in his later work, he often quoted allegories and famous sayings and philosophical sentences from Zhuangzi, especially the sentence "His beginnings are simple, and his works will be great."
On April 21, 1945, Chairman Mao presided over the preparatory meeting of the Seventh National Congress of the Party, at which Chairman Mao briefly recalled the situation of the first congress and said: "In 1921, our Party held its first congress. Of the 12 deputies, those who are still alive are Communists (those who have defected, such as Zhang Guotao, do not count), one is Chen Tanqiu, who is now imprisoned in Xinjiang by the Kuomintang, and the other is Dong Biwu, who has now flown to San Francisco, and I am also one. Among the 12 deputies, two are now traitors in Nanjing, one is Zhou Fohai and the other is Chen Gongbo. The meeting took place in July, and we have now designated July 1 as the party's anniversary. Originally, it was opened in Shanghai, because the patrol house wanted to arrest people, and ran to the South Lake in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province, and was driven on a boat. Did you send a declaration? I don't remember. At that time, it was not clear how much Marxism there was and how things in the world would be handled. The so-called deputies, where are the comrades who are now so clever, who know this, who know that. I don't know anything about the economy, culture, party affairs, rectification, and so on. That's how I was then, and so were other people. At that time, Chen Duxiu did not attend the meeting, and he was the director of the Department of Education in Guangdong. There is a saying in our Chinese "Zhuangzi": 'Its beginning is also simple, and its end will be great.' "Now we haven't 'finished', it's already big. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union developed from a Marxist group to a party leading the Soviet Federation. We have also developed from the group to the establishment of the party, through the base areas to the whole country, and now we are still in the base areas, and we have not yet reached the whole country. When we started, we were small groups. The congress sent me a form, one of which was to fill in who would be introduced to the party. I said I didn't introduce people. At that time, we did it ourselves, and we didn't know much, but we were young and ignorant and didn't know the world. But in the next 24 years, it will be a big deal! The whole world is also earth-shaking. ”
At the memorial service for the martyrs of the Chinese revolution two months later, Chairman Mao improvised a speech quoting this sentence again, explaining: "'Beginning' is the beginning, 'Jane' is very little, it is abbreviated, 'Will Finish' is the end of the day, 'Giant' is huge and great." This can be used to illustrate that there is something with vitality, a country with vitality, a people with vitality, and a party with vitality. ”
Chairman Mao's reference to this sentence is very clear, emphasizing that the Communist Party of China is a party with vitality, which is very weak at the beginning, but slowly it will become very strong, and it will be strong!
Chairman Mao was also very interested in natural science, and had his own in-depth thinking and unique insights, and often quoted a sentence by Zhuangzi: "One foot of the tree, half of the day, the world is inexhaustible." ”
In 1955, Chairman Mao met with Qian Sanqiang, and during the conversation, Chairman Mao asked Qian Sanqiang: "Can protons and neutrons be separated again?" ”
Qian Sanqiang replied: "According to the latest results of scientific research, protons and neutrons are the elementary particles that make up atoms, and the elementary particles are also the smallest and inseparable. ”
Chairman Mao smiled and said to Qian Sanqiang: "From a philosophical point of view, matter is infinitely separable, and atoms and neutrons should also be separable. Divide into two, and unify the opposites! Can you believe it? "Zhuangzi" said, 'One foot of the sludge, half of the day, inexhaustible', I think they can definitely be divided again. ”
Interestingly, Chairman Mao's view has also received the attention of some famous physicists in the world, and in 1977, at the Seventh World Symposium on Particle Physics held in Hawaii, the famous American microparticle physicist and Nobel Laureate in Physics, Glashow, proposed that the newly discovered more basic particles constituting "quarks" and "layers" be named "hair particles".
Internationally, the prevailing rule is to name new discoveries after the discoverers, but Chairman Mao may still be the first to name them after politicians.
In addition, Chairman Mao also quoted many fables in "Zhuangzi", for example, there is a fable in "Zhuangzi Qiushui" that says: "Zi Du does not hear about the frog of the well? The Turtle of the East Sea: 'I am happy with! Jump out of the beam above the trunk of the well, into the cliff of the lack of rest. When you go to the water, you will receive your armpits, and if you go to the mud, you will not be able to extinguish your feet. Also crab and kedou, Mo Wu Neng Ruoye. Chairman Mao often quoted this parable to describe some people who are short-sighted and one-sided in their view of problems.
In December 1935, Chairman Mao said in a speech in northern Shaanxi: "Marxists should see problems not only in parts, but also in the whole. A shrimp toad sat in the well and said, 'There is a well in the sky. This is not right, because the sky is more than one well big. If it says: 'A certain part of the day has a well large.' That's right, because it's true. We say that the Red Army was defeated on one hand and victorious on the other. It is only appropriate to say that the enemy has triumphed on one hand but defeated on the other, because we have completed the Long March. ”
Chairman Mao's remarks are to emphasize that everyone should look farther and deeper, look at problems in an all-round way, and not be a frog at the bottom of the well, still less can they sit in the well and watch the sky.
As we all know, Chairman Mao's poetry is magnificent and bold, with both masculine and philosophical beauty, in fact, Chairman Mao's poetry has also been greatly influenced by Zhuangzi, the most representative of which is that Chairman Mao often quotes the Kunpeng image created by Zhuangzi.
"Zhuangzi Getaway" describes: "There is a fish in the north, and its name is Kun. The size of the carp is unknown to thousands of miles. Transformed into a bird, its name is Peng. Peng's back, I don't know how many thousands of miles it is; it flies with anger, and its wings are like clouds hanging in the sky. ...... Pengzhi migrated to the South Meditation, the water struck three thousand miles, and the one who shook the rock was ninety thousand miles. ”
Chairman Mao has used this image many times in his poems-
In "Sending Yuichiro eastward", there is "Kunpeng hitting the waves from the beginning";
In "Qinyuan Spring Changsha", there are "to the middle of the current to hit the water, the wave to curb the flying boat";
In "Butterfly Love Flower from Tingzhou to Changsha", there is "a long wisp to tie kunpeng";
In the "Nian Nu Jiao Bird Q&A", there is "Kunpeng spreading its wings, ninety thousand miles, turning and shaking the horns"
……
Zhuangzi was a philosopher full of romantic spirit, which is very similar to Chairman Mao, who drew nourishment from Zhuangzi's fables and stories, and integrated his knowledge of the world, nature, freedom, and so on into the revolutionary struggle, and finally won a great victory.
(References: Mao Zedong Reading History, Historian Mao Zedong, Zhuangzi)
【Chairman Mao's Comments on the Sons of the Pre-Qin Dynasty】Published Articles ——
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