There is only one purple sand pot in the world, and his name is Yixing. On the coast of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea, on the west bank of Taihu Lake, at the junction of the three provinces of Suzhou, Zhejiang and Anhui, there is an ancient and peculiar famous city, which is Taodu Yixing.
The Tang Dynasty literary scholar Liu Zongyuan once said: "There are two major rates of travel: Kuang Ru Ye, Ao Ru Ye, and Ru Si." He believes that a tourist attraction wins either with open-mindedness or with deep mysteries. Tao Du Yixing can be described as having both: Lake and Mountain Range Rover, Kuang Ruye; Cave Exploration, Oruye.
Yixing Ben is in the west of the Golden Triangle of the Yangtze River, Wuhua Tianbao, and the spirit of the people. The climate is pleasant, the scenery is beautiful, the humanities are gathered, and the pottery is abundant, especially the sand pot is famous all over the world.
Ancient famous Yi, Yixing ancient name Jingxi, Jingyi. The Qin and Han dynasties changed their name to Yang Xian. Later, Emperor Hui of Jin changed Yang Xian to the name Xing. In the second year of Tang Gaozu Wude, it was renamed Goose Prefecture. In the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the secrecy of Zhao Guangyi of the Song Dynasty, Yixing was changed to Yixing, which has been followed to this day. This famous city has a history of more than 4,000 years. Yixing was known as Jingxi during the Tang YuXia Shang Dynasty (about 21st century BC to 20th century BC). According to the qinglaogang culture found by archaeologists, as far back as 4000 to 5000 years ago, there were human beings living in the hills of this area, especially on the banks of the lake. They used small stone tools; they lived a life of fishing and hunting, invented primitive pottery, enabled the natural resources of the mountains to be exploited, and created a splendid ancient culture. Regarding the name of Jingxi, some people say that it is because there are Cangshan Mountains and Qingxi in the territory, and they believe that "Ancient Jingxidi" is "the hometown of green mountains and green waters" and "the land of beautiful mountains and rivers". It is also said that Jingxi was originally the name of a Jingxi River in Yixing, and later it was the collective name of Dongxi, Xixi, Nanxi and Beixihe, the so-called "Jingxi Baili Water Culvert".
According to the "Yijing New Chronicle", Jingxi is surrounded by the waters of Jinling and Xuanshe, stretching from east to west for hundreds of miles, and people are in Zhenze (the ancient name of Taihu Lake). The stream slowly deposited the sediment brought by the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the low-humidity area near Taihu Lake downstream, becoming a fertile lowland. On this swampy fertile field, there are lush grasses and trees everywhere, rods and sticks, and thorns, and the ancients added a "jing" character to this stream, "Name the stream with the thorn, so it is a name." In this way, calling it Jingxi originally symbolized the beginning of hazelnut. Jingxi belonged to Wu in western Zhou (11th century BC to 7701 BC), and by the fourth year of King Yuan of Zhou (4721 BC), after the Yue king destroyed Wu, he was merged with Yue. According to legend, Fan Li, the grand master of the Yue Kingdom, once lived in seclusion in Nanshan, Jingxi, engaged in pottery making, and now there are relics such as Lishu Villa and Lihe River. In the thirty-sixth year of King Xian of Zhou (333 BC), after king Chu Wei destroyed Yue, he was merged into Chu. Before that, it was called Jingyi.
Qin Shi Huang won the government and destroyed Chu (223 BC), abolished the division of feudalism after unifying China, implemented the county system, and changed Jingyi to Yangxian? It is said that "Jing" is the ancient name of the Chu State, "Chu Ben Jing", "Jing" and "Chu" are synonymous. The "Ten Years of Zuo Chuan Zhuang Gonggong" says: "Jing defeated Yu Cui. The Book of Jin and the Chronicle of the Jing Emperor says: "Although the Jingshan Pu is beautiful, it cannot be a treasure without contemplation." The so-called "Jing" refers to the Chu State. In order to straighten out the discipline and eliminate the people's nostalgia for Chu and Jing, the King of Qin completely changed the small place name of "Jingyi". "Qin yi zi chu, changed to Yang envy." However, the origin of the name of Yangxian County is related to the original word "Jingxi". According to the "Yijing County Chronicle", the "Yijing County Chronicle" records: "The yin of Gaijing Creek is mountainous, and its yang is fertile. "That is to say: the south of the creek (yin side) is a mountainous area, and the north of the creek (yang side) is a fat and flat field. The ancient text of "Yan" and "envy", the sound is the same, the meaning is the same, which is said to be the origin of the name yang envy.
In the twelfth year of Han Gaozu (195 BC), the king of Huainan, Yingbu, rebelled, and Yin Ling of Yangxian County at that time often accompanied Liu Bang Yingbu, and was given the title of "Marquis of Yangxian" for his merits. At the end of the Han Dynasty, the Three Kingdoms were established. It is said that Sun Quan worked here as a Yang Envy chief at the age of 15. Later, he led jiangdong to build a state, and rebuilt the Yangxian City pool under the South Mountain, near the small ground, called Shrimp Longjing, so Yangxian City was also known as 'Shrimp Tiger City' in the old days, that is, the prototype of the ancient city of Yixing. From the Qin, Han, and Three Kingdoms to the beginning of the Jin Dynasty, the name Yang Xian has been used for more than 500 years. During the Western Jin Dynasty, Yang Xian produced a well-known General of the Zhou Dynasty. His father, Zhou Hang, was given the title of "Marquis of Guannei" during the Three Kingdoms sun Wu. And the exploits of cutting jiao, shooting tigers, and "eliminating the three harms" are admired by everyone and praised from generation to generation. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin (304), emperor Hui of Jin made him a mighty general, wuxing taishou and marquis of Wucheng, and his hometown of Yangxian changed his name to Xing to reward him for his meritorious service in maintaining the Western Jin Dynasty. The name Yixing County, after the Western Jin Dynasty, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties, has been used for more than 280 years.
Yixing is located in the yangtze river delta on the west bank of Taihu Lake, bordering Zhejiang and Anhui provinces, in the center of the Shanghai, Ningbo and Hangzhou triangles, is the southernmost city in Jiangsu Province, its geographical coordinates are 31 north latitude? 7' to 31 ? 37', longitude 119 east ? 37' to 120 ? 03’。 It is bordered by Taihu Lake in the east, across the lake from Suzhou and Wuxi, Liyang in the west, Changxing in Zhejiang in the south, Wujin in the north, and Jintan and Guangde in Anhui in the northwest and southwest respectively. The longest distance from east to west is 49.8 kilometers, and the widest point from north to south is 54.2 kilometers, and the total area of the city is 1758 square kilometers (excluding the water surface of Taihu Lake). It has a population of 1.09 million. The territory is both mountainous and watery. Mountains overlap, rivers run wide, mountains and rivers are intertwined, and the scenery is charming. The southwest is surrounded by high mountains and mountains, with beautiful forests and dense peaks and valleys, just as Su Dongpo's "Manjiang Hong" said that "Qingxi has no bottom, and there are thousands of sagas on it". On the east, west and north sides, the rich Taihu Lake Plain. Lakes are flooded and dotted with lakes; harbors and rivers are in all directions. The county chronicle said: "There are one hundred and thirty-six famous mountains in the county, twenty-four streams and rivers, seventeen floods, ten streams, seventy-two, and five great lakes" (Taihu Lake, Taohu Lake) On one side are mountains that are stacked like clouds and meandering mountains; on the other side are Taihu Lake with sail pieces and waves. The water light and the green shadow are like a beautiful landscape painting. "The victory of the mountains and rivers, the southeast of the country".
Due to Yixing's special geographical location and dangerous terrain, it has become a place where successive generations of soldiers must fight. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was a place where soldiers and warriors faced each other; at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Sun Quan helped his brother Sun Ce to guard here. The Song dynasty general Yue Fei built the 'Yue Family Army' in Yiyi, repelled the Jin soldiers, and the prestige was greatly shaken. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the general Xu Da besieged the Yuan army here, thus opening the southeast gateway. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom era, many Taiping troops were stationed here, and yang Fuqing, the auxiliary king, also built a royal palace in the city.
Yixing Di Lingren Jie, a famous general of the sages, and a scholar of letters. The Western Jin Dynasty had the Pingxi general Zhou Fu; the Song and Ming dynasties were jiang fu, Wu Qian, Xu Pu, and Zhou Yanru. Famous poets and literary artists have emerged in an endless stream, and the famous works that are still popular to the population include "The People of the Kingdom", "The Record of the West Garden", "Green Peony" and "Zhushan Ci". Modern celebrities with chinese and foreign reputations include Zhou Peiyuan, Jiang Nanxiang, Pan Hannian, Pan Shu, Tang Aoqing, Xu Zhucheng, Xu Beihong, Wu Guanzhong, Yin Shoushi, A Jiahe, Zhou Quan and so on.
This ancient city has always been loved by poets and scholars, and has attracted many literati and scholars. As early as the Six Dynasties, there was the "Monument of Marquis Xiao of Zhou" written by the literary scholar Lu Ji and the calligrapher Wang Xizhi; the poet Xie Ling operated the "Changxi Fu". In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai, Bai Juyi, Tortoise Meng, Lu Yu and others also left praise verses. In the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Su Shi, and Su Rui all lived in Yixing. Su Shi once said: "When I come to Yang envy and the boat enters Jingxi, the meaning is sudden, like the desire for peace of life." He planned to "buy a small garden and grow three hundred citrus books" in Yangxian. In order to "buy Tian Yang envy I will grow old, from the beginning only for the good of the stream and mountains." Although his wish to plant oranges was not realized, he left in Yixing the "Chu Song Ti" that was "immortal after generations". The national hero Yue Fei, who stationed a team here, toured the Jinsha Temple, and left an inscription on the temple wall to express his patriotic enthusiasm. In the Ming Dynasty, Shen Zhou, Xu Wei, Tang Yin, Wen Zhengming and Dong Qichang and other calligraphers and painters all traveled here, and there were poems and paintings circulating. In his later years, Lu Xisheng, the chancellor of the Tang Dynasty, lived in seclusion here in Yishan, and the poet Du Mu built a water pavilion in The North Mei of Jingxi, where they both lived for a long time. Yixing was already a city of more than 10,000 households in the Song Dynasty, and the scenery was enchanting. Song Ren Chen Ke's "Shangyuan Ci" Yun: "The new rain in the south of the bridge and the north of the bridge is sunny, the willow edge flower bottom is light and the clouds are light, and the lights of the ten thousand homes are shining on ximing." "Anyone who has read this poem will arouse nostalgia for the ancient city of Yixing."
The long history and long culture have left a rich cultural heritage and scenic resources for the ancient city of Yixing. Famous places of interest and monuments include: the Three Kingdoms Period Zen GuoShan Monument, which can be called the first ancient monument in Jiangnan; the temple of Zhou Xiaohou, the general of The Western Jin Dynasty, the temple has two walls of the Jin, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, the most famous of which is the inscription written by Wang Xizhi; the ruins of the ancient dragon kiln in the Tang Dynasty; the "Shi Zhenyi Female Monument" written by Li Bai and Li Yangbing; the inscriptions of dongdun academy and "Chu Song Ti"; the ruins and murals of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Auxiliary Palace; the Yixing Ceramic Museum and the Xu Beihong Memorial Hall.
According to legend, Yangxian Tea Spring, Painted Creek Flower Wave, Tongfeng Diecui, Zhouhou Ancient Ancestral Hall, Longchi Xiaoyun, Yutan Ningbi, Jiaoqiao Night Moon, Zhang Gongfudi, and Guoshan Yan Temple are the ten scenic spots of this ancient city. It reflects the natural scenery and scenic spots of Yixing in a concentrated way, and can be described as a microcosm of the splendid mountains and rivers in Jiangnan. "Yangxian Tea Spring" depicts the green water and green mountains of Tanggongli, the birthplace of Tanggong Tea and Jinsha Spring, with unlimited scenery; "Painting Creek Flower Waves" at the turn of spring and summer, the blue streams of flowers and rain, fragrant drifting for ten miles; "Copper Peak Stacked Cui" shows the beautiful scenery of the overlapping peaks in the south of the city and surrounded by layers of greenery; "Zhouhou Ancient Ancestral Hall" is a typical Ming Dynasty building, with stone stele lined up and elegant scenery; "Longchi Xiaoyun" in Mingling Longchi Mountain, whenever dawn, the strange stone wonders are like colorful clouds; "Yutan Condensed Blue" is in the Jade Girl Mountain Villa, the mountains and waters are bright and beautiful; "Jiaoqiao Night Moon" is in the middle of the ancient city. Every Mid-Autumn Festival night, the bright moon and the center of the bridge are opposite, like silver snakes and ten thousand roads, which is a spectacle; "Zhang Gong Fu Di" is Zhang Gong Dong Mansion, which is magnificent, there are holes in the cave, known as "Dong Tian Blessed Land"; "Guoshan Yan Temple" is next to the Shan Roll Cave, where monuments are gathered and the scenery is excellent. The earliest record of the name "Ten Views of Jingxi" in ancient books is the "Old Chronicle of Yixing County" compiled during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty. Since then, celebrities have inscribed chants, and there is no shortage of people. Xu Dazhang, a folk painter in the Qing Dynasty, painted the "Ten Views of Jingxi" gongbi landscape painting album passed down to the world.
Yixing is located in the northern subtropical southern monsoon climate zone where the warm temperate zone transitions from subtropics to subtropics. The land is fertile, the climate is mild, the rainfall is abundant, and the four seasons are distinct. Spring winds and sunshine, warblers fly grass long; summer wind and summer rain, rice green cicadas singing; autumn days are high and refreshing, valley yellow fish jump; winter snow is full of wild, wheat green beans are strong. The main products are rice, moso bamboo, tea, as well as the famous stream crab and Taihu lake fish and shrimp, which is the hometown of fish and rice in Jiangnan.
Yixing is one of the famous places in China to produce tea, the production of 'Guoshanyuan tea' began in the Three Kingdoms Sun Wu era, when it was already famous in Jiangnan, to the Tang Dynasty, even the emperor also liked Yixing famous tea, stipulating that Yixing should pay tribute to tea every year. During the first year of the Tang Dynasty, Lu Yu praised Yang Envy Tea in the Tea Classic: "Fragrant crown into other realms." "Therefore, it is known as Yang envy Tang Gong tea." The characteristics of brewing tea with Yangxian Tanggong tea, purple sand pot and Jinsha spring are: soup green, strong color, tea aroma, sweet aftertaste, which shows the good quality. By the early 1980s, Yixing had 4.5 acres of tea gardens, more than 120 tea farms, and nearly 30,000 quintals of tea exports per year.
The Taihua Mountains of Yixing are the largest moso bamboo base in Jiangsu Province. Taihua Mountain is located in the southernmost part of Yixing, bordering zhejiang west in the south and Anhui in the west, and is on a par with Jiuhua Mountain in southern Anhui. Here is a mountain after a mountain, with hills and slopes, layers of greenery, boundless; the mountain wind passes everywhere, the bamboo shadow is delicate, like the waves in the sea, so it is called "bamboo sea". Every spring, bamboo shoots break through the soil, bathe in spring wind, bath spring rain, vigorous upwards, one day at a time. As the saying goes, "Qingming digs bamboo shoots, and the valley rains long bamboo". There are about 90,000 mu of moso bamboo in the Taihua Mountains, and the yield is 70% of the moso bamboo in Jiangsu Province.
Yixing is also a famous tourist destination in China. There are many caves in the mountains, and the caves are magical. There are 82 limestone caves in the county, with magnificent scenery and miraculous nature, which can be called "Cave Heaven World". According to geologists, they have been formed for nearly 1 million years. Shanjuan Cave, Zhanggong Cave and Linggu Cave are the largest, oldest and strangest caves, and are known as "the first historical site in Jiangnan" and "wonders in the sea". Shanjuan Cave is famous for having a river in the cave and a boat in the water cave; Zhanggong Cave is dominated by a hole in the cave and a line through the sky; and the Linggu Cave is known for its mountains in the cave and its gorgeous beauty. Throughout the ages, tourists have been intoxicated, poets chanted, "Good scrolls Zhang Gong Tianxia Qi". In recent years, Muli Cave and Xishi Cave have been discovered and opened, and the cave body is secluded, the scenery is wonderful, varied and unpredictable. These caves are not only tourist attractions, but also scientific research bases for scientists in geology, geography, history, hydrology, soil, biology, archaeology and so on.
Near shanjuan cave, there is a Zhuling village. Outside the village, the moso bamboo towering, rhododendrons everywhere, every spring, safflower and green bamboo contrast, like brocade embroidery, far away as if the realm of peach blossom source. Legend has it that the story of Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai took place here. Whenever the azaleas bloom, there are large colorful butterflies that fly in pairs, and it is said that they are transformed by the two elves. Nearby, there are also relics such as the Zhu Yingtai Reading Office, the "Bixian'an" Stele Pavilion and the "Tomb of the Jinzhu Yingtai Qin Sword".
At a distance of 3 miles between Zhanggong Cave and Linggu Cave, there is a Jade Girl Mountain, also known as Lotus Mountain, and there is a Jade Girl Pond on the top of the mountain. Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a jade female peak cultivating here, hence the name. Its pond is inexhaustible and deep; its water is as clean as jade, and its hair can be discerned. The pond is against the cliff, looking down from the top, the mountain stones are tired into the painting, the shrubs rise out of the wall, and the "Jade Girl Pond Monument" says: "The jade girl is a pond, more strange, more strange, more immortal, more spirit, especially not the victory can be compared." Tang Renren said: "Yang envies the good situation, and takes this as the first." "Wen Zhengming of the Ming Dynasty also wrote "The Record of the Immortal Residence of Yutan". When Guo Moruo first visited Yixing, he also sat quietly, stared, and meditated at the edge of the pool, and felt nostalgic for the past.
Although Yixing is famous for its beautiful scenery, the main factor that forms its unique appearance today is the ceramic process. Yixing has been famous for producing pottery since ancient times, and is one of the birthplaces of China's pottery industry, known as the "Pottery Capital", and the porcelain capital Jingdezhen.
Taodu's kilns are concentrated in the town of Dingshu, 14 kilometers southeast of Yixing City. The town is named after Dingshan and Shushan. The two mountains are only 3 miles apart, one east and one west, and a painting stream in the middle, facing each other in the distance. Shushan is surrounded by water on all sides, and it is like a small island in the middle of the water. The mountain is not high, "the water ring is like a loss". This mountain was originally called 'Dushan Mountain', and it stood tall and beautiful." According to Wanli's "Yixing County Chronicle", when Su Dongpo lived in Yixing, "he loved its landscape shu and changed its name to the present." "The late Yuan painter Xu Ben lived here in seclusion, painting "Shu Mountain Map", painting the distant mountains are deep and beautiful, lanqi is lush, a school of Jiangnan water color mountain light, and there are Song Ke, and Xiao Si and other inscriptions, reading paintings and poetry, quite able to appreciate the joy of mountain residences far away from the downtown. Chen Chun of the Ming Dynasty also had the "Painting Map" handed down, which can be called a masterpiece of the moment.
Dingshu Town is bordered by the vast Taihu Lake in the east and the Nanshan Mountains, a branch of Tianmu Mountain, and runs through the Ninghang Highway and the Li River, making land and water transportation very convenient. The town covers an area of 53.29 square kilometers and has a population of nearly 80,000. Geomorphologically, Dingshu Town is located at the junction of Tianmu Mountain in northern Zhejiang, the Yumai of Moganshan Mountain extending northwards and the Yangtze River Delta. The hilly area exposes a large area of Devonian Wutong Formation formations, rich clay ore underground, and a large number of iron-containing soil bones are deposited along the Taihu Lake, which are the main raw materials of the ceramic industry. The hilly area is also rich in forests, moso bamboo and coal resources, providing sufficient fuel and raw materials for the development of the ceramic industry. Therefore, Dingshu Town is not only the junction of mountainous areas and water towns in Yixing, but also a rich production area of clay and fuel. From Shushan mountain in the east, from Baiyan and Tangdu in the west to Dingshan Mountain, to bainichang in the south, to Qianluo and Shangyuan in the north, with a radius of 30 miles, it is almost a family making billets, and kilns are everywhere. That is, the ancients called "Bai Zhen's family mourns jade, and the green kiln draws stream smoke everywhere" (Chen Weisong's "Shuangxi Bamboo Branch Words"). Further southwest from the kiln area, the mountains are higher, the streams are deeper, and the clay and fuel produced on the mountains can be transported from the waterway to the kiln area. From here from east to north, the river surface is wider, there are more forks, all through the Taihu Lake, pottery products can be transported to the vast areas on both sides of the Yangtze River to all parts of the country. Abundant raw materials, convenient access, and smooth transportation are the unique and continuous development of Yixing pottery industry. For thousands of years, the people who grew up on this land have worked hard for generations to engage in this cause, coupled with the infinite wisdom and outstanding creation of potters, so that pottery has experienced many changes in the times and flourished for a long time.
The mention of Yixing pottery makes people naturally think of the famous purple sand teapot at home and abroad. The teapot was originally a general drinking utensil, but the purple sand teapot in Yixing has a special function, brewing tea does not take the taste, storing tea does not change color, and it is not easy to eat in the summer. The older it is used, the more luminous and fragrant the body color becomes, and even if boiling water is injected into an empty pot, it will have a light fragrance. The shape of the teapot is generally concise and generous, simple and elegant, such as the purple-red teapot named "Yunlong", which is the representative work of the famous artist Zhu Kexin. The pot is full of reliefs with an undulating cloud, two dragons churning in the clouds, looking healthy, one of the dragons drilled out of the lid, the dragon's head can be retracted, as if looming through the sea of clouds, and the dragon's tail that droops from the clouds constitutes the handle, which is really a living dragon, both practical and beautiful. Therefore, the pot with an inch handle and the cup of the hand are often cherished with the arch wall, and they are as expensive as gold and jade. "The world's tea set is called the first", ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, pay attention to tea drinkers, are based on purple sand pots as treasures.
According to archaeological censuses, the pottery fired here dates back more than 5,000 years. The ancestors of Taodu invented pottery in the Neolithic Age. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were already exquisite geometric printed hard pottery and original celadon porcelain. In the Qin and Han Dynasties, the pottery kilns were densely packed, the pottery kilns were densely packed, and the firing of glazed pottery appeared. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, Junshan near the town of Dingshu became an important producer of early celadon in southern China. During the Song and Yuan dynasties, the production scale of daily and military pottery was unprecedented, and exquisite sand pottery appeared. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, this sand craft shined brightly, making Yixing pottery a world-famous product
As early as the Song Dynasty, Yixing pottery has become a model for kilns across the country, and the mussel-style washing and long-necked bottles that have been quenched to this day are considerable treasures. During the Southern Song Dynasty, Yixing pottery gained an international reputation and was valued by Western writers. In the twenty-fourth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1154), the Arab geographer Eletrisis wrote in a geography book: "China is very large and has a very large population,...... The artworks are most exquisite in paintings and ceramics. In particular, it is mentioned that "Shushan is beautiful in architecture, and the pottery made is of excellent texture." "Shu Mountain is the Shu Mountain of present-day Ding Shu Town.
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