Emperor Xianfeng of the Qing Dynasty (Ninth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty)
The Anglo-French invasion fled, the son Tongzhi, the wife Cixi
Burning the Yuanmingyuan, taiping heavenly kingdom
Ming Yixuan (zhu), who ascended the throne at the age of 20, reigned for 11 years from 1850 to 1861, the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty with actual ruling power, died of illness at the age of 31 at the Chengde Summer Resort
During his reign, due to Xianfeng's dereliction of duty, the Qing government signed a series of unequal treaties with Western powers to lose power and humiliate the country, and cut off land and pay reparations, which aggravated the demise of the Qing Dynasty
Taiping heavenly kingdom
In the year xianfeng ascended the throne, Hong Xiuquan rebelled from Guangxi, and after conquering Nanjing, it was changed to Tianjing, and the name of the country was Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851~1864)
The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom has a wide territory, a long time, a large scale, and a lot of silver consumption, which has not been seen since the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty's vitality has been greatly damaged
Xianfeng used Han bureaucrats zeng guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo Zongtang and other Han landlords trained and commanded to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Second Sino-British-French Opium War
October 1856 - October 1860
Xianfeng Emperor: 1831 (1850)-1861
Tongzhi Emperor: 1856 (1861)-1874
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom: 1851-1864
China has practiced a self-sufficient natural economy for thousands of years, so when the Western powers brought a large number of goods from their countries to China, a large number of goods were slow to sell in China, and the demand for foreign goods in most of China's rural areas was negligible, and the impact of opium, the purchasing power of the people was low
In order to further open up the Chinese market and expand their aggressive interests in China, Britain and France once again launched a war of aggression against China
In the 7th year of Xianfeng (1857), the British captured Guangzhou
In 1858, the Anglo-French army occupied Tianjin Dagu and signed the Treaty of Tianjin.
In 1859, the Anglo-French coalition army went to Tianjin to ask for a change of treaty, the Qing Dynasty army won a small victory, Xianfeng was very happy, tore up the "Tianjin Treaty", and the Anglo-French coalition army later attacked
In 1860, the Anglo-French coalition army fought from Tianjin to Beijing, hit Tongzhou, the negotiations broke down, the Anglo-French coalition army hit the Bali Bridge outside Beijing, Xianfeng took the opportunity to go to the Chengde Mountain Resort, continued to spend the day and the land, but also greedy opium, leaving Prince Gong Yichen in Beijing to preside over these things (land-cutting indemnities), the Anglo-French coalition army burned the Yuanmingyuan with a torch, and the people of Beijing suffered a lot of life
During the war, Tsarist Russia sent troops to mediate and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 1.5 million square kilometers of land, becoming the biggest winner
The Qing government ultimately failed due to poor preparations, political corruption, insufficient training, and backward equipment
After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate its efforts on suppressing the Taiping Rebellion and maintaining its rule
Xianfeng mistakenly ordered the chancellor
The two forces of the Empress Dowager and Emperor Yin (Yi Xun and so on) dealt with eight ministers, and as a result, there was a "Xin You coup", there was a Cixi and Ci'an who listened to the government, and Cixi actually controlled the imperial program for nearly half a century, affecting the fate of the Qing Dynasty and the entire Chinese nation
Construction of the Old Summer Palace: (1709-1860)
The Manchus stayed in Guanzhong, because they were not adapted to the hot summer weather in the Central Plains, for spring hunting, in order to escape the summer, began to overhaul the royal garden
The Kangxi Dynasty built Changchun Garden, a summer resort, a Mulan paddock, and the Yongzheng and Qianlong Dynasties to repair the Summer Palace and the Yuanmingyuan