The division of dynasties and generations in human history is a huge historical problem. For the sake of simplicity, the vast majority of people choose the conventional division. The rote memorization of the student era is vivid, and the dynastic order of the Xia Shang Zhou Qin Han is familiar. However, if you dig a little deeper, you will find that there are many places where the division habits of Chinese dynasties are not satisfactory. For example, when mentioning the Three Kingdoms, what comes to mind is definitely not the "Change of Gaopingling" and "Sima Yi's Crusade against Wang Wei", these two events are indeed historical events of great significance in the Three Kingdoms period, one established the status of Sima Shi, and the other consolidated the status of Sima Shi, but the popularity is not high. On the contrary, people want to listen to the "Eighteen-Way Princes Crusade against Dong Zhuo", and they want to talk about the "Battle of Guandu" and the "Battle of Chibi", cao Cao Lübu and Kong Ming, and these historical events and figures are attributed to the Eastern Han Dynasty.
No wonder Hu Shi, who had studied the history of Wei and Jin all his life, complained that "if you want to read novels, start with Lü Bu in the Three Ying Wars and end with Zhuge Liang's death." If you want to study the history, then assign the Yellow Turban Rebellion to Sima Shi's annihilation of Wu to the Three Kingdoms, rather than letting this great period be separated by Cao Pi's claim to be emperor. In fact, even the ancients of the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty were very confused in terms of chronological division. For example, the Biography of Cao Pi records that "The twenty-fifth year (220) of Cao Pi's reconstruction of An was the first year of Yankang, and then changed the first year of Yankang to the first year of Huang Chu, Jianzuo, the accompaniment of hundreds of officials, and amnesty", Cao Pi called the emperor of the Huang Chu Yuan year (220), and the twenty-fifth year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (220) is the same year, if according to the conventional concept, this year should also be the year of the fall of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but when Cao Pi was called emperor, Shu Han and Eastern Wu still used the Eastern Han "Jian'an" era name. The "Biography of the Ancestors" records that "in the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an (221) in April, Emperor Liu Bei dared to use Xuanmu to tell the emperor that the gods of the earth were only ...", Liu Bei continued the Eastern Han Dynasty to the twenty-sixth year of Jian'an, and then set the name of the country "Han", claiming to be the successor to the throne of Emperor Liu Xie, and asked: In what year did the Eastern Han Dynasty perish? Was it Cao Pi who established Wei in 220, Liu Bei who ascended the throne in 221, or the fall of Shu Han in 263? All artificial divisions are premised, and positions, strengths, and conventions are prerequisites.
Due to convention and habitual thinking, many people do not know that between the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty, there was actually another dynasty: Bactria (the name of the country is Bactria ). When Bactria was founded, its land area was even larger than That of Zhu Yuanzhang's Western Wu (the name of the country established before the success of Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition was Western Wu, not Ming), and at that time it was widely believed that the Bactrian Dynasty was a unified dynasty after the Yuan Dynasty, and the reason why we recognized the Ming Dynasty was the result of the retrospective history of later people.
The chaotic situation at the end of the Yuan Dynasty was a fertile ground for the establishment of the Great Xia Kingdom. The root cause of the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty was the decline of national strength caused by the uninterrupted struggle within the court. In the 40 years from the death of Yesun Timur (1328) to the fall of the Yuan Dynasty (1368), the struggle within the Yuan Dynasty continued uninterrupted. First, the direct bloodline of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Golden Family, and the struggle between the Mongolian Yuan foreign tribes. The struggle began in a more insidious manner, with little extent and scope, and was usually carried out in their respective fiefdoms. They overthrew the people in the backward areas at that time, secretly annexed land, and expanded the number and proportion of sharecroppers and self-employed peasants they owned, so as to achieve the purpose of collecting taxes and wealth.
As the struggle intensified, the Cold War gradually evolved into open hostility. First there was the struggle for the throne between Tutimur and Alakiba, and then the struggle for hegemony between Emperor Mingzong and Tutimur, which seriously damaged the yuan dynasty. The Battle of the Two Capitals, represented by the Battle of Juyongguan and the Battle of Gubeikou, experienced dozens of battles, further weakening the national strength of the Yuan Dynasty. The direct economic and social damage caused by the Battle of the Two Capitals was enormous. For example, land policy has changed from the initial covert plunder to the crazy robbery. During the Battle of the Two Capitals, a large number of Yuan dynasty nobles took advantage of the transfer of contradictions to wantonly oppress the Han people and forcibly occupy land in large quantities. These evil phenomena quickly spread throughout the country, and a huge number of self-employed farmers had to give up their land, or flee, or become a curse. It can be said that the crazy plundering of the land of the whole country derived from the court in the late Yuan Dynasty was already a civil war between the two camps.
And Ming Yuzhen, the founding emperor of the Bactrian Dynasty, was born in a poor family in Hunan under such a historical background. History records that his family "farmed for generations, and people have great righteousness, and they do not fall on the eve of the great festival, so they are worshipped." When Ming Yuzhen started, the Hunan region was the hardest hit area for the exploitation of the yuan dynasty nobles. The first rebel contingent assembled by Hu Yuzhen consisted mainly of sharecroppers and self-employed farmers who had no land to cultivate. Because these poor peasants had no way out and could only enter the mountains, they formed a powerful force over time, which spread to the entire Hunan region of Hubei Province. In 1353, Ming Yuzhen officially raised an army, he defeated the Yuan Dynasty army in the Battle of Chushan, and immediately became famous, and the peasant rebel army in the entire Two Lakes region and eastern Sichuan and Shu, and in the northeast of Yungui, all respected him. Since the main battlefield of the Yuan Dynasty at that time was in the north and many areas in the south were empty, Ming Yuzhen decided to take the opportunity to enter Sichuan and Shu in the west and establish a division. After 10 years of conquest, Ming Yuzhen basically pacified present-day Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou and eastern Qinghai in 1362, and its sphere of influence exceeded that of Zhu Yuanzhang in the same period. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang's sphere of influence was mainly in present-day south-central Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other places.
Ming Yuzhen's original intention in naming the country as Bactria was to re-establish a dynasty belonging to the Han chinese. After he ascended the throne, he immediately sent envoys to break off diplomatic relations with the Yuan Dynasty and establish diplomatic relations with Zhu Yuanzhang's Western Wu at the same time. Because the national strength of the Yuan Dynasty was extremely weak at that time, they were planning to go north and establish the Northern Yuan, and at the same time, they gradually withdrew the troops in the Central Plains, so the severance of diplomatic relations between Ming Yuzhen and the Yuan Dynasty did not bring a crazy counterattack. At the same time, due to the geographical location of Bactria and the main area of activity of the Yuan Dynasty, the battle against the Yuan Dynasty mainly occurred between Zhu Yuanzhang's Western Wu and Yuan Dynasties.
The establishment of diplomatic relations between Ming Yuzhen and Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely effective, and the history records that "Zhu Yuanzhang left behind the Great Xia Taizu Shu Shu: 'The foot cover is similar to ji Han (Liu Bei Shu Han), cutting off western Shu and taking Qin Chuan as a natural danger, avoiding disasters in the southern kingdom... I and the lower lip of the foot are cold, the current Northern Yi (Yuan Dynasty) is in decline, but it has not been destroyed, and I would like to learn from the Sun Liu Alliance. Zhu Yuanzhang's meaning was clear, and he believed that the situation in Western Wu, Bactria and the Yuan Dynasty was very similar to the three-legged situation in the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bei built the capital chengdu, and Ming Yuzhen built the capital Chongqing, so Zhu Yuanzhang compared Ming Yuzhen to Liu Bei and compared himself to Sun Quan. The difference is that the economic strength of the southern part of the Shu and Wu states during the Three Kingdoms period was very different from that of the north, while the decline of the Yuan Dynasty brought the opportunity for Ming Yuzhen and Zhu Yuanzhang to the Northern Expedition. Unfortunately, however, soon after Ming Yuzhen ascended the throne, she fell seriously ill and died before the age of 40. This was a fatal loss and turning point for the Bactrian Dynasty. If Zhu Yuanzhang died at this age, the order of the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties would most likely become the Tang, Song, Yuan, Xia, and Qing.
Before Ming Yuzhen died of illness, Li Ming was promoted to crown prince, and told him, "I am afraid that I am afraid that I am afraid that ru is not as good as I am, and I can defend myself, do not try to the Central Plains, and watch the world change, if it can be helped, it will be helped, and if it is not good, it will be dangerous and guarded, and it can also be crossed for a while." However, when Mingsheng ascended the throne, he was only 10 years old, and his mother, who was obedient to the government, was also a "lady of temperament", not a strong man, and at the same time, Mingsheng's assistant ministers were all restless. Therefore, the great xia, which has not been established for a long time, has been shaken by mountains and rivers. It can be said that the moment Ming Yuzhen died, Bactria was already extinct. Everything after that is predestined. Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, then went south, Ming Sheng surrendered, and Bactria perished.
History always repeats itself again and again. After the fall of the Shu Han Dynasty, many of the people of Sichuan and Shu were grateful to Zhuge Liang and did not want to condescend to Cao Wei, so they went south into exile in burma and became one of the ancestors of today's Burma. After the fall of the Bactrian state, many of the people of Bactria were also reluctant to submit to the Ming Dynasty, and those Bactrians who were abducted by the Ming army to the north for tragic labor began to flee in various ways. The same is the Sichuan and Shu region, the same kingdom of hatred, the same unyielding resistance, the same blood and tears fleeing, history is like a wheel constantly rolling, moving forward in the return to the origin again and again.
The direct blood descendants of Ming Yuzhen continued to exile north from the Yenching region, into the northeast, into the Korean Peninsula, and finally settled and multiplied in Goryeo. When the descendants of the Myeong clan entered Goryeo, it was during the reign of King Gong of Goryeo. King Gong took great pity on the situation of the Ming descendants, found a piece of land for them south of the capital, and built houses for them according to customs to provide them with a living standard, so that they could basically maintain the standard of living during the Bactrian period. This descendant of the Ming clan, which has been breeding there for generations, has now become a Korean surname, with the "Ming Family Genealogy" from the Ming Yuzhen period to the Ming Dynasty, with its own unique surname and family culture. Insisting on learning Chinese and insisting on communicating in Chinese between clans has become the most basic creed of the Ming descendants, and more importantly, they also regularly return to China to worship their ancestors.
In the 1980s, the tomb of Ming Yuzhen was discovered in Chongqing, and there were many cultural relics unearthed in the tomb, of which the "Monument of Xuangong" was the most eye-catching. The stele of Xuangong records the ancestors and family of Ming Yuzhen, and the process of Ming Yuzhen's founding of the Bactrian Dynasty and other important materials, filling in some gaps in the field of historical research. After the Korean Ming clan learned of this news, they immediately organized clan members to return to China to worship their ancestors. After worshipping their ancestors, some famous korean members of the Ming clan also created or co-compiled many books and materials commemorating Ming Yuzhen, of which the most famous is the "Chronicle of emperor Ming Yuzhen of the Ming Dynasty's ancestor Daxia Taizu".
Although Ming Yuzhen's Bactrian Dynasty is rarely known, the exploits he established in those years are indisputable facts. The "Xuangong Monument" is buried deep under the loess soil, not to let others know his deeds. Ming Yuzhen went all the way from an ordinary peasant to the founding emperor, completed his historical tasks and missions, he did not need to let anyone know and worship himself, he just did not spend his life in vain, it was enough.