Ma Hengjian Text/Photo
Han Que, like a monument not a monument, like a pavilion not a pavilion, like a house not a house. It is a unique stone architectural facility in ancient China, is an important part of Han culture, so it is also known as "stone Hanshu", and is praised by the famous aesthetician Wang Chao as "Han soul" and "essence of Han art". Three-quarters of the country's surviving Han Que is in Sichuan and Chongqing.
Located in Yaoqiao Village, Yucheng District, Ya'an City, Gao Yique has become a typical Han Que with its solemn and exquisite carvings, thus attracting the attention of the world.
Gao Yi (高颐) was a native of yucheng District, Ya'an City, who was appointed as the Governor of Beifu (北府丞), Wuyang Ling (武阳令), Yinping Du (胤平都尉), and Yizhou Taishou (益州太守) at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The excavated inscriptions evaluate him as "pro-virtuous and happy", "the law of Xiao Cao's wu wants, and the government affairs of seeking reasons", indicating that he did some good things for the people when he was engaged in politics, emphasized the rule of law, and was upright. He died in August of the fourteenth year of Jian'an (209 AD) of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After his death, because of his remarkable political achievements, the Han Emperor built a que to show his merits, and Gao Yique was built in the year after his death (209 AD).
The palace is majestic
Gao Yique is located on the south side of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway, a few kilometers east of Ya'an City, and although I have heard its name for a long time, I have rubbed shoulders with it many times. The subjective reason for this is that he has not really understood han que, so he has no desire to see it; the objective reason is that Gao Yique, as a key protection unit in the country, has no obvious signs on the side of the road, and when he accidentally passes by the car, he persuades himself to stay for the next time.
I went to Ya'an this time, no matter what other attractions, I was at ease to visit Gao Yique.
The Gao Yi Que Museum is a Chinese-style quadrangle courtyard. The heavy door was pushed open, and a smell of moss came to the nose, which easily made people think of Qin bricks and Han tiles, and think of Tang poetry and Song Ci. Inside and outside the gate, separated by thousands of years; on both sides of the red wall, ancient and modern Jingwei.
The well-preserved Gao Yi Que stands in the middle of the compound, standing in the same place as 1800 years ago. It faithfully guards the tomb of Gao Yi, which is more than 200 meters north of the Yerba Buena, because the que and the tomb itself are whole. Because of the Han Que, the Han Tomb further highlights the majesty and honor of the owner of the tomb; because of the Han Tomb, the Han Que has become more and more desolate and lonely in the future state of the centuries and thousands of years.
Que, "Ci Hai" explains: "The ancient palaces, ancestral temples and mausoleums in front of the tall buildings, usually one on the left and one on the left, built into a high platform, the platform upstairs view, with a gap between the two que, so the name Que or double que. "Popularly speaking, the so-called Que is a monumental building standing in front of the palace gate or on both sides of the mausoleum Shinto to show the solemnity of the palace and the majesty of the mausoleum owner, which is a unique ground decoration of the Han Dynasty. It differs from the stele in that it consists of a seat, a body, a tower, an eaves, and a ridge, and figuratively speaking, it is a solid house. There are reliefs, inscriptions and legendary stories reflecting local customs and customs, so it integrates architecture, sculpture, literature and calligraphy, and is a precious physical material for studying local culture and local history in the Han Dynasty.
The evolution of the Que has gone through the process from the simple wooden buildings of the Neolithic Age to the full sense of the city que and the palace que after the founding of the state, especially in the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, there were strict regulations, and those who were above 2,000 stones in the age of officials were eligible to enjoy the treatment of establishing a que in front of the tomb after death. The Que is an unquestionable symbol of status and status.
Compared with the 5.4 meters high main que and the 2.6 meters high sub-que, which stood in Chongqing From the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Gao Yi Que is taller and a little older. The main que of Gao Yique is 6 meters high, and the height of the zique is 3.39 meters, which was erected in the fourteenth year of Jian'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (209 AD). More importantly, Gao Yique is the only Han Dynasty burial entity with the most complete preservation of steles, que, tombs, Shinto, and stone beasts in the country, and is also one of the most accurate and informative Han Ques with the identity of the owner and age of the Que.
The Soul of a Strongman
"Thinking of the Qin Palace Han Que, they all made the grass cattle and sheep wild." There is nothing to say about the fishing tree. The desolate grave is broken, and the dragon and snake are not recognized. "Even Ma Zhiyuan of the Yuan Dynasty can only mourn to the ruined Han Que, and today's people only fully activate their image thinking to imagine the glorious and majestic Qin Palace Han Que." Therefore, when Gao Yique was close to me, I felt that it was a soul, the soul of a great man. Only the soul can travel through time and space and live forever in the world.
The top of gao yique is a wooden structure imitating the Han Dynasty, with corner pillars and fang buckets; the que body has columns and foreheads, and there are three car guide bushes, car front Wu Bo, riding officials, main book and other carriage and horse travel maps; the que base is surrounded by carved Shu pillars and large buckets.
Gao Yique has five floors, the first layer of the north and south sides of each relief carved a feast, a gourd, a horn god under the corner of the big bucket; the second layer of relief content is a historical story, there are "Zhang Liangshi Qin Emperor", "Gao Zu slashing snakes", "Shi Kuang Drum Qin", etc.; the third layer is a figure of human-beast fighting; the fourth layer of reliefs have Tianma, dragons, tigers, etc.; the fifth layer of four sides carved into 24 fangs, each of which is carved with a lishu inscription, a total of 24 characters, the content is "Han Dynasty Yizhou Taishou Yin Ping Du Wei Wuyang LingBeifu Qiao Ju Xiao Lian Gao Jun Character Through □ (Fang)"; Engraved with a Kunpeng.
Because Gao Yique is the best existing and most exquisitely carved Han Dynasty imitation wood structure stone building in China, it is too important and has research value, and as early as 1961, it was listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. According to reports, only the rubbings on the que are also nearly 10,000 yuan in the cultural relics market to be purchased. Of course, the matter of extension has long been banned.
Compared with the stone beasts standing on both sides of the Shinto Temple, which have disappeared from Quxian Feng Huanque, Shenfu Junque, and Mianyang Pingyang Junque, the stone beasts in front of Gao Yique are well preserved, and are representative works of Han Dynasty sculpture art. "Ward off evil spirits" and "Tianlu" are town tomb beasts along the Han Dynasty, both resemble lions, "ward off evil" on the head of the single horn, "Tianlu" on the head of the double horn. The ancients believed that lions and tigers were fierce, so they used this sacred beast to watch over the gate and shinto. Gao Yiqueqian, a pair of stone beasts shaped like lions, is 1.1 meters tall and 1.6 meters long, and has a posture of spitting out his tongue, holding his head high, and striding forward, which embodies the spirit of the Han people's self-improvement, courage and strength; its posture adopts an S-shaped flexion shape, concise and concise, thin and powerful, vivid and compelling; its chest is engraved with two fat and short flying wings, which is probably influenced by western art imported to the east. Watching these stone beasts, you can appreciate the magnificent atmosphere of Han Dynasty culture to a large extent.
Just as rare as the well-preserved stone beasts are the tombstones of Gao Yi in about two hundred places north of Gao Yique. Pulling aside the waist-deep artemisia grass, through the dense trees, I saw the tombstone that was still standing. It is nearly two meters high and about one meter wide, but unfortunately the handwriting on the stele is so long that it is unrecognizable. Generally speaking, tombstones and mausoleums are on the extension line of the central axis behind the que, and as for how much to extend, it depends on the dignity and inferiority, such as Fan Minque in Lushan County, which is not far from here. As a native of Lushan County, Fan Min successively served as the state minister of the Qingyi Qiang State (which governed the area around present-day Lushan Mountain in Ya'an), the Taishou of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and finally promoted to the rank of Situ who belonged to the national level, ranking third duke. A prominent figure like Fan Min is of higher rank than Gao Yi, so according to local cultural relics archaeologists, it is possible to extend a few miles from Fan Min que to the mausoleum.
A symbol of great power
From "waiting to start from the beginning, cleaning up the old mountains and rivers, and going to the heavens", to "in the smoke of the Xingdu Palace Que, the grass is like a stone", from the poets of the past generations to praise the Han Que to the mourning, which arose in the Western Han Dynasty, after more than 400 years of popularity, it gradually declined at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. As one of the carriers of cultural customs in the Han Dynasty, although the Han Que disappeared, the social and cultural information it stored was timelessly revealed, and constantly stimulated the imagination of future generations in architecture, art and culture.
In July 2006, the renovation plan of the expressway toll station shed of Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport was finally determined, and Han Que finally defeated the Sichuan West Residence, ancient Shu Shen yun, etc., stood out from the 6 sets of excellent plans, and became the shape of the first gate of Tianfu that people see today; next to the Wuhou Ancestral Hall of Chengdu in the "Shu Xiang Ancestral Hall BoSensen", Han Que decorated this famous historical site at home and abroad with solemnity.
As architects and aestheticians have pointed out, the traditional Chinese architecture represented by the Han Que is both empty and distant, but also magnificent, forming an artistic style that is different from the architecture of other countries in the world. The special momentum of Han Que shows a kind of overall flexible, romantic and enterprising cultural spirit. This spirit of treating death as a homecoming and being grand and open is precisely the consistent spirit of the Chinese nation.
"The west wind is remnant, the Han family tomb que". Under the setting sun, Zhao Mingcheng and Wang Xiangzhi of the Song Dynasty once lingered in front of Gao Yique; in the autumn wind, He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty and Zhang Daqian of the Republic of China once stood solemnly in front of Gao Yique for a long time. In September 1939, Liang Sicheng, a generation of masters of Architecture in China, waded through mountains and rivers to make a special trip to inspect Gao Yique. His architectural philosophy after that must be supported by Gao Yique.
"Li Ling does not love death, and his heart belongs to Han Que." Han Que was once a symbol of China's great power and was once the sustenance in the hearts of benevolent people. It is permeated with the wind of ancient clumsiness, exudes an awe-inspiring atmosphere, and flashes the light of Chinese history. Fear the Han Que, appreciate the Han Que, protect the Han Que, study the Han Que, and let the culture and spirit contained in the Han Que carry forward!
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