Famous strategist of the Shu Kingdom: Zhuge Liang. PANG Tong.MI Fang. Fazheng. Ma Chen. Jiang Wei
Zhuge Liang
1. Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang (10 August 181, 181, i.e. 181 181 181 181 18 18 234 – 8 October 234), courtesy name Kong Ming, was a famous politician, military figure, and inventor of Chinese history. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xuzhou Langya Yangdu (present-day Yinan County, Shandong Province). In his youth, he cultivated and studied in Nanyang County, and was locally known as Wolong and Fulong. Later, he was invited by Liu Beisan Gu Maolu to serve as a decisive force, which played a decisive role in promoting Sun Liu's alliance and establishing the Shu Han regime. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang was knighted as the Marquis of Wuxiang, assisted Liu Chan, and became the political and military leader of the Shu Han Dynasty. He led the Northern Expedition of Cao Wei five times, and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during the Fifth Northern Expedition, posthumously honored as the Marquis of Zhongwu. Later generations often honored Zhuge Liang as Marquis Wu and Marquis Wu of Zhuge And Zhuge Wu. In his lifetime, Zhuge Liang "bowed down and died later", and was the representative of loyal subjects and wise men in traditional Chinese culture.
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Zhuge Liang (1810-234), also spelled Kong Ming, was a famous politician, military figure and inventor in Chinese history. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xuzhou Langya Yangdu (present-day Yinan County, Shandong Province). In his youth, he cultivated and studied in Nanyang County, and was locally known as Wolong and Fulong. Later, he was invited by Liu Beisan Gu Maolu to serve as a decisive force, which played a decisive role in promoting Sun Liu's alliance and establishing the Shu Han regime. After Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang was knighted as the Marquis of Wuxiang, assisted Liu Chan, and became the political and military leader of the Shu Han Dynasty. He led the Northern Expedition of Cao Wei five times, and died of illness in Wuzhangyuan during the Fifth Northern Expedition, posthumously honored as the Marquis of Zhongwu. Later generations often honored Zhuge Liang as Marquis Wu and Marquis Wu of Zhuge And Zhuge Wu. In his lifetime, Zhuge Liang "bowed down and died later", and was the representative of loyal subjects and wise men in traditional Chinese culture.
Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Gui died early, and Zhuge Liang and his younger brother Zhuge Gui were raised by their uncle Zhuge Xuan. Later, the imperial court chose Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, and Zhuge Xuan had an old friendship with Liu Biao, the mu of Jingzhou, so he took Zhuge Liang with him to attach himself. After Zhuge Xuan's death, Zhuge Liang and his brother lived in seclusion in Nanyang Wollongong, where they read in the rain and qing. Zhuge Liang usually remembered Liang's father, and often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi, and people at that time did not think much of his self-evaluation, and only his friends Xu Shu, Cui Zhouping, Meng Jian, and Shi Tao believed in his talents.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, the warlords in the Central Plains were in a scuffle, and a large number of scholars and doctors came to Jingzhou to avoid the war. Zhuge Liang befriended Sima Hui, Pang Degong, and Huang Chengyan, who were famous in Jingzhou at that time. Huang Chengyan said to Zhuge Liang, "Wen Jun chooses a wife; There is an ugly woman, yellow head and black, and it is a match. (Heard that you choose a wife; I have an ugly daughter with yellow hair and dark skin, and my talent is worthy of you. Zhuge Liang promised to marry Huang immediately after he promised this family. At that time, people all made jokes about this, and there was a proverb in the countryside as evidence: "Don't be a woman chosen by Kong Ming, and you are getting an ugly woman."
At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao, and Tun Bing was in Xinye. Later, when Sima Hui met with Liu Bei, he said: "Confucian laymen, do you know current affairs? The timekeeper is Junjie. There are crouching dragons and phoenix chicks here. (How can those Confucians, who are shallow and vulgar, understand the affairs of the times?) Only those who know the affairs of the times can become handsome and heroic. At this time, there are naturally Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Fengyan (Pang Tong). Liang was also recommended by Xu Shu, and Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would lead Xu Shu to meet him, but Xu Shu suggested: "This person can be seen, not yielded." The general should take care of it. (This person can go and see him, but he cannot be bent to this.) Generals should condescend to drive in anticipation. )”
Liu Bei personally went to visit, and went three times to see Zhuge Liang (known in history as "Three Gu Maolu"). After meeting with the appearance, Liu Bei asked the others to avoid it and asked him: "The Han room is in decline, the traitors steal their lives, and the Lord is covered in dust." Loneliness does not measure the strength of virtue, wants to believe in the righteousness of the world, and the wisdom is shallow, so it is rampant, as for today. But the will is still unfinished, the king said that the plan will be out?"
Zhuge Liang then explained to him the plan of dividing the world into three parts, and analyzed the situation that Cao Cao was undesirable and Sun Quan could be helped; It also details that the state pastors of Jing and Yi are cowardly and can take advantage of the opportunity, and only those who have these two states can compete for victory over the world; He also told Liu Bei about the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This treatise was later called the Longzhong Pair. After hearing this, Liu Bei praised zhuge liang and invited zhuge liang to help, so Zhuge Liang went out of the mountain and entered the curtain. Liu Bei often talked with him, and his relationship became increasingly close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and others were greatly displeased, and Liu Bei explained to them: "There is Kong Ming in the lonely, and there is water in the Fish." May the kings not repeat their words. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and others stopped complaining.
In 208, Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Pair" was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and Shu Han in the following decades.
After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei pacified the four counties of Jingnan in December, appointed Zhuge Liang as a general in the military division, stationed in Linyang, and supervised the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang, and Changsha, responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources. In 211, Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang sent a military cadet Fa Zheng to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang then defended Jingzhou with the general Guan Yu of Langkou and the general Zhang Fei of Qiu. By December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang then joined Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun in Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu in charge of the defense of Jingzhou, and divided his troops to pacify the counties and counties, and together with Liu Bei besieged Chengdu. By 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou.
Zhuge Liang received 500 jin of gold, 100 jin of silver, 50 million of money, and 10 million horses of jin, and was appointed as the general of the military division, and was responsible for the affairs of the left general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent troops to conquest, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and feeding Liu Bei enough soldiers. During the Battle of Hanzhong, Zhuge Liang provided aid to Liu Bei, who had been defeated and fought on the front line, in Chengdu. In 220, Cao Pi, the King of Wei, declared himself emperor. In 221, when the Qunchen heard the news of the murder of Emperor Xian of Han, they persuaded Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to ascend the throne as emperor, but Liu Bei did not agree, and Zhuge Liang used the story of Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to ascend the throne to persuade Liu Bei, so Liu Bei agreed. Liu Bei claimed to be the queen of Hanzhong, and Zhuge Liangguan paid homage to Xiang Xianglu Shangshushi and false festivals. In the same year, Zhang Fei, a lieutenant of the CheQi General's leading division, was assassinated by his subordinates, and then he was led to the lieutenant.
Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician in Chinese history, known as a combination of loyalty, righteousness, wisdom, and courage, and is the embodiment of the god of wisdom in Chinese history. Later generations spoke highly of Zhuge Liang, and "bow down and die later" has become the motto of countless benevolent people.
Zhuge Liang's loyalty was highly respected by future generations. After Liu Beituo was orphaned, Zhuge Liang did his best for the lord Liu Chan, personally did everything himself, worried about the country and forgot his home, and showed his heart in the "Table of Renunciation", until finally he ate less and was annoyed, and died of illness in the army. In the divided regime, Zhuge Liang was in charge of the government for more than ten years, neither accumulating wealth nor seeking personal interests or fame, and taking the task of reviving the Han Dynasty. Another vassal, Li Yan (Shu Han), wrote to Zhuge Liang asking him to receive the Nine Tins, but Zhuge Liang refused, saying that it would not be meritorious to not be able to recover the Central Plains for the Han Dynasty.
Zhuge Liang once pointed out in the table that he had no excess property, only 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of land, and he wore all the imperial court seals, even if his sons were self-sufficient, he did not have any excess property. Sure enough, Zhuge Liang did the same until he died, and even before he died, he also ordered him to only dig a hole when he was buried, and the coffin could be put in, and he could wear his usual clothes, without the need for other burial objects. 30 years after Zhuge Liang's death, his eldest son Zhuge Zhan and his eldest grandson Zhuge Shang were killed in battle in the Shu Han Defense War.
Zhuge Liang had more prominent achievements in politics, in addition to proposing the long-term strategic diplomatic plan of Liu Bei's regime in the "Longzhong Pair", he often fed Liu Bei's troops in the early days. After he began to take sole control of the military and political power of the Shu Han Dynasty, he took the law as the foundation, and later did the eight affairs, seven precepts, six fears, and five fears to admonish each subject within the dynasty, and the people outside the court were also simple and simple, with clear rewards and punishments, and highlighted the role of the legal system, which was extremely rare in ancient China. He encouraged other courtiers to come to the court in a brainstorming manner. He dared to accept accountability, admit his mistakes, and failed during the First Northern Expedition for misusing the ma mo he was closest to, and he later expressed self-reproach, demoted himself, and punished ma mo. Chen Shou, the author of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, was stripped of his hair (髡刑: shaved hair) because of the defeat of Ma Chen's army, but his evaluation of Zhuge Liang was that "when he is loyal and beneficial, he will be rewarded, and those who break the law and neglect will be punished."
Zhuge Liang also had dexterity in technological inventions, such as improving the repeating crossbow. Zhuge Liang also deduced the art of war, making eight formations, and was still highly respected until the Tang Dynasty general Li Jing.
Zhuge Liang went north to the Central Plains five times before and after, and most of them ran out of food. Eventually, due to overwork, he died of illness in Wuzhangyuan (in present-day Qishan, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) in the twelfth year of Shu Jianxing (234) at the age of 54.
Ponton
2. Pang Tong: Pang Tong (179-214), Zi Shiyuan, Feng Yan, a native of Xiangyang, Jingzhou, during the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei's important strategist, with equal intelligence and wisdom, was equally famous as Zhuge Liang, and the officer worshiped the general Zhonglang of the military division. When he entered Luo County, he led the people to attack the city, but unfortunately was killed by a stray arrow, and died at the age of six at the age of Chinese New Year's Eve. Liu Bei was so grief-stricken that he posthumously honored Tong as the Marquis of Guannei and the Marquis of Jing, personally selecting a cemetery for him, and later pang Tong's burial place was named Luofengpo. At present, at the Baima Pass of Lutou Mountain in the west of Luojiang County, Deyang City, Sichuan Province, there is a national key cultural relics protection unit - Pang Tong Ancestral Hall Tomb.
Pang Tong's talent, strategy, and strategic wisdom are all in line with the thinking of a talented person, which can be said to be a true epitome of the talented people in the world. He has the pride, integrity, and open-mindedness of most talented people. The resourceful and clever "Phoenix Chick" Pang Tong's talent is the most brilliant, but the fate is the most uncertain. Pang Tong's personality is arrogant, clean and high, and does not fall into the vulgar trend.
In his early years, he was named "Fengyan" and Zhuge Liang in Jingzhou. At that time, people evaluated his classic words as: "Wolong Phoenix Chick, get one and the world can also be safe!" "He once worked with Eastern Wu Lu Ji, Gu Shao and other Zang no figures, claiming to be "on the secret strategy of the emperor, the most important thing to rely on, I seem to have a day long." (Biography of Pang Tong). Liu Bei led Jingzhou Mu and Pang Tong to vote, but they were not reused, but in order to engage in the shouyang order, they did not rule in the county and were dismissed from office. Later, on the strong recommendation of Zhuge Liang and Lu Su, Liu Beifang summoned Pang Tong again to discuss the major affairs of the military state with him, which was greatly important, so he worshiped Pang Tong as a ruler, and soon became a general in the military division with Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang and Lu Su's broad-mindedness in promoting talents is admirable, but Pang Tong's extraordinary talent is probably the fundamental reason for his final standout.
In 214, Liu Bei dispatched Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, and others to lead troops to conquer the White Emperor, Jiangzhou, and Jiangyang. Soon, Liu Bei besieged Luocheng. Pang Tong led the crowd to attack the city, was shot by a flying arrow, and died, when Chinese New Year's Eve six years old. Liu Bei was extremely sad and shed tears when he talked about Pang Tong. In recognition of his exploits, he appointed his father as a counselor and later promoted to counselor. Liu Bei posthumously gave Pang Tong the title of Marquis of Guannei and gave him the title of Marquis of Jing.
Mi Fang
3. Mi Fang (birth and death year unknown), zi fang, a native of Qu County, Donghai County (present-day Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province). A general of the Shu state during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, he was the brother of Lady Liu Beimi.
Mi Fang is Mi Zhu's younger brother and Liu Bei's brother-in-law. The two Mi brothers originally worked under Tao Qian, and later Tao Qian fell ill and died, and Liu Bei was appointed as the Assassin of Xuzhou, and the two followed Liu Bei. Liu Bei attacked Hanzhong and proclaimed himself the Queen of Hanzhong, and Mi Fang served as the Taishou of Nan Commandery (南郡太守), assisting Guan Yu in defending Jingzhou. Twenty-five years after Jian'an, Guan Yu went north to Xiangfan, ordered Mi Fang and Fu Shiren to be the vanguard, attacked Fancheng, Mi and Fu drank and misbehaved, burned their own artillery, ordnance, grain and grass, Guan Yu became angry, punished Mi Fang to guard Nan County, and Fu Shiren to guard public security.
Because Of Guan Yu's fierce offensive, forcing Cao Cao to ally with Sun Quan, Sun Quan ordered Lü Mengluxun to attack Jingzhou, and Fu Shiren was already afraid of Guan Yu's punishment, and with Eastern Wu Yu's chen remarks, Fu Shiren surrendered to Eastern Wu. Mi Fang saw that most of the cities in Jingzhou surrendered to Eastern Wu, and Fu Shiren came to persuade him, so he also surrendered to Eastern Wu, indirectly leading to the defeat and killing of Guan Yu's soldiers and the defeat of the Xiangfan Campaign. When his brother Mi Zhu heard about it, he tied himself up and asked Liu Bei for his sins, but Liu Bei did not cure Mi Zhu's sins and still treated Mi Zhu as before, and Mi Zhu was ashamed of Mi Fang's affairs and died more than a year later.
Fazheng
4. Fa Zheng (176~220) Was a famous strategist of Liu Bei at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The word filial piety straight. A native of Fufeng County (present-day eastern Mei County, Shaanxi). At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Zhang divided Yizhou, and Fa Zhengshi was made a lieutenant of the military council. Conspired with Zhang Song of Yizhou to wear Liu Bei. In the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211), Zhang Song persuaded Liu Zhang to send Fa Zheng to Jingzhou to meet Liu Bei's army on the pretext of attacking Zhang Lu in Hanzhong and resisting Cao Cao's attack. At that time, Liu Bei was under threat from Cao Cao and Sun Quan, and was in a dilemma. Fa Zheng went to Jingzhou and advised Liu Bei to overthrow Liu Zhang's rule and seize Yizhou. Liu Bei followed his advice, that is, he led tens of thousands of infantry into Shu from the waterway, leaving Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu to garrison Jingzhou. Nineteen years to capture Yizhou. Since then, it has laid the foundation for the dingzhi. Fa Zhengren was the general of Shu Commandery (蜀郡太守) and Yangwu (杨武將軍), the commander of the outer capital, and the mastermind of the interior. Zhuge Liang therefore deeply praised fa zheng for his great merits. In the twenty-second year of Jian'an, taking advantage of Cao Cao's sharp internal contradictions, he offered to go north to attack Cao Cao's general Xiahou Yuan and capture Hanzhong. Liu Bei adopted his strategy and led his army to attack, and Fa Zheng followed suit. Twenty-four years later, Liu Bei occupied Hanzhong. Liu Bei established himself as the King of Hanzhong, with Fa Zheng as Shang Shu Ling and General of the Protectorate. He died the following year. Every time Zhuge Liang praised his wisdom, he thought that if he did not die, he would be able to dissuade Liu Bei and avoid the defeat at the Battle of Yiling.
In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220), Fa Zheng died at the age of forty-five. Fazheng's death made Liu Bei very sentimental and he cried for several days. He was subsequently posthumously honored as the Marquis of Yi and given his son the Title of Marquis of Guannei.
Matthew
5. Ma Mo (190-228 AD), courtesy name Youchang, a native of Yicheng, Xiangfan, was the younger brother of Ma Liang. Initially engaged in Jingzhou, he followed Liu Bei to take Shu into Sichuan, and served as Mianzhu, Chengdu Ling, and Yue Taishou. Zhuge Liang, the chancellor of the Shu Han Dynasty, used it to join the army. The most famous event of his life was the loss of a street kiosk and the beheading.
Ma Mo is "talented and superior" and is good at discussing military strategy. Zhuge Liang has always attached great importance to him, and every time he is introduced and talked about, he has been from day to night.
Ma Mo was an outstanding colleague of the Shu Han regime at that time, and even Jiang Huan, who later succeeded Zhuge Liang as a chancellor and was known as one of the "Four Heroes" of the Shu Han Dynasty, also praised Ma Mo as a "wise man".
Ma Mo made very good suggestions during Zhuge Liang's Southern Expedition. The Chronicle of Xiangyang is quoted in the Records of Xiangyang in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Shushu, and Ma Liang: "In the third year of Jianxing (225 AD), Zhuge Liang marched to Nanzhong and sent him for tens of miles. Zhuge Liang said: "Although the years of conspiracy have been in existence, now we can benefit the good rules." "Nanzhong is far away from danger, and does not obey for a long time, although it is broken today, it will be reversed tomorrow." The present Gongfang fell into the Northern Expedition to deal with the thieves. He knew that the official position was weak, and his rebellion was also fast. If you destroy the relics to eliminate the troubles, it is not the love of the benevolent, and it is not a hasty. The way of the soldier is to attack the heart, the siege is the bottom, the heart is the top, the soldier is the bottom, and the public is willing to obey his heart. 'Zhuge Liang accepted his strategy, pardoned Meng to serve the south, so in the end of Zhuge Liang's life, the southerners did not dare to rebel. This record shows that Ma Mo's military insight is very clever, it actually clarifies the dialectical relationship between military struggle and political purpose, and its practical effect is also very good, so that it has been summarized by later generations as "if you can attack the heart, then the opposite side will disappear, and from ancient times, the soldiers are not belligerent" The important experience has been widely circulated. Historical facts vividly show that Ma Mo was a resourceful man. Zhuge Liang's weight on him is not unfounded.
Judging from the history books, it seems that he had no other faults in his life, and the only fault was to violate Zhuge Liang's moderation when guarding the street pavilion, and did not listen to Wang Ping's advice, gave up the water on the mountain, was defeated by Cao Wei's army, and lost the street pavilion.
Jiang Wei
6. Jiang Wei (204-263), courtesy name Boyo, was a famous general of the Shu Han Dynasty during the Three Kingdoms period, and a native of Ji County, Tianshui County (present-day Gangu County, Gansu). In 227, during zhuge liang's first northern expedition, he joined the army for Cao Wei's Tianshui Commandery. During the confrontation with the Shu army, he repeatedly saw through Zhuge Liang's plans, which led to the failure of Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition, so he was regarded by Zhuge Liang as a talent to use the plan to surrender. After Jiang Wei surrendered to the Shu state, Zhuge Liang cultivated and reused him, and at the age of 27 he was made a marquis. General Guan Baiyi, Marquis of Fengyang Pavilion. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang spoke highly of Jiang Wei: "Loyal to current affairs, thoughtful and precise" and "very sensitive to the military, with courage and righteousness, and deep understanding of military intentions." This man has the ability to be both a man and a man, who teaches the military, and who is sent to the palace and sees the Lord." He recommended Jiang Wei to the Lord of the Shu Dynasty to serve as a general in the Central Supervision Army and a general in the Western Expedition. Later, he followed Zhuge Liang to participate in the Northern Expedition many times, used tactics in the battalion, beheaded generals in the battle, and made meritorious contributions many times. After Zhuge Liang tearfully cut off the horse, he went on to become Zhuge Liang's established successor. In 234, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan, and on his deathbed he awarded Jiang Wei the art of war he had learned all his life. After Jiang Wei took over Zhuge Liang's class, the Shu state posthumously appointed Jiang Wei's right overseer army and auxiliary Han general, commanded the armies, and entered the Marquis of Pingxiang. Subsequently, he successively served as Sima and Zhenxi General, and concurrently served as Liangzhou Assassin Shi, Wei General, and Great General, and the imperial court awarded Fu Jie.
When Zhuge Liang attacked Wei and died of illness, Jiang Wei and others did not mourn, and on the way back from the army, they unfurled The banner of Zhuge Liang's marshal, pretended to be a counterattack, got rid of Si Ma Yi's pursuit of the troops, and calmly withdrew to Hanzhong. In the sixteenth year of Yanxi (253), he took charge of the Shu Han military power and was later promoted to the rank of general. In the sixth year of Jing Yao (263), Hanzhong was lost, Jiang Wei withdrew his troops from Puzhong (in present-day northwest of Zhouqu, Gansu), the Wei general Zhuge Xu held the bridgehead of Yinping (northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu), cutting off his way back, Jiang Wei attacked from the flank, forced the Wei army to retreat, took advantage of the situation to cross the bridge, and joined the Shu generals Liao Hua and Zhang Yihui, according to the defense of Jian Ge (northeast of present-day Jiange, Sichuan), the Wei army was blocked by 100,000. Because Wei sent Deng Ai's surprise troops directly to Chengdu, Liu Chan surrendered, and Jiang Wei was ordered to surrender. The following year, Jiang Wei participated in the Wei general Zhong Hui's rebellion against Wei and wanted to take the opportunity to restore Shu Han, but was defeated and killed in Chengdu.