In 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a total of 126 people to participate in the Xingzhong Association in Honolulu, the largest of whom were merchants (73), plus animal husbanders, farmers, and bankers, a total of 79 people, which was the small and medium-sized bourgeoisie among overseas Chinese. This was followed by workers (36); Again there are civil servants (8 people) and freelancers (3 people).
Sun Yat-sen met in Guangzhou
The small and medium-sized bourgeoisie among overseas Chinese have little political and economic ties with domestic feudalism because they live abroad; At the same time, because they live in capitalist countries or colonial societies under the direct rule of capitalism, they accept Western capitalist ideology and culture earlier and more extensively than the domestic national bourgeoisie. Therefore, the small and medium-sized bourgeoisie among overseas Chinese is more resolute and thorough in its revolutionary nature than the domestic national bourgeoisie; Its political consciousness is also earlier and higher. Because of the above characteristics, the middle and middle bourgeoisie among overseas Chinese, especially the conscious intellectuals, have behaved particularly radically in the revolution and have become the most radical part of the Chinese bourgeois revolutionary faction. For example, Nanyang overseas Chinese capitalists Chen Chu Nan, Zhang Yongfu, Lin Yishun, Huang Naisheng, Xiao Zhuyi, Xu Xuehu, and Chen Wenzhu, Honolulu overseas Chinese capitalists Sun Mei and Deng Yinnan, Vietnamese overseas Chinese capitalist Li Zhuofeng, and Burmese overseas Chinese capitalist Zhang Wenguang actively supported the revolutionary movement led by Sun Yat-sen, not only donating a large amount of money, but also many people personally participated in the revolutionary uprising, and some even sacrificed their lives.
More than half of the members were Sun Yat-sen's Xiangshan County compatriots, and they were related to each other. At this time, more than twenty people, including Deng Yinnan and Song Juren, followed him to Return to China to engage in the revolutionary movement.
Deng Yinnan (1848-1924) was known as Songsheng and Xingsan, because of his old age, he was called Deng Sanbo. Guangdong Kaiping people. Triad member. Originally a poor orphan, he went overseas with his brother to earn a living, and later engaged in business and agriculture, becoming a wealthier overseas Chinese capitalist. In order to show his determination to never return, he sold all his property. Later, all this money was used up in the anti-Qing uprising and fell back into poverty, but he still resolutely engaged in revolutionary activities. His actions were respected by the revolutionaries, and even the political enemies were impressed. Liang Qichao said to Kang Youwei: "This person has poured tens of thousands of dollars into helping Zhongshan, and so far he has no money in his name, but his heart will never regret it, and he will do things for him with a dead heart every day. (1) When the small shopkeeper Song Juren and others left Tandao, they also sold their properties or quit their jobs. Their generous action reflects the upsurge in the revolutionary mood of overseas Chinese.
Dengyin South
(1) "The First Draft of the Long Genealogy of Mr. Liang Rengong", vol. 1, p. 124.
At the end of January 1895, Sun Yat-sen arrived in Hong Kong to prepare for the construction of the headquarters of the Xingzhong Association. The political basis for the Hsing Chung Association's activities in Hong Kong is better than in Honolulu. Sun Yat-sen summoned his old friends Lu Haodong, Zheng Shiliang, Chen Shaobai, Yang Quyun, Huang Yongshang, Yang Heling, and others to propose the expansion of the Xingzhong Association.
Yang Quyun (1861-1901) was a native of Chenghai, Fujian Province, who accompanied his father to Hong Kong to study at an early age, and later worked as a clerk in a British business, and became acquainted with Sun Yat-sen in 1892. Yang Quyun was the head of the Furen Cultural Society. Founded in 1890, Fu Jen Bunkyo is a club-like organization of hong Kong company employees who discuss politics and promote patriotism. Most of these people grew up in the colonies, received a relatively complete Western education, and were accustomed to political life in Europe and the United States. They hated feudal monarchy, but knew very little about china's internal affairs. Yang Quyun, Xie Latai, and others agreed with Sun Yat-sen's proposal and decided to abolish the name of the Furen Cultural Society and join the Xingzhong Association.
Yang Quyun
On February 21, 1895, the headquarters of the Xingzhong Association was established. Wong Wing Sang was elected President and is a member of the Hong Kong Local Council. Headquartered at 13 Stanton Road, Central, Hong Kong, Hsing Chung Hui, in accordance with Huang Yongshang's suggestion, used the name of "Qian Heng Xing" as a cover for the outside world.
The Hong Kong Hsin Chung Association has updated the Statutes of the Hsin Chung Society. This charter puts forward the idea of "setting up newspaper libraries to open up the atmosphere, establishing schools to cultivate talented people, rejuvenating the great benefits to enrich the people's livelihood, and eliminating accumulated defects in order to cultivate the national pulse." It also stressed the need to mobilize a wider masses of the people, demanding that the idea of saving the country be "so that all the people of the country can understand, unite wisdom and foolishness, unite wisdom and foolishness, unite into one virtue, pool wisdom and efforts, and throw in the greatest hardships."
From the time of the founding of the Hong Kong Xingzhong Association, members must read aloud the oath when they joined the association: "Expel the Tartars, restore China, and establish a United Government" This oath sharply raised the issue of "anti-Manchuism" and clearly pointed the revolutionary front at the Qing Dynasty government, which was emperor by the Manchurian nobles. The slogan of "restoring China" is undoubtedly much more advanced than the slogan of "anti-Qing and restoration of the Ming Dynasty" that emerged from the past people's resistance struggle. The most obvious historical feature of the oath is the slogan of "the creation of a united government." The concept of "government of the guzhong" has not been formally explained in the literature of the Xingzhong Association. According to common political common sense, it should refer to the United States-style united government, that is, the federal government, which is a form of bourgeois democratic republic. The slogan of "establishing a united government" clearly expresses the bourgeois nature of the Xingzhong Association's anti-Qing struggle. This oath became the first program of the chinese bourgeois-democratic revolution.
Member of Hsing Chung Club
After the Xingzhong Association established an organization in Hong Kong, it used it as a base and concentrated all its energy on preparing to launch an armed uprising against the Qing In Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen went to Guangzhou to establish the Xingzhong Association organization and made full-time military preparations; Yang Quyun was stationed in Hong Kong to raise funds, recruit troops and transport firearms.
Sun Yat-sen practiced medicine in Guangzhou and had good relations with all quarters, which facilitated this operation. After arriving with Zheng Shiliang, Lu Haodong, Chen Shaobai, Deng Yinnan, and others, he set up the Guangzhou branch of the Xingzhong Association, which was located at the Yungang Villa of the Wang Family Ancestral Hall at the bottom of the shuangmen. Cheng Kuiguang, Cheng Biguang, Zuo Doushan, Wei Youqin, Chen Tingwei, Zhu Qi, Su Fuchu and others enthusiastically swore an oath to join the association, and the total number of members was several hundred. Sun Yat-sen also launched a public group called the Agricultural Society, to cover up the activities of the Xingzhong Association. The Agricultural Society, calling for the study of the new Nongsang Law, was sponsored by dozens of guangzhou officials, including Pan Baohuan, Pan Baolin, and Liu Xueqian, so outsiders did not doubt that those who came and went to Yungang Villa would have any "wrong" actions.
In March 1895, Sun Yat-sen went to Hong Kong to discuss the strategy of the uprising with Yang Quyun, Huang Yongshang and Xie Yitai, and they planned to suddenly attack the city of Guangzhou with 3,000 elite soldiers. Therefore, Sun Yat-sen returned to Guangzhou to make extensive contacts with the available armed forces. Cheng Kuiguang, a member of the Xingzhong Association, was appointed as the pipe of the Guangdong Marine Division's Zhentao Ship, responsible for contacting the officers and men of the Marine Division to respond. Zheng Shiliang was sent to Beijiang to contact Liang Cannon, the leader of the Party in Yingde, Qingyuan, and Huaxian, and agreed to lead a brigade to the city to meet him after the uprising was launched. Li Qi and Hou Aiquan, members of the Honolulu overseas Chinese who returned to China, were sent to Shiqi, and at that time they led the green forest to occupy Xiangshan, Shunde, and other counties as a sign of solidarity. Others, such as the patrol battalion in Guangzhou, the township regiment in Sanyuanli, and the party in Chaoshan and Huizhou, were all contacted.
Sun Yat-sen also set up two organs and a number of reception stations in the Xian shrimp column Zhang Mansion outside the East Gate and the Chapel behind the Shuangmendi Holy Church Building to accommodate people who came and went, and to store documents and weapons. In Toutsui, Henan, Guangzhou, a bomb manufacturing office was set up, which was manufactured by the American chemist Qi Lie. Sun Yat-sen also purchased two small steamers as means of transport. The backbone of the uprising was organized by the Xingzhong Association itself. Yang Quyun recruited a group of scattered braves in Xin'an, and recruited people to work in Hong Kong, preparing to be sent to Guangzhou to take up raids at the next time. In order to receive the money, Wong Wing Sang donated one of his houses for sale. He Qi supported the Xingzhong Association and was willing to undertake the task of drafting an English manifesto for the uprising. Chinese's "Plea For Man Wen" was drafted by Zhu Qi in Guangzhou. The editors of two British private newspapers in Hong Kong, Lai Tak and Dun Le, also supported the Xingzhong Association's anti-Qing uprising and were willing to publicize it in the newspaper. Hoping that the imperialist countries would support the uprising, the Xingzhong Association won the promise of the Japanese consul in Hong Kong and asked Ried to win the support of the British government. By the end of August, the scheduled preparatory work was largely completed, and the Xingzhong Association decided to hold a ceremony on the Chongyang Festival (the ninth day of the ninth month of the ninth month of the summer calendar). Chongyang is a traditional festival in China since ancient times, and the custom of Guangzhou is that day, it is necessary to go on an outing to ascend, and the streets are bustling to facilitate the uprising.
On October 10, the Xingzhong Association established a provisional government after the uprising, electing presidents, Bo Li Xi Tiande (President), Xie Latai nominated Yang Quyun, and Chen Shaobai and Zheng Shiliang elected Sun Zhongshan, and the two sides quarreled. Sun Yat-sen persuaded his supporters to cede the post of Bo li xi tiande to Yang Quyun, so that the Xingzhong association could avoid division.
On the eve of the Chongyang Festival, all the teams were ready and waiting to be launched. It was decided to take "Eliminate Violence and Be Healthy" as the slogan and the red belt wrapped around the arm as the secret code. Lu Haodong made the Blue Sky and White Sun Flag as the banner of the rebel army. Chen Qing led the bomb team and prepared to drop bombs at various military points at that time to increase the momentum. Everything was ready, just waiting for Yang Quyun to send a commando from Hong Kong. On October 26, when the Chongyang Festival arrived, all ministries sent people to the headquarters to ask for orders. Sun Yat-sen suddenly received a call from Yang Quyun and reported in code language that "the goods cannot come to anger Sun Yat-sen knows that if he misses the date, he will inevitably leak the wind, so he orders people from all walks of life to go back to wait, and immediately sends a telegram to Yang Quyun, telling him to "Do not come to the goods, so that Chen Shaobai will evacuate Guangzhou on the night of his fate." On the 27th, Sun Yat-sen also left Guangzhou and went to Hong Kong via Xiangshan and Macao. As Sun Yat-sen expected, the situation suddenly changed.
Zhu Qi's brother, a member, knew that Xingzhong would be preparing for an uprising, but when he was due, he could not launch it, and he was afraid that the matter would be leaked, so he used Zhu Qi's name to arrest Li Jiazhuo to inform him, and Li hurriedly reported to Tan Zhonglin, the governor of Liangguang. Earlier, Lee had reported to Tan that Sun Yat-sen and other actions were suspicious, and the governor of Britain and Hong Kong had also telegraphed that someone had transported weapons into Guangdong, but Tam Zhonglin did not pay attention to it. Horrified by this report, he hastily dispatched troops to strengthen the defense of Guangzhou, and sent troops to search for the Wang Family Ancestral Hall, the Xian shrimp column XingzhongHui organ, Lu Haodong, and five other people were arrested. Yang Quyun is still actively arranging in Hong Kong. After receiving the telegram that Sun Yat-sen had stopped acting, because the ordnance had been put on board and could not be moved back, Zhu Guiquan, Qiu Si, and others were sent to Guangzhou with their turns as usual. When the ship arrived in Guangzhou on the 28th, the Qing soldiers were already guarding the shore, and Zhu, Qiu and more than forty other people were arrested. At this point, the plan of the uprising was completely destroyed.
Lu Haodong showed great heroism in the enemy's criminal court, denouncing the corruption of the Qing Dynasty and directly admitting that he was full of revolutionary work. Because of his refusal to confess his complicity, he was subjected to cruel punishments such as nailing his hands and feet and chiseling his teeth, and he remained unyielding. Lu Haodong said in his confession: "We must know that today's non-abolition of the Manchu Qing dynasty is by no means enough to restore the Han nationality, not to kill the traitors, and not enough to abolish the Manchu Qing." Therefore, we especially want to curse one or two dog officials, thinking that I Am a Han Chinese who is the first blow. Although this is not the case, this is very comforting! He generously states, "But one I may kill, but he who rises after me cannot kill all" (1). On November 7, he was killed by the leaders of the party, Qiu Si and Zhu Guiquantong. Cheng Kuiguang was also accused of secrets in the military camp, rescued by colleagues, imprisoned for a long time, and later died of illness in prison. Lu Haodong and others were the first martyrs to sacrifice for China's bourgeois-democratic revolution.
Lu Haodong
After the incident was leaked, Sun Yat-sen, Yang Quyun, Chen Shaobai, Wei Youqin, Hou Aiquan, and sixteen others were wanted by the Qing Dynasty official government, and the Reward offered by the Qing side to the arrest of Sun and Yang was one thousand yuan in bonus silver.
The Guangzhou uprising was suppressed before it could break out, but it still has its significance.
This uprising was the starting point for a series of armed uprisings by the revolutionaries since then. From the very beginning, the bourgeois revolutionaries adopted the method of armed uprising against the feudal rulers, which was the merit of the revolutionary movement they led. The revolutionaries showed a spirit of heroic dedication in the struggle, but it was impossible for them to attempt to achieve victory by means of military adventure in the face of the relatively powerful reactionary rulers.
The uprising was prepared to be launched by the broad masses of the people without any knowledge of the revolutionaries. The revolutionaries did not go deep into organizing and mobilizing the masses, relying mainly on secret liaison with the Party, the Green Forest, and the army. The ties between these forces and the revolutionary party are very lax, and the revolutionaries can only have relations with their upper echelons. When revolutionaries organize the masses on their own, they do not need revolutionary ideas to educate them. When Yang Quyun recruited troops in Hong Kong, he falsely claimed that the provincial city was "recruiting courage" and encouraged people to go with ten yuan of foreign money. Under these circumstances, despite the efforts of the revolutionaries in many ways, they did not form a reliable fighting force and did not build a strong command system, so they could not withstand a major blow, so that the Guangzhou uprising was not immune from defeat in the end.
The Qing government's repression severely devastated Xingzhong. Its organs in Guangzhou and Hong Kong collapsed. The backbone was scattered, and some people were separated from the revolutionary movement, and the Xingzhong Association was temporarily unable to hold another uprising. However, as a new force in China's political arena, bourgeois revolutionaries have begun to receive attention at home and abroad. In Japanese newspapers, words such as "Sun Yat-sen of the Chinese Revolutionary Party" appeared, and Sun Yat-sen became a famous figure ever since.
After that, he created a major influence for Sun Yat-sen to take the revolutionary road to overthrow the Manchu Qing government and lead the Xinhai Revolution.